Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Quiz

Check your symptoms and
find possible causes with AI for free

Worried about your symptoms?

Start the test with our free AI Symptom Checker.

This will help us personalize your assessment.

Shiba

By starting the symptom checker, you agree to the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use

Cough

Shortness of breath

Whooping cough

Dry cough

Wheezing

Chronic cough

Hoarse voice

Difficulty breathing

Phlegm

Whistling sound when breathing

Extreme fatigue

Not seeing your symptoms? No worries!

What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

Lung damage from long-term smoking or smoke exposure. Airways become narrow, and lung tissue gets damaged, developing bubbles (blebs). COPD patients are also prone to lung infections.

Typical Symptoms of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Diagnostic Questions for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this disease:

  • Have you been diagnosed with pulmonary hypertension?
  • Have you been diagnosed with Interstitial Pneumonia or Pulmonary Fibrosis?
  • Do you have yellow or green sputum?
  • Does your cough worsen after exercise?
  • Are you experiencing difficulty breathing?

Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

The most crucial step in treating COPD is quitting smoking. Other medications include daily inhalers to open airways and antibiotics for infections. In severe cases, machines may be needed to supply oxygen or assist with breathing. Surgery may help remove damaged lung tissue.

Reviewed By:

Phillip Aguila, MD, MBA

Phillip Aguila, MD, MBA (Pulmonology, Critical Care)

Dr. Aguila graduated from West Virginia University School of Medicine. He has trained in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at The University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill and Internal Medicine at Medical College of Pennsylvania/Hahnemann University at Allegheny General Hospital in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania. He has served as Assistant Professor since 2010.

Eisaku Kamakura, MD

Eisaku Kamakura, MD (Pulmonology)

Dr. Kamakura graduated from the Tokyo Medical and Dental University, School of Dentistry, and the Niigata University School of Medicine. He trained at Yokosuka Kyosai Hospital and held positions in the Respiratory Medicine departments at Yokosuka Kyosai Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ome City General Hospital, and Musashino Red Cross Hospital. In 2021, he became the specially appointed assistant professor at the Department of General Medicine, Niigata University School of Medicine.

From our team of 50+ doctors

Content updated on Feb 13, 2025

Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy

Was this page helpful?

Tell your friends about us.

We would love to help them too.

smily Shiba-inu looking

Think you might have
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

Try a symptom check test

How Ubie Can Help You

With a free 3-min quiz, powered by Ubie's AI and doctors, find possible causes of your symptoms.

This questionnaire is customized to your situation and symptoms, including the following personal information:

  • Biological Sex - helps us provide relevant suggestions for male vs. female conditions.

  • Age - adjusts our guidance based on any age-related health factors.

  • History - considers past illnesses, surgeries, family history, and lifestyle choices.

Your symptoms

Input your symptoms

Our AI

Our AI checks your symptoms

Your report

You get your personalized report

Your personal report will tell you

✔  When to see a doctor

✔︎  What causes your symptoms

✔︎  Treatment information etc.

People with similar symptoms also use Ubie's symptom checker to find possible causes

See full list

Symptoms Related to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Diseases Related to Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

FAQs

Q.

Still Using Tobacco? Why Your Body Is Failing + Medical Next Steps

A.

Tobacco can make your body feel like it’s failing by cutting oxygen, inflaming and damaging lungs, straining the heart and blood vessels, weakening immunity, and raising cancer risk, yet measurable healing begins within minutes to weeks of quitting. There are several factors to consider. See below for the complete next steps, including which symptoms need urgent care, when to get spirometry and low dose CT screening, how to check heart risks, and the most effective quit treatments and mental health supports.

References:

* Voulgaris A, Georgakopoulos I, Katritsis DG, Tsilimigras DI. Health Effects of Smoking Cessation: A Comprehensive Review. J Clin Med. 2020 Jul 24;9(8):2364. doi: 10.3390/jcm9082364. PMID: 32722606; PMCID: PMC7464057.

* Tonstad S. Pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and smoking cessation. Eur J Intern Med. 2017 Jan;37:6-12. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2016.10.013. PMID: 27932145.

* Gnanapragasam P, Bhardwaj A, Ramachandra G, Shanthi C, Al-Kindi SG, Shishehbor MH. Smoking Cessation: A Review of Available Treatments. J Clin Med. 2021 Jan 15;10(2):319. doi: 10.3390/jcm10020319. PMID: 33467475; PMCID: PMC7830155.

* Al-Kindi SG, Gnanapragasam P, Tonelli J, Shishehbor MH. Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease: A Current Update. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022 Nov 1;11(21):e027815. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.122.027815. PMID: 36317208; PMCID: PMC9681467.

