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Gastric discomfort
Heartburn
Pain in the middle of the upper stomach
Stomachache
Abdominal discomfort
Have nausea
Pressure in the stomach
Not seeing your symptoms? No worries!
A condition where the stomach's surface lining is inflamed. Weaknesses or injury to the mucus-lined barrier that usually protect the stomach wall allow digestive juices to damage and inflame the stomach lining. A number of diseases and conditions can increase the risk of gastritis, including a bacteria infection called H. pylori. Some symptoms are belly ache, belly pain, nausea and vomiting.
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this disease:
Treatment depends on the cause. You may be prescribed antibiotics to kill H. pylori bacteria or drugs to block or reduce gastric acid levels. Some patients may find relief through lifestyle changes like avoiding alcohol and spicy food, and stopping medicines that affect the stomach lining.
Reviewed By:
Samantha Nazareth, MD (Gastroenterology)
Board-certified gastroenterologist. Experience managing gastrointestinal conditions (GERD, IBS, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s, celiac disease, NASH) within healthcare organizations (three ambulatory surgical centers, single-specialty practice, multi-specialty practice and solo practice).
Aiko Yoshioka, MD (Gastroenterology)
Dr. Yoshioka graduated from the Niigata University School of Medicine. He worked as a gastroenterologist at Saiseikai Niigata Hospital and Niigata University Medical & Dental Hospital before serving as the Deputy Chief of Gastroenterology at Tsubame Rosai Hospital and Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital. Dr. Yoshioka joined Saitama Saiseikai Kawaguchi General Hospital as Chief of Gastroenterology in April 2018.
Content updated on Mar 31, 2024
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
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Q.
Chronic Indigestion? Why Your Stomach is Burning: Medical Next Steps
A.
Persistent stomach burning with chronic indigestion is most often due to gastritis, acid reflux or peptic ulcers, sometimes from H. pylori or NSAID use; typical next steps include reviewing medications, testing and treating H. pylori, trying acid-reducing therapy, and considering endoscopy if symptoms persist or red flags appear. There are several factors to consider, including functional dyspepsia and urgent warning signs like vomiting blood, black stools, severe pain, trouble swallowing or weight loss; see below for when to seek care, how long to wait, and the specific lifestyle changes that can help right now.
References:
* Sperber AD, Shmueli A. Functional dyspepsia: a review of the pathophysiology and current management. World J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jul 21;23(27):4844-4861. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i27.4844. PMID: 28761298; PMCID: PMC5530754.
* Katz PO, Gerson LB, Vela MF. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 May;108(5):841-57; quiz 858. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2013.194. Epub 2013 Apr 23. PMID: 23629695; PMCID: PMC3735017.
* Ford AC, et al. Diagnosis and management of uninvestigated dyspepsia: British Society of Gastroenterology and Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons guidelines. Gut. 2017 Oct;66(10):1725-1738. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314081. Epub 2017 Aug 16. PMID: 28814421.
* Katz PO, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Heartburn Not Responding to Proton Pump Inhibitors. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Jul 1;117(7):955-971. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001831. Epub 2022 Jun 29. PMID: 35767591.
* Parkman HP, et al. Gastroparesis: diagnosis and management. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Aug;18(8):570-588. doi: 10.1038/s41575-021-00441-2. Epub 2021 May 14. PMID: 33990868.
Q.
Stomach Burning? Why Calcium Carbonate Works & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Calcium carbonate neutralizes stomach acid on contact, giving fast relief for occasional heartburn and mild stomach burning when used as directed. If symptoms occur more than twice weekly, wake you at night, or include trouble swallowing, vomiting, weight loss, chest pain, or black stools, medically approved next steps may include H2 blockers or PPIs, H. pylori testing, and lifestyle changes. There are several factors to consider, including pregnancy, kidney disease, and drug interactions; see the complete guidance below to choose the safest next steps.
