How is multiple myeloma typically diagnosed?

Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that affects plasma cells in the bone marrow. To diagnose it, doctors use several tests:

1. Blood Tests: These tests check for abnormal levels of proteins and calcium, which can indicate myeloma. They also look for anemia, which is common in myeloma patients.

2. Urine Tests: These tests detect specific proteins, called Bence Jones proteins, that may be present in the urine of people with multiple myeloma.

3. Bone Marrow Biopsy: This involves taking a small sample of bone marrow, usually from the hip bone, to see if there are cancerous plasma cells.

4. Imaging Tests: X-rays, MRIs, or CT scans can help find bone damage or tumors caused by myeloma.

Doctors combine the results of these tests to confirm a diagnosis of multiple myeloma. Each test provides important information about how the disease is affecting the body, helping doctors decide on the best treatment plan.