Balanoposthitis Quiz

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Swelling of the penis

Pain in the penis

Itchy penis

Pain or irritation at the tip of penis

White patches on penis

Pain during urination

Pain during ejaculation

Sores on the penis

Change in color of penis

Foul-smelling discharge from penis

Penis discomfort

Lesions or rashes on penis

Not seeing your symptoms? No worries!

What is Balanoposthitis?

This refers to inflammation on the tip of the penis and foreskin. It results from skin irritation due to poor hygiene or a sexually transmitted infection.

Typical Symptoms of Balanoposthitis

Diagnostic Questions for Balanoposthitis

Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this disease:

  • Do you have pain in your penis?
  • Do you feel an itch in your penis?
  • Is the affected area hot to touch?
  • Do you have itchy skin?
  • Do you have swelling in the affected area?

Treatment of Balanoposthitis

To help with symptoms, keep the area clean and avoid harsh soaps. Depending on the cause, creams to treat bacteria, fungus, or inflammation may be given.

Reviewed By:

Kenji Taylor, MD, MSc

Kenji Taylor, MD, MSc (Family Medicine, Primary Care)

Dr. Taylor is a Japanese-African American physician who grew up and was educated in the United States but spent a considerable amount of time in Japan as a college student, working professional and now father of three. After graduating from Brown, he worked in finance first before attending medical school at Penn. He then completed a fellowship with the Centers for Disease Control before going on to specialize in Family and Community Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) where he was also a chief resident. After a faculty position at Stanford, he moved with his family to Japan where he continues to see families on a military base outside of Tokyo, teach Japanese residents and serve remotely as a medical director for Roots Community Health Center. He also enjoys editing and writing podcast summaries for Hippo Education.

Nao Saito, MD

Nao Saito, MD (Urology)

After graduating from Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Dr. Saito worked at Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Toda Chuo General Hospital, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, and Ako Chuo Hospital before becoming Deputy Director (current position) at Takasaki Tower Clinic Department of Ophthalmology and Urology in April 2020.

From our team of 50+ doctors

Content updated on Feb 3, 2025

Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy

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Symptoms Related to Balanoposthitis

Diseases Related to Balanoposthitis

FAQs

Q.

Foreskin Pain? Why Your Skin Is Inflamed and Medical Next Steps

A.

Foreskin pain usually means inflammation from irritation, yeast or bacterial infections, STIs, tight foreskin, or skin conditions, and most cases are treatable. Start gentle hygiene and avoid irritants, but seek urgent care for severe swelling, a trapped or discolored foreskin, fever, or trouble urinating; a clinician can test for the cause and treat with antifungals, antibiotics, antivirals, steroid creams, or minor procedures. There are several factors to consider that could change your next steps, so see the complete details below.

References:

* Wiegand C, Wank C, Hipler UC, et al. Balanitis and Balanoposthitis: A Review. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;1001:147-152. doi:10.1007/5584_2017_15

* Cohen PR. Common Penile Disorders: A Review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2018 Feb;19(1):97-107. doi: 10.1007/s40257-017-0322-z. PMID: 29327299.

* Knoedler MA, Viers BR, Tollefson MK. Lichen Sclerosus of the Male Genitalia: A Practical Update. Curr Urol Rep. 2022 Sep;23(9):221-229. doi: 10.1007/s11934-022-01111-y. Epub 2022 Aug 4. PMID: 35921200.

* Scheman A, Vally KJ, Jacob SE. Allergic Contact Dermatitis of the Genitalia. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021 May;84(5):1227-1233. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.12.001. Epub 2020 Dec 3. PMID: 33587936.

* Edwards SK, Bunker CB, Edwards A, et al. Inflammatory Conditions of the Male Genitalia: A Review of Balanitis. Sex Transm Dis. 2019 Aug;46(8):525-532. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000989. PMID: 31335431.

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

Persistent Pain? Why Your Uncircumcised Penis Is Inflamed & Medical Next Steps

A.

Persistent pain, redness, swelling, or discharge under the foreskin in someone uncircumcised is most often due to balanitis or balanoposthitis from yeast or bacterial infection, irritation, STIs, or skin conditions, and recurrent cases can be linked to diabetes. If symptoms last more than a few days or worsen, book a doctor visit for an exam, swabs, STI and diabetes checks, and targeted treatment such as antifungals, antibiotics, mild steroids, hygiene adjustments, or sometimes circumcision, and seek urgent care for severe pain, fever, inability to urinate, or a trapped retracted foreskin. There are several factors to consider. See the complete guidance below for specifics that can affect your next steps.

References:

* Moreno A, et al. Phimosis and paraphimosis: clinical aspects and treatments. *Minerva Urol Nephrol*. 2020 Dec;72(6):730-736.

* Fistarol SK, et al. Lichen sclerosus of the male genitalia: a review. *J Dtsch Dermatol Ges*. 2016 May;14(5):459-71; quiz 472.