* Islami F, de Martel C, Bukhari N, Hecht SS, Chung FL, Rehm J, Shield KD, Ezzati M, Bray F, Lichtenstein P, Zendehdel K, Arnold M. The Global Burden of Cancer Attributable to Smoking, 2017. JAMA Oncol. 2019 Sep 1;5(9):1329-1337. doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2019.1417. PMID: 31220263; PMCID: PMC6696773.

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

Short of Breath? What is COPD and Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

COPD is a chronic lung disease, often from long-term smoking or other lung irritants, that blocks airflow and causes shortness of breath, cough, and wheeze; it is confirmed with spirometry, and treatment includes quitting smoking, inhalers, pulmonary rehab, vaccines, and oxygen in select advanced cases. If your breathing is persistent or suddenly worse, see a clinician promptly and seek emergency care for severe symptoms; there are several factors and red flags that can change your next steps, so review the complete guidance below.

References:

* Agustí A, Celli BR, Criner GJ, et al. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2023 Report: Executive Summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023;207(7):819-843. doi:10.1164/rccm.202301-0106PP. PMID: 36531998. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36531998/

* Han M, Chen H, Yu B, Ma S. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Features. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Sep 6;8:729000. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.729000. PMID: 34540864; PMCID: PMC8449622. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34540864/

* Siafakas NM, Antoniou KM, Georgopoulos D. Diagnosis and Initial Management of COPD: An Update. Am J Med. 2020 Jul;133(7):793-798. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.03.016. Epub 2020 Apr 22. PMID: 32334057. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32334057/

* Hassan M, Jawed A, Sheikh SA, et al. Current Pharmacological Treatment Strategies for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Pulm Ther. 2022 Dec;8(4):453-470. doi: 10.1007/s41030-022-00201-4. Epub 2022 Sep 7. PMID: 36070622; PMCID: PMC9681342. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36070622/

* Moy ML, Pitta F, Cowie MR, et al. Self-management in COPD: a new perspective. Eur Respir J. 2022 Jan 20;59(1):2100806. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00806-2021. PMID: 34764121. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34764121/

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

Short of Breath? Why Your Lungs Are Struggling & Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

Shortness of breath often comes from treatable causes like asthma or COPD, but can also signal infections, heart problems, anxiety, blood clots, or interstitial lung disease; the pattern, triggers, and how fast it came on help tell them apart. There are several factors to consider; see below to understand more. Next steps include tracking your symptoms, getting urgent care for red flags like sudden severe breathlessness, chest pain, blue lips, or fainting, and seeing a pulmonologist for targeted tests, medications, vaccines, smoking cessation support, and pulmonary rehab, with full guidance below.

References:

* Grewal, K. J. S., de Meij, E. C. A., van der Does, E. A. F. A., & Brinkman, M. W. H. G. (2023). Dyspnea. *Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica*, 67(10), 1251–1262. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37648937/

* Smith, W. K., Witting, J. R., & Bell, A. G. F. (2023). Dyspnea in the Emergency Department: a narrative review. *Emergency Medicine Australasia: EMA*, 35(6), 1121–1130. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37777410/

* Grewal, A. M., Gupta, G. M., & Singh, P. K. (2020). Approach to the Patient with Dyspnea. *Indian Journal of Chest Diseases & Allied Sciences*, 62(3), 177–184. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32952219/

* Binks, R. L., O'Shea, T. J., Hutchinson, C. E., & Davies, J. M. K. (2022). Chronic Dyspnoea. *Clinical Medicine (London, England)*, 22(5), 450–455. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36075775/

* Chan, A. C., Tang, C. W. D., Tan, P. E. Y., & Yuen, P. T. H. (2023). Management of dyspnea in patients with chronic respiratory disease. *Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine*, 29(3), 220–226. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36979601/

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

Gasping for Air? Why Your Lungs Are Failing & Medical COPD Steps

A.

Gasping for air can be a sign of COPD, a progressive lung disease most often from smoking or long-term irritant exposure that narrows airways and causes breathlessness, wheeze, cough, and mucus; doctors diagnose it with spirometry and imaging, and treatment focuses on quitting smoking, daily inhalers, pulmonary rehab, vaccines to prevent flare ups, and oxygen when levels are low, with urgent care needed for blue lips, severe rest breathlessness, confusion, or chest pain. There are several factors to consider that can change your next steps, including severity, oxygen levels, and flare patterns; early diagnosis and personalized care can slow progression and improve quality of life. See below for step by step guidance, red flag details, and lifestyle strategies that could meaningfully shape your healthcare plan.

References:

* Singh D, Agusti A, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Bourbeau J, Celli BR, Criner GJ, Dransfield JA, Han MK, Kