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Genital trauma meaning injury to the genitals, can occur for a variety of reasons. Most often caused by sports injuries, accidents such as on a bicycle, or vigorous intercourse. Tears or injuries can also occur with childbirth. Sexual assault should also be considered.
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this disease:
Treatment depends on the injury sustained. It is common to receive stitches after childbirth to repair any tears. If there is concern for assault, it is suggested to report it to your medical provider and to the appropriate authorities so that evidence can be collected.
Reviewed By:
Ravi P. Chokshi, MD (Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN), Critical Care)
Current Maternal Fetal Medicine Fellow with Dual board certification in Obstetrics & Gynecology and Critical Care Medicine. | 5+ years experience managing a general Ob/Gyn practice and working in the Intensive Care Unit. | Previously Physician Lead of a large single specialty practice with 8 Physicians and 10+ Advanced practitioners. | Member of the Society of Maternal Fetal Medicine Patient education committee. | Frequent Medscape Consult contributor.
Seiji Kanazawa, MD, PHD (Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN))
Dr. Kanazawa graduated from the Niigata University Faculty of Medicine and received his Ph.D. from the Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine. He is working on the front line of the General Perinatal Center, including the Tokyo Tama General Medical Center and the National Center for Research in Fertility Medicine, where he provides maternal and fetal care and undertakes clinical research. At Ubie, Dr. Kanazawa has been designing the Ubie AI Symptom Checker and has taken on the role of general obstetrics and gynecology consultation at FMC Tokyo Clinic by providing fetal ultrasound and prenatal consultation.
Content updated on Jul 3, 2024
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
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Q.
BDSM Health Myths vs. Reality: What Doctors Worry About
A.
BDSM is consensual and, with proper safety, is not abuse, not linked to poorer mental health, and usually results only in minor, temporary injuries. Doctors worry most about preventable harms like nerve compression, skin injuries, bloodborne infections from unsterilized tools, delayed care due to stigma, trauma triggers, and substance-impaired consent. There are several factors to consider. See below for practical risk-reduction steps on negotiation, hygiene, first aid, safer equipment, aftercare, and when to seek medical help.
References:
Kamath PS, & Wiesner RH. (2001). A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver… Hepatology, 11157951.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11157951/
European Association for the Study of the Liver. (2018). EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management… J Hepatol, 29535046.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29535046/
Castera L, & Pinzani M. (2010). Non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis: from bench to beside… J Hepatol, 20028372.
Q.
BDSM Health Risks: Bruising, Nerve Injury, Choking
A.
BDSM can be safe when done with care, but major risks include bruising from impact, nerve injury from tight or prolonged pressure, and choking, which carries the highest risk of brain damage or death even with brief oxygen restriction. There are several factors to consider; see below to understand more. Safety steps include warm-ups, avoiding bony areas, wide padded restraints with frequent checks, never leaving someone restrained, and treating breath play with extreme caution and never doing it solo. Know red flags that need medical care like rapidly expanding bruises, persistent numbness or weakness, or any loss of consciousness or breathing trouble after breath play; full prevention tips and next-step guidance are detailed below.
References:
Hanzlick R, Boulay P. (2006). Fatal autoerotic asphyxia: review of forensic cases… Forensic Sci Int, 16586009.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16586009/
Kamath PS, & Wiesner RH. (2001). A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease… Hepatology, 11157951.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11157951/
European Association for the Study of the Liver. (2014). EASL clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis… Journal of Hepatology, 24986678.
Q.
Is BDSM Bad for Your Health?
A.
BDSM is not inherently bad for your health; research shows practitioners often have similar or better mental health than nonparticipants, and physical effects are usually minor when play is consensual, well prepared, and uses proper technique, communication, and aftercare. There are several factors to consider, including STI prevention, avoiding substances that impair consent, accounting for medical conditions, and knowing when symptoms like persistent pain, numbness, heavy bleeding, infection, or severe distress require medical care; see below for detailed safety guidance and next steps that could influence your healthcare decisions.
References:
Wismeijer AE, & van Assen MA. (2013). Psychological characteristics of BDSM practitioners: An internet-b… J Sex Med, 23379842.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23379842/
de Franchis R, & Dell’Era A. (2007). Non-invasive diagnosis of cirrhosis and the natural history of… Best Practice & Research: Clinical Gastroenterology, 17223493.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17223493/
European Association for the Study of the Liver. (2014). EASL clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Journal of Hepatology, 24986678.
Q.
Safe BDSM Health Basics: Consent, Checks, Aftercare
A.
Consent, checks, and aftercare are essential for safer BDSM: set clear boundaries and safewords, do pre-scene physical and mental health checks, use safe techniques and clean gear with active in-scene communication, and plan thoughtful aftercare. Seek medical care for red flags like persistent pain or swelling, numbness, signs of infection, breathing issues, unusual bleeding, or severe emotional distress. There are several factors to consider that can change your next steps, including medications, chronic conditions, triggers, anatomy, and the type of play. See the complete details below to tailor safety plans and know when to talk with a clinician.
References:
Tsochatzis EA, Bosch J, & Burroughs AK. (2014). Liver cirrhosis… Lancet, 24914338.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24914338/
D’Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, & Pagliaro L. (2006). Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis… J Hepatol, 16730686.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16730686/
Garcia-Tsao G, Friedman SL, Iredale J, & Pinzani M. (2010). Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis: natural history and clinical issues… Hepatology, 20103397.
Q.
Are BDSM tests safe and private to use online?
A.
There are several factors to consider. Online BDSM quizzes can be safe and private only when the site uses HTTPS, has a transparent privacy policy, allows anonymous use with minimal data collection and deletion options, and avoids third-party trackers; many do not, and results are informational rather than diagnostic or clinically validated. See below for key details that can change your next steps, including how to choose a reputable test and when to seek professional help for distress, injuries, consent concerns, or sexual health questions.
References:
Tourangeau R, & Yan T. (2007). Sensitive questions in surveys. Psychological Bulletin, 17213083.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17213083/
Tsochatzis EA, Bosch J, & Burroughs AK. (2014). Liver cirrhosis. Lancet, 25093739.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25093739/
European Association for the Study of the Liver. (2014). EASL clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Journal of Hepatology, 24986678.
Q.
How to have sex without pain as a beginner?
A.
There are several factors to consider; see below to understand more. For comfortable first-time sex, take it slow, communicate, prioritize arousal with ample lube, start with nonpenetrative touch and then gradual, well lubricated penetration, choose shallow positions you control, and relax the pelvic floor. If pain persists, is sharp, or occurs with discharge, bleeding, fever, or urinary or bowel symptoms, or if you cannot tolerate penetration, seek care; pelvic floor physical therapy, topical or hormonal treatments, and counseling can help, and step-by-step techniques and red flags are detailed below.
References:
Bergeron S, Binik YM, Khalife S, Pagidas K, & Glazer HI. (2008). Randomized placebo-controlled trial of topical lidocaine in provoked vestibulodynia… Journal of Sexual Medicine, 18341649.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18341649/
D’Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, & Pagliaro L. (2006). Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118… Journal of Hepatology, 16324815.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16324815/
Tsochatzis EA, Bosch J, & Burroughs AK. (2014). Liver cirrhosis… Lancet, 24269156.
Q.
What does BDSM mean, and what are the risks?
A.
BDSM is a consensual set of practices that include bondage and discipline, dominance and submission, and sadism and masochism, guided by consent-focused frameworks like Safe, Sane, and Consensual and Risk-Aware Consensual Kink. Risks include physical harm such as bruises, nerve or breathing complications, and infection, as well as emotional triggers, boundary violations, and social or legal consequences; these can be reduced with clear negotiation, safewords, education, proper gear, and aftercare, and medical or mental health support may be needed if injuries or distress occur. There are several factors to consider, and important details that could shape your next steps are summarized below.
References:
Moser C, & Kleinplatz PJ. (2007). DSM-IV-TR and the paraphilias: an argument… Arch Sex Behav, 17653815.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17653815/
Tsochatzis EA, Bosch J, & Burroughs AK. (2014). Liver cirrhosis. Lancet, 24815805.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24815805/
D’Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, & Pagliaro L. (2006). Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review… J Hepatol, 16413849.