References:
* El-Serag HB, et al. Pharmacologic treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): what has worked, what has not, and what is next. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2019 Sep;48(3):475-487. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2019.05.002. Epub 2019 Jun 21. PMID: 31395221.
* Konda V, et al. AGA Clinical Practice Update on the First-Line Treatment for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Expert Review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Mar;20(3):477-483.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.11.025. Epub 2021 Nov 25. PMID: 34840134.
* Daghman A, et al. Pharmacotherapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease: a critical appraisal. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2021 Jan;22(1):47-59. doi: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1802928. Epub 2020 Aug 17. PMID: 32777821.
* Newberry C, et al. Diet and lifestyle changes for gastroesophageal reflux disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2020 Mar;36(2):120-125. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000624. PMID: 31923050.
* Kahan SM, et al. Approach to the Patient with Dyspepsia and Heartburn. Med Clin North Am. 2021 May;105(3):453-470. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2021.01.002. Epub 2021 Feb 20. PMID: 33896574.
Q.
Nausea After Eating? Why Your Body is Reacting & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
There are several factors to consider: nausea after eating is most often caused by treatable issues like gastritis, acid reflux, food intolerance, gallbladder disease, delayed stomach emptying, or stress, but frequent, severe, or red flag symptoms need prompt medical care. Medically approved next steps include smaller frequent meals, avoiding triggers and alcohol, hydration, reviewing medicines, possible H. pylori testing and short-term acid reduction, and symptom tracking; see below for the specific warning signs, diagnostic tests, and condition-by-condition guidance that could change your next steps.
References:
* Ford AC, Lacy BE, Talley NJ. Functional Dyspepsia. Gastroenterology. 2020 Jan;158(1):151-167.e3.
* Camilleri M, Bharucha AE, Uribarri-Sierra S, et al. ACG Clinical Guideline: Management of Gastroparesis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Dec 1;117(12):1913-1934.
* Quigley EM, Hasler WL, Parkman HP. AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Management of Nausea and Vomiting. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Aug;18(9):1927-1937.e3.
* Stanghellini V, Chan FKL, Hasler WL, et al. Gastroduodenal Disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016 Jun;150(6):1380-92.
* Venter C, Perkin MR, Skypala I, et al. Food hypersensitivity. BMJ. 2018 Sep 20;362:k4064.
Q.
Nausea After Eating? Why Your Body Reacts & Medical Next Steps
A.
Nausea after eating most often comes from treatable issues such as gastritis, acid reflux, food intolerance or sensitivity, stress or anxiety, and infections; it can also point to gallbladder disease, stomach ulcers, or delayed stomach emptying. There are several factors to consider, including what and how much you eat, timing, and associated symptoms; see the complete guidance below to understand more and choose the right next steps. Seek urgent care for severe abdominal or chest pain, vomiting blood, black stools, dehydration, persistent vomiting, or unintentional weight loss; doctors may review medications and order tests for H. pylori, bloodwork, ultrasound, or endoscopy, while self-care includes smaller meals, avoiding triggers, staying upright after eating, hydrating, managing stress, and discussing medicines with your clinician.
References:
* Tack J, Vandenberghe A, Coffin B, et al. Functional Dyspepsia: A Review of Pathophysiology and Treatment. JAMA. 2020 Feb 25;323(8):762-774. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.0076. PMID: 32096738.
* Camilleri M, Chedid V, Ford AC, et al. Gastroparesis: diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Jul;18(7):477-491. doi: 10.1038/s41575-021-00424-9. Epub 2021 Apr 8. PMID: 33824497.
* Farmer AD, Shajib MS, Aziz Q. Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Nausea and Vomiting. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020 Oct;95(10):2183-2197. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.03.016. Epub 2020 Sep 17. PMID: 33004128.
* Skodje GI, Sager C, Skodje G, et al. Food Intolerances and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Clinical and Therapeutic Aspects. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2020 Oct 15;22(11):53. doi: 10.1007/s11894-020-00790-2. PMID: 33058140.