* Herzog L, et al. Care of the uncircumcised penis. *Am Fam Physician*. 2016 Apr 1;93(7):576-80.

* Yaroslavsky E, et al. Complications of uncircumcised penis: what a general practitioner should know. *Harefuah*. 2014 Apr;153(4):212-6, 255, 254.

* Sears J. A systematic review of the causes of balanitis. *J Mens Health*. 2012;9(1):9-14.

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Q.

Tight Foreskin? Why Phimosis Happens & Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

Tight foreskin, or phimosis, is common and usually normal in children. In teens and adults it often follows inflammation, infections, scarring, or diabetes, and most cases respond to prescription steroid creams with gentle stretching and good hygiene, with surgery reserved for severe or persistent cases; seek urgent care for a stuck retracted foreskin or trouble urinating. There are several factors and red flags to consider that can change your next steps; see the complete guidance below to understand causes, treatments, and when to see a doctor.

References:

* Sinha, S., Bansal, R., & Bansal, S. (2022). Phimosis: a review of current management. *Translational Andrology and Urology, 11*(6), 843–855.

* Moretti, E., Rossi, V., Spaggiari, A., Santi, M., Nuzzi, L., Santi, S., ... & Ficarra, V. (2019). Phimosis: an update. *Minerva Urologica e Nefrologica, 71*(5), 450–460.

* Islam, M. J., Islam, M. T., Islam, M. A., & Biswas, A. (2020). Management of Phimosis in Children: A Systematic Review. *Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR, 14*(12).

* Nini, A., Ben Youssef, E., Letaief, N., Mekki, M., Zribi, O., Fourati, H., & Mhiri, M. N. (2023). Phimosis in boys: current perspectives and new insights. *The Journal of Surgical Research, 285*, 236–243.

* Vela-Navarrete, R., García-Cenador, M. B., & García-Rodríguez, J. (2021). Phimosis: Clinical aspects and current management. *Actas Urológicas Españolas (English Edition), 45*(6), 565–573.

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Q.

Worried by Buildup? Why Smegma Forms & Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

Smegma is a natural mix of shed skin cells, oils, and moisture that can collect under the foreskin; small amounts are normal, but buildup can cause irritation, odor, and infection, especially with infrequent cleaning, tight foreskin, or conditions like diabetes. Medically approved next steps include gentle daily cleaning with warm water and mild soap, thorough drying, and seeing a clinician for redness, pain, strong odor, pus-like discharge, difficulty retracting the foreskin, fever, or urination problems. There are several factors to consider. See complete details and treatment options below.

References:

* Parkash S, Jeyakumar S, Saquib S. Smegma and its formation and composition. J Clin Exp Dermatol Res. 2018;9(6):467. Epub 2018 Dec 20. PMID: 30678622.

* Yoo SY, Hwang D, Lee SH, Kim J, Choi C, Lee MS. The Forgotten Foreskin: A Review of the Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Common Foreskin Conditions. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Apr 5;18(7):3799. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18073799. PMID: 33827552.

* Kaye JD. Phimosis, paraphimosis, and other foreskin problems. Prim Care. 2010 Mar;37(1):169-75, x. doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2009.09.004. PMID: 20349586.

* Herzog LW, Golden R. The uncircumcised penis in children and adolescents: a systematic review of the literature. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2013 Feb;26(1):12-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jpag.2012.08.007. Epub 2012 Sep 27. PMID: 23019036.

* Schober J, Lammers A. The uncircumcised penis: general aspects and care. Transl Androl Urol. 2022 Feb;11(2):221-229. doi: 10.21037/tau-21-99. PMID: 35160002.

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Q.

Balanitis? Why Your Penis is Irritated & Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

Balanitis is inflammation of the head of the penis that is usually treatable and can cause redness, itching, swelling, discharge or odor, and pain with urination or sex, most often from yeast or bacterial infections, irritants, skin conditions, poor hygiene, or STIs, especially if uncircumcised or diabetic. Start with gentle daily cleaning, avoid scented products and other triggers, consider an over-the-counter antifungal if yeast seems likely, pause sex, and see a clinician promptly for severe or persistent symptoms such as fever, spreading redness, thick discharge, trouble urinating, unusual skin changes, or recurrent episodes. There are several factors to consider that can change your next step; see below for the complete details to guide your care.

References:

* Edwards S, Bunker CB. Balanitis: a review of current management. F1000Res. 2017 Jul 14;6:1159. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.11896.1. PMID: 28761692.

* Pérez-Izquierdo G, Prieto A, Coto-Segura P, Martínez-Borra J, Santos-Juanes J. The etiologies of balanitis: A systematic review. Int J STD AIDS. 2021 May;32(6):525-534. doi: 10.1177/0956462420970335. Epub 2020 Nov 2. PMID: 33135409.