Q.
What is oral sex, and can you get STIs from it?
A.
Oral sex is using the mouth, lips, or tongue to stimulate a partner’s genitals or anus, and it can transmit STIs like gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis, herpes, HPV, and less commonly HIV, often without noticeable throat symptoms. There are several factors to consider and ways to lower risk, including condoms or dental dams, HPV vaccination, and extragenital testing such as throat swabs. See below for important details on symptoms, testing, and when to seek care that could affect your next steps.
References:
Patton ME, Su JR, Nelson R, & Weinstock H. (2014). Extragenital gonorrhea and chlamydia in women and men who have… Sex Transm Dis, 24706662.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24706662/
D'Souza G, Kreimer AR, Viscidi R, Pawlita M, Fakhry C, Koch WM, Westra WH, & Gillison ML. (2007). Case–control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med, 17914097.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17914097/
D'Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, & Pagliaro L. (2006). Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: systematic review… J Hepatol, 16851065.
Q.
Can using a dildo loosen my vagina?
A.
No—using a dildo does not permanently loosen your vagina; its elastic tissues typically rebound, though a temporary relaxed feeling right after play is normal. There are several factors to consider, including pelvic-floor strength, childbirth and aging, and safe toy use (size, lubrication, hygiene). See the full details below, including when to seek care (pain, bleeding, pelvic pressure) and simple Kegels to maintain tone.
References:
de Franchis R, & Dell’Era A. (2007). Non‐invasive diagnosis of cirrhosis and the natural history of… Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 17223493.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17223493/
Kamath PS, & Wiesner RH. (2001). A model to predict survival in patients with end‐stage liver disease. Hepatology, 11157951.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11157951/
European Association for the Study of the Liver. (2014). EASL clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol, 24986678.
Q.
Is a dildo safe for teens?
A.
Yes—when chosen and used correctly, it can be safe for teens, but there are several factors to consider. Start small with body-safe, phthalate-free materials, use plenty of water-based lube, clean before and after, don’t share, and stop if it hurts; seek care for heavy bleeding, severe pain, fever, or persistent symptoms. For important details on materials, sizing, hygiene, emotional readiness, consent/legal issues, and specific red flags, see below.
References:
Friedrich-Rust M, Ong MF, Martens S, Sarrazin C, Bojunga J, Herrmann E, et al. (2008). Performance of transient elastography for the staging of liver fibrosis: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology, 18657507.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18657507/
Wai CT, Greenson JK, Fontana RJ, Kalbfleisch JD, Marrero JA, Conjeevaram HS, Lok AS. (2003). A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology, 12668943.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12668943/
European Association for the Study of the Liver; Asociacion Latinoamericana para el Estudio del Higado. (2015). EASL-ALEH Clinical Practice Guidelines: Non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and fibrosis. Journal of Hepatology, 27246089.
Q.
Will my boyfriend be able to tell if I've been using a dildo?
A.
Probably not—vaginal elasticity means any stretching from toy use is temporary, and lasting laxity is usually linked to childbirth or aging; partners mainly notice arousal, lubrication, and muscle tone, not recent toy size. There are several factors to consider, including pelvic floor exercises, proper cleaning, and warning signs like persistent pain, bleeding, odor, or unusual discharge; see below for the complete answer and key details that could guide your next steps.
References:
Dietz HP, O’Reilly BA, Clarke B, et al. (2015). Vaginal laxity: prevalence, risk factors and impact on quali… Int Urogynecol J, 25446278.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25446278/
Wai CT, Greenson JK, Fontana RJ, Kalbfleisch JD, Marrero JA, Conjeevaram HS, & Lok AS. (2003). A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosi… Hepatology, 12912877.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12912877/
Castera J, Forns X, & Alberti A. (2008). Non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis using transien… J Hepatol, 18253868.
Q.
What is bdsm and how I can tell if I'll like it?
A.