* Chang L. Visceral Hypersensitivity in Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Interventions. Ther Adv Gastroenterol. 2022 Mar 22;15:17562848221087192. doi: 10.1177/17562848221087192. PMID: 35345717.
Q.
Nausea After Eating? Why Your Gut is Reacting & Medical Next Steps
A.
Nausea after eating most often comes from treatable problems like gastritis, acid reflux, food intolerance or poisoning, gallbladder disease, ulcers, delayed stomach emptying, or stress, and small diet and behavior changes can help while you arrange care. There are several factors to consider. See below to understand urgent red flags like severe pain, vomiting blood, black stools, persistent vomiting, chest pain, dehydration, or unexplained weight loss, plus which tests and next steps fit your situation.
References:
* Camilleri M, Bharucha AE, Farrugia G, et al. Gastroparesis: Aetiology, Diagnosis and Management. Drugs. 2022 Mar;82(4):461-477. doi: 10.1007/s40265-022-01662-8. PMID: 35226252.
* Talley NJ, Walker MM, Holtmann G. Functional Dyspepsia: Updates in Pathophysiology and Management. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2021 Mar 1;55(3):189-199. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000001476. PMID: 33507204.
* Aziz Q, Van Oudenhove L, Voiosu A, et al. Visceral hypersensitivity: A target for the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2022 Oct;34(10):e14457. doi: 10.1111/nmo.14457. PMID: 36166549.
* Andrews PLR, Sanger GJ. The Brain-Gut Axis and Nausea. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2018 Sep;47(3):575-594. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2018.04.004. PMID: 30115347.
* Maudsley S, Smith A, Vachon C, et al. Chronic Nausea: A Comprehensive Review of Etiology and Treatment. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2021 Nov;62(5):1010-1025. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.06.014. PMID: 34246724.
Q.
Nausea After Eating? Why Your Stomach Is Reacting & Medical Next Steps
A.
Nausea after eating often stems from common issues like overeating, acid reflux, gastritis, food intolerances, gallbladder problems, infection, or stress, and patterns with specific foods or fatty meals can be important clues. Start with smaller meals, avoid triggers, stay upright, hydrate, and manage stress, but contact a clinician if symptoms persist or if you have severe pain, chest pain, vomiting blood, black stools, high fever, dehydration, or weight loss. There are several factors to consider and important details that can change your next steps; see below for a complete guide to causes, warning signs, testing, and treatment options.
References:
* Camilleri M, et al. Approach to the Patient with Nausea and Vomiting. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(5):1251-1262.
* Talley NJ, et al. Dyspepsia: The Most Common Gastrointestinal Diagnosis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(7):1063-1070.
* Almutairi Z, et al. Gastroparesis: A Review of Current Treatment Options. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2022;20(2):98-111.
* Talley NJ, et al. Current and Future Treatment Options for Functional Dyspepsia. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;13(3):215-225.
* Sami SS, et al. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Nausea. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2020;54(5):387-393.
Q.
Nausea After Eating? Why Your Stomach is Reacting & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Nausea after eating is often due to manageable issues like overeating, acid reflux, gastritis, food intolerance or poisoning, gallbladder disease, delayed stomach emptying, or stress, and many people improve with smaller meals, identifying and limiting triggers, staying hydrated, and reviewing medications. Watch for red flags like severe abdominal pain, chest pain, vomiting blood, black stools, high fever, dehydration, or unexplained weight loss and seek urgent care if these occur, and see a doctor if symptoms last beyond 1 to 2 weeks for testing and targeted treatment. There are several factors to consider that could change your next steps, so see the complete guidance below.
References:
* Chung, A. K., & Kuo, B. (2019). Postprandial distress syndrome: current concepts of pathophysiology and management. *Translational Gastroenterology and Hepatology*, *4*.
