What Are the Causes of Irregular Periods for Teens, Other Than Pregnancy?

Hormonal Imbalances

During adolescence, the body undergoes significant hormonal changes as it transitions into adulthood. These hormonal fluctuations can lead to irregular menstrual cycles. In many cases, irregular periods in teens are ovulatory, meaning that the body is still producing eggs, but the timing of ovulation can be inconsistent (Peña et al., 2018).

• Estrogen and Progesterone Levels: Imbalances in estrogen and progesterone, the hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle, can result in irregular periods. This is common in the first few years after menarche (the first menstrual period).

Stress and Emotional Factors

Stress can significantly impact menstrual cycles. Emotional stress from school, relationships, or other life changes can lead to hormonal changes that disrupt the regularity of periods. Stress can affect the hypothalamus, the part of the brain that regulates hormones related to the menstrual cycle.

Excessive Exercise

Engaging in excessive physical activity, especially in sports or fitness routines, can lead to a condition known as exercise-induced amenorrhea, where periods become irregular or stop altogether. This is often seen in athletes who have low body fat and high training intensity.

Weight Changes

Significant weight loss or gain can affect menstrual cycles. Low body weight, often associated with eating disorders like anorexia or bulimia, can lead to missed periods. Conversely, obesity can also disrupt hormonal balance and lead to irregular cycles.

Underlying Medical Conditions

Certain medical conditions can cause irregular periods in teens, including:

• Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): This condition is characterized by hormonal imbalances and can lead to irregular periods, weight gain, and acne.
• Thyroid Disorders: Both hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) can affect menstrual regularity.
• Chronic Illnesses: Conditions such as diabetes or celiac disease can also impact menstrual cycles.