BDSM is a consensual umbrella for power exchange, intense sensations, and roleplay (bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, sadism/masochism) that many enjoy for pleasure, trust, and emotional bonding. To see if it’s for you, reflect on your fantasies and limits, learn reputable basics, communicate and set safewords with a trusted partner, start slow with low‑risk activities and aftercare, and monitor your physical/emotional responses—consult a clinician first if you have health conditions or distress. There are several factors to consider, plus key safety tips, community resources, and when to seek medical or mental health support; see the complete guidance below.
References:
Sagarin BJ, Cutler B, Cutler N, Lawler-Sagarin K, Matuszewich L. (2009). Hormonal changes and couple bonding in sadomasochistic … Arch Sex Behav, 19133477.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19133477/
Foucher J, Chanteloup E, Vergniol J, Castéra L, Le Bail B, Adhoute X. (2006). Diagnosis of cirrhosis by transient elastography. Hepatology, 16915484.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16915484/
D'Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, Pagliaro L. (2006). Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis … J Hepatol, 16447257.
Q.
What is a prostate orgasm and is it real?
A.
A prostate orgasm is a real, physiologically grounded climax triggered by stimulating the prostate gland (internally through the rectum or externally via the perineum), often described as deeper, fuller, and more whole‑body than a typical penile orgasm. Clinical reports and brain-imaging research support its legitimacy and accessibility for many people with prostates, though it isn’t for everyone. There are several factors to consider—safe techniques, who should avoid it, potential benefits, and when to see a doctor—see below for the complete answer and next steps.
References:
Komisaruk BR, Whipple B, Crawford A, Grimes S, Liu WC, Kalnin A. (2004). Brain activation during vaginocervical self-stimulation and orgasm in women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 16702406.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16702406/
McMahon CG, Porst H, Abdo CHN, et al. (2010). Male orgasmic disorders: classification, diagnosis, and treatment. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 21050127.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21050127/
Tsochatzis EA, Bosch J, Burroughs AK. (2014). Liver cirrhosis. Lancet, 24613350.
Q.
What are the benefits of cloves sexually?
A.
Cloves may support sexual health by improving blood flow and arousal, offering antioxidant support that can modestly aid libido and hormone balance, protecting sensitive tissues, providing antimicrobial effects, easing mild pain, and reducing stress—benefits largely linked to eugenol and other phenolics. There are several factors to consider; see below for how to use them (tea, diluted oil, supplements, in food), important safety cautions (skin irritation, GI upset, bleeding risk, hormonal concerns), and when to seek medical care, since cloves are not a cure-all.
References:
Shobana S, & Naidu KA. (2000). Antioxidant activity of selected Indian spices. J Agric Food Chem, 10601562.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10601562/
Kamath PS, & Wiesner RH. (2001). A model to predict survival in patients with end‐stage liver dis… Hepatology, 11157951.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11157951/
European Association for the Study of the Liver. (2014). EASL clinical practice guidelines for the management of patien… Journal of Hepatology, 24986678.
Q.
What is BDSM sex and is it safe?
A.
BDSM sex is a consensual spectrum of erotic practices involving bondage/discipline, dominance/submission, and sadism/masochism, built on negotiated power exchange, communication, and trust. It can be practiced safely when partners prioritize clear ongoing consent (including safe words), education/training, proper gear, and aftercare, though risks like bruising, nerve injury, emotional triggers, STIs, and legal considerations still exist. There are several factors to consider—see below for specific safety strategies, beginner tips, and warning signs for when to seek medical or mental health care that could affect your next steps.
References:
Wismeijer JA, & Van Assen MA. (2013). Psychological characteristics of BDSM practitioners. J Sex Med, 23538903.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23538903/
Wai CT, Greenson JK, Fontana RJ, et al. (2003). A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis… Hepatology, 12403781.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12403781/
Castera L, Foucher J, Bernard PH, et al. (2006). Non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis by transient… J Hepatol, 16060016.
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Link to full study:
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.24312810v1ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 198: Prevention and Management of Obstetric Lacerations at Vaginal Delivery
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30134424/Caring for Patients Who Have Experienced Trauma: ACOG Committee Opinion, Number 825
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33759830/Science Direct
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/genital-injury