* Shinde M, Koli J. Management of Balanitis: A review. Int J Res Med Sci. 2016 Nov;4(11):4725-4729. doi: 10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20163774. PMID: 29527092.

* Verma R. Candidal Balanitis: An Overview. Indian J Dermatol. 2018 Jan-Feb;63(1):103-104. doi: 10.4103/ijd.IJD_533_17. PMID: 29527092.

* Kulkarni S, et al. Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus of the penis (balanitis xerotica obliterans): A review of the literature. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2019 Jul-Aug;85(4):351-359. doi: 10.4103/ijdvl.IJDVL_66_18. PMID: 31088924.

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

Is It Normal? The Reality of Circumcision & Medically Approved Steps

A.

Many changes after circumcision are normal, but there are several factors to consider. See below for expected healing timelines (about 7-10 days for newborns and 2-3 or more weeks for adults) and what typical recovery looks like, including mild swelling, redness, slight spotting, a yellow film, and increased sensitivity. See below for urgent red flags like heavy bleeding, worsening severe pain, fever, foul or green discharge, spreading redness, or trouble urinating, and for medically approved steps such as gentle cleansing, petroleum jelly if advised, loose clothing, avoiding sexual activity until healed, and daily monitoring, since these details can guide your next steps and when to seek care.

References:

* Srinivasan, R., & Ajith, A. (2020). Neonatal Circumcision: An Updated Review. *Current Urology Reports*, *21*(9), 48.

* American Academy of Pediatrics Task Force on Circumcision. (2012). Circumcision policy statement. *Pediatrics*, *130*(3), e756-e785.

* Weiss, J., & Ben-Shachar, Y. (2020). Complications of Circumcision in Male Infants. *European Urology Focus*, *6*(6), 1183-1188.

* Aldawood, N., Aldawood, F., & Althubaiti, A. (2022). Ethical Considerations in Neonatal Male Circumcision. *Cureus*, *14*(7), e27297.

* Okeke, L. I., Ezeadichie, L. E., & Okoro, O. O. (2023). Current Circumcision Techniques in Neonates and Infants. *Frontiers in Pediatrics*, *11*, 1111075.

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Q.

Angry Redness? Why Your Skin Is Burning & Medical Steps for Balanitis

A.

Angry redness and burning on the head of the penis often point to balanitis, an inflammation that is usually treatable and most commonly linked to yeast overgrowth, irritation from soaps or overwashing, hygiene issues, STIs, skin conditions, or diabetes. Doctors may confirm the cause with an exam, swabs, STI tests, and blood sugar checks; treatment typically includes antifungal cream, a mild steroid or antibiotics as needed, and gentle hygiene, with urgent care warranted for severe pain, fever, difficulty urinating, or a foreskin that becomes stuck. There are several factors and next-step decisions to consider that could affect your care; see below for complete details.

References:

* McGregor TB, Pipe SM, Orton LC. Balanitis: aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. Postgrad Med J. 2016 Jan;92(1083):4-8. doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2015-133333. Epub 2015 Nov 24. PMID: 26604245.

* Li Q, Lin X, Yu Q, Wang H. Current concepts in balanitis management. Asian J Androl. 2021 Jul-Aug;23(4):379-383. doi: 10.4103/aja.aja_107_20. Epub 2021 Jul 2. PMID: 34211181; PMCID: PMC8524673.

* Kim Y, Park JH, Kim H, Han SM, Oh KJ, Park YS, Kim SW, Song SH. Clinical characteristics and risk factors for balanitis in adult males. Int J Impot Res. 2021 Sep;33(6):663-669. doi: 10.1038/s41443-021-00406-8. Epub 2021 Feb 25. PMID: 33633261.

* Kaneko S, Tanizaki H, Akasaka E, Komatsu-Fujii T, Furudate S, Miyachi Y, Utani A. Differential diagnosis of genital inflammatory diseases. J Dermatol. 2018 Mar;45(3):263-270. doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.14207. Epub 2018 Jan 24. PMID: 29368388.

* Edwards SK. Balanitis and balanoposthitis: a review. Br J Dermatol. 2011 May;164(5):877-94. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10268.x. PMID: 21352150.

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

Are there any non-prescription medications available for the treatment of balanoposthitis?

A.

There are non-prescription medications and treatments available for the management of balanoposthitis, which is inflammation of the glans (head) of the penis and the foreskin. Over-the-counter options can help alleviate symptoms, but it is important to identify the underlying cause for effective treatment.

References:

Wray AA, Velasquez J, Leslie SW, et al. Balanitis. [Updated 2024 Aug 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537143/

Edwards SK, Bunker CB, van der Snoek EM, van der Meijden WI. 2022 European guideline for the management of balanoposthitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2023 Jun;37(6):1104-1117. doi: 10.1111/jdv.18954. Epub 2023 Mar 21. PMID: 36942977.

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