* Kashyap, P. C., & Farmer, A. D. (2022). Gastroparesis: A Review of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment. *Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology*, *56*(7), 543-552.
* Wong, S. H., & Kuo, B. (2018). Functional dyspepsia: advances in diagnosis and therapy. *F1000Research*, *7*.
* Talley, N. J., & Ford, A. C. (2020). Functional dyspepsia. *The New England Journal of Medicine*, *383*(15), 1488-1497.
* Pasricha, P. J., & Kuo, B. (2021). Treatment Options for Chronic Nausea and Vomiting. *Gastroenterology & Hepatology*, *17*(6), 260-270.
Q.
Worried About NSAIDs? Why Your Body Reacts & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
NSAID reactions happen because these drugs block COX-1 and COX-2, lowering protective prostaglandins that shield your stomach, aid clotting, and support kidneys, which can lead to heartburn or ulcers, easier bleeding, kidney strain, and in some people higher heart risk. Next steps include using the lowest effective dose for the shortest time, avoiding duplicate products, taking with food, pausing nonessential use, and talking with a clinician if symptoms persist or you have risk factors like age over 60, prior ulcers, heart or kidney disease, alcohol use, smoking, or blood thinners. Seek urgent care for red flags such as black stools, vomiting blood, severe abdominal or chest pain, sudden weakness, major swelling, or very low urine; see below for more details and medically approved alternatives like stomach protectants, COX-2 options, acetaminophen, and non drug therapies.
References:
* Harirforoosh, S., Asghar, W., & Jamali, F. (2013). Adverse effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: an update of classical and novel drugs. *Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology*, *6*(5), 517–533.
* Mauricio, S., & Jihyun, K. (2020). NSAID hypersensitivity: Recent insights and treatment. *Korean Journal of Internal Medicine*, *35*(1), 1–13.
* Lanas, A., & Carrera-Lasfuentes, O. (2022). Update on the prevention of NSAID-induced gastropathy. *World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics*, *13*(2), 24–34.
* Lucas, G. N., & Corbaciu, V. B. (2019). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the kidney: An updated review. *Drug and Alcohol Review*, *38*(3), 299–305.
* Gong, P., Wang, P., Ma, X., & Li, M. (2020). Non-opioid pain management in chronic non-cancer pain: a systematic review. *Pain and Therapy*, *9*(3), 365–381.
Q.
Constant Nausea? Why Your Body Is Reacting & Medical Next Steps
A.
Constant nausea is commonly due to digestive problems like gastritis, GERD, or gastroparesis, but hormones including pregnancy, medications, anxiety or stress, infections, migraines or inner ear issues, and less common yet serious problems such as gallbladder, liver, pancreas, kidney disease, intestinal blockage, or cancer can also be the cause. Track timing, triggers, and new meds, then see a clinician for targeted testing and treatment, and seek urgent care for red flags like severe chest or abdominal pain, vomiting blood, black stools, high fever, dehydration, sudden severe headache, or head injury. There are several factors to consider; complete causes, decision points, and at home relief tips that could change your next steps are detailed below.
References:
* Parkman HP. Chronic Nausea: A Review of Etiology, Pathophysiology, and Management. Dig Dis Sci. 2013 May;58(5):1179-92. doi: 10.1007/s10620-012-2552-3. PMID: 23321946.
* Stanghellini V, Chan FK, Chen M, et al. Functional Nausea and Vomiting. Gastroenterology. 2016 May;150(6):1312-1322. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.031. PMID: 27144766.
* Camilleri M, Bharucha AE, Ueno R, et al. Gastroparesis: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Nov;20(11):2418-2432.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.04.032. Epub 2022 May 7. PMID: 35537754.
* Zhou H, Zhang M, Zhang H. Visceral Hypersensitivity and Chronic Abdominal Pain: From Mechanisms to Management. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2022 Jul 30;28(3):360-372. doi: 10.5056/jnm22002. Epub 2022 Mar 23. PMID: 35321350.
* Darmani NA. Pharmacologic Management of Nausea and Vomiting. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2023;278:471-508. doi: 10.1007/164_2022_606. PMID: 36622359.
Q.
Gastritis? Why Your Stomach Is Burning & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
A burning stomach is often due to gastritis, an inflammation of the stomach lining; common triggers include H. pylori infection, frequent NSAID use, alcohol, and severe physical stress, and symptoms can include upper abdominal burning, nausea, bloating, and early fullness. Medically approved next steps include seeing a clinician for evaluation and H. pylori testing or endoscopy when needed, using acid-reducing medicines, taking antibiotics if H. pylori is present, and adjusting NSAIDs while limiting alcohol and smoking; seek urgent care for vomiting blood, black stools, or severe pain. There are several factors to consider, and important details that could change your plan are outlined below.
References:
* Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain CA, Gisbert JP, Kuipers EJ, Axon RL, Bazzoli F, Gasbarrini A, Atherton J, Bytzer P, de Boer WA, Delle Fave G, Frossard JL, Gairing S, Gausman G, H. pylori Study Group. Management of Helicobacter pylori Infection—The Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report. Gut. 2017 Jan;66(1):6-30.
* Wang P, Meng H, Yang S, Yang X, Li C. Gastritis: A Review of Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Jul 25;9:949437.
* Abraham NS, Hlatky MA, Antman EM, Bhatt DL, Boucher BA, Chan FKL, Cox D, Dickinson MG, El-Serag HB, Gleason PP, Green LA, Kazi DS, Laine L, Lau J, Liskov AA, Ma L, Mahaffey KW, Majumdar SR, Mark DB, Marso SP, Mukherjee D, Nambi V, O'Gara PT, Peura DA, Reed GW, Saseen JJ, Scheiman JM, Singh A, Solomon SD, Waksman R, Wenger NK, Zitter M, American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology Clinical Guideline: Prevention and Treatment of NSAID-Induced Ulcer Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Aug;112(8):1198-1213.
* Park JY, Kim YN, Jo H, Cho MS, Kim HY, Kim CD, Kim SJ, Sohn KM. Autoimmune gastritis: clinical and pathological aspects. J Pathol Transl Med. 2021 Sep;55(5):347-355.
* Tarnawski AS, Ahluwalia A. Functional Dyspepsia and Gastritis: Overlaps and Distinctive Features. Dig Dis Sci. 2018 Jan;63(1):3-14.
Q.
Stomach Burning? Why H. Pylori Is the Cause & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Persistent stomach burning is often caused by H. pylori, a common bacterial infection that irritates the stomach lining and can lead to ulcers; it is confirmed with a urea breath or stool antigen test and treated with combination antibiotics plus an acid reducer such as a PPI. There are several factors to consider, including when to test, how to take the medicines correctly, and red flags like vomiting blood, black stools, or severe pain that require urgent care; see below for complete, medically approved next steps that could change what you do next.
References:
* Chey WD, Leontiadis DI, Howden CW, Moss SF. ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Aug;112(8):1228-1253. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2017.139. PMID: 28671695.
* Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain FJ, Gisbert JP, Kuipers EJ, Axon AJ, Bazzoli F, Gasbarrini A, Atherton J, Graham DY, Hunt R, Moayyedi P, Rokkas N, Vakil N, Xiang Z. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report. Gut. 2017 Jan;66(1):6-30. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312214. Epub 2016 Oct 5. PMID: 27530033.
* Ford AC, Qumseya BJ, Lindberg G, Chey WD, van Zanten SV, Leontiadis GI. Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on dyspeptic symptoms. JAMA. 2014 Feb 19;311(7):723-30. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.197. PMID: 24549292.
* Gisbert JP, Castiella A. Update on Helicobacter pylori diagnosis and management. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2021 Nov 1;37(6):531-539. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000778. PMID: 34506381.
* Talley NJ, Walker MM, Murray JA, Koloski NA, Saito YA. Functional dyspepsia. Lancet. 2021 Dec 4;398(10316):2025-2035. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00672-X. Epub 2021 Aug 17. PMID: 34416174.
Q.
Stomach Pain? Why Pepto Bismol Works & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Pepto Bismol can quickly relieve mild, short-term stomach upset, nausea, and diarrhea because bismuth subsalicylate coats the stomach lining, calms inflammation, fights some bacteria, and reduces intestinal fluid. There are several factors to consider. See below for key red flags that mean you should stop self care and seek medical evaluation, who should avoid Pepto, safer alternatives like H2 blockers or PPIs, how to hydrate and adjust diet, testing for H. pylori, and what black stool might mean.
References:
* Magen, H., & Ben-Yehuda, A. (2015). Bismuth subsalicylate: a comprehensive review of its pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and safety. *Drugs*, *75*(1), 1-16.
* Moayyedi, P., et al. (2017). American College of Gastroenterology and Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Joint Clinical Guideline: Management of Dyspepsia. *The American journal of gastroenterology*, *112*(1), 9-28.
* DuPont, H. L., et al. (2017). ACG Clinical Guideline: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Acute Diarrheal Infections in Adults. *The American journal of gastroenterology*, *112*(1), 12-32.
* Gauer, R. L., & Young, B. (2018). Common causes of abdominal pain. *American family physician*, *98*(3), 166-173.
* Talley, N. J., & Ford, A. C. (2015). Therapeutic options for the management of non-ulcer dyspepsia. *Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy*, *16*(1), 77-87.
Q.
Stomach on Fire? Why Gastritis is Gnawing at You & Medically-Approved Next Steps
A.
Burning or gnawing pain high in your abdomen is often gastritis, usually triggered by H. pylori, NSAIDs, alcohol, or illness, and it is typically treatable with targeted steps like testing for H. pylori, removing irritants, and short-term acid reducers. There are several factors to consider, including red flag symptoms that need urgent care and cause-specific treatments that can change your next steps; see below for complete guidance on tests, when antibiotics plus PPIs are needed, safer pain reliever options, B12 and autoimmune issues, and practical diet and stress tips.
References:
* Wickramasinghe, N., & Indika Karunathilake, L. (2022). Gastritis: a review of the current evidence for diagnosis and treatment. *World Journal of Gastroenterology*, *28*(12), 1201–1215.
* Malfertheiner, P., Megraud, F., O'Morain, C. A., Atherton, J., Axon, A. T. R., Bazzoli, F., ... & Seppälä, N. (2024). Management of Helicobacter pylori infection: The Maastricht VI/Florence Consensus Report. *Gut*.
* Venerito, M., Klessen, C. D., & Malfertheiner, P. (2020). Autoimmune Gastritis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Relevance of Serological Markers. *International Journal of Molecular Sciences*, *21*(8), 2825.
* Gao, X. J., & Luo, H. S. (2020). Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Gastritis: An Evidence-Based Approach. *Chinese Medical Journal (English)*, *133*(20), 2418–2426.
* Nishimura, Y., Satoh, T., Ishikawa, T., & Takechi, M. (2021). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced gastritis: An update on diagnosis and management. *World Journal of Gastroenterology*, *27*(28), 4530–4545.
Q.
Gastritis Relief for Women 30-45: Symptoms & Your Action Plan
A.
Gastritis relief for women 30 to 45 starts with recognizing burning upper abdominal pain, nausea, bloating, and early fullness, often tied to H. pylori, frequent NSAIDs, alcohol, stress, and hormonal or pregnancy-related changes. There are several factors to consider, so see below to understand more. Your action plan includes tracking triggers, shifting to a gentle diet, minimizing NSAIDs with your doctor’s guidance, managing stress, and getting medical evaluation for persistent symptoms, including testing for H. pylori and use of acid reducers when appropriate, plus knowing the red flags that need urgent care; key details that could change your next steps are outlined below.
References:
* Kumar V, Sharma PK. Gastritis. StatPearls. 2023 Jan-. PMID: 32491563.
* Koshkalda LA, Denisenko TV. Gastritis: Diagnosis and Treatment. Wiad Lek (Warsz). 2021;74(11pt1):2908-2911. PMID: 34967746.
* Gatta L, El-Omar EM, Graham DY. Helicobacter pylori infection: Clinical aspects and management. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2021 Dec;50-51:101738. PMID: 34482937.
* Di Sabatino A, Giustina CN, Corazza GR. Autoimmune gastritis: From pathogenesis to clinical practice. Autoimmun Rev. 2021 Feb;20(2):102731. PMID: 33497914.
* Medina-Flores LE, Gonzalez-Gonzalez JA, Reyes-Diaz JLG, Hernández-Luna J, Castañeda-Salazar JA, Pérez-Padilla JA, Estrada-Hernandez LJ, Hernández-Cortazar F, Del Toro-Ruiz J, Maldonado-Garza H. Helicobacter pylori infection: a concise update of the most relevant news. World J Gastroenterol. 2022 Dec 7;28(45):6399-6415. PMID: 36582498.
Q.
What illnesses could cause pain above the belly button when pressed?
A.
Pain above the belly button when pressed can be caused by various illnesses and conditions. Understanding these potential causes is important for proper diagnosis and treatment.
References:
Munisamy R, Uppalu H, Raghavendra R, Venkata NP, Harshita S, Janarthanam SV. Type-I complex regional pain syndrome of umbilical port site: An unforeseen complication of laparoscopic surgery. J Minim Access Surg. 2012 Apr;8(2):50-3. doi: 10.4103/0972-9941.95535. PMID: 22623826; PMCID: PMC3353613.
Patterson JW, Kashyap S, Dominique E. Acute Abdomen. [Updated 2023 Jul 10]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459328/
Applegate WV. Abdominal Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome (ACNES): A Commonly Overlooked Cause of Abdominal Pain. Perm J. 2002 Summer;6(3):20–7. PMCID: PMC6220638.
Q.
What illnesses could cause upper stomach pain and nausea?
A.
Upper stomach pain accompanied by nausea can be caused by a variety of illnesses, including gastrointestinal disorders, infections, and other medical conditions. Common causes include gastritis, peptic ulcers, gallbladder disease, and pancreatitis. Understanding these potential causes is important for seeking appropriate medical evaluation and treatment.
References:
Murali N, El Hayek SM. Abdominal Pain Mimics. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2021 Nov;39(4):839-850. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2021.07.003. Epub 2021 Sep 10. PMID: 34600641; PMCID: PMC8430370.
Sherman R. Abdominal Pain. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Chapter 86.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK412/
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https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.24312810v1Sipponen P, Maaroos HI. Chronic gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015 Jun;50(6):657-67. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2015.1019918. Epub 2015 Apr 22. PMID: 25901896; PMCID: PMC4673514.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/00365521.2015.1019918Mihály E, Micsik T, Juhász M, Herszényi L, Tulassay Z. Gastritisek és gastropathiák [Gastritis and gastropathy]. Orv Hetil. 2014 Jan 12;155(2):43-61. Hungarian. doi: 10.1556/OH.2014.29807. PMID: 24389321.
https://akjournals.com/view/journals/650/155/2/article-p43.xmlAnnibale B, Esposito G, Lahner E. A current clinical overview of atrophic gastritis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Feb;14(2):93-102. doi: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1718491. Epub 2020 Jan 24. PMID: 31951768.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17474124.2020.1718491Taylor KB. Gastritis. N Engl J Med. 1969 Apr 10;280(15):818-20. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196904102801507. PMID: 4887251.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM196904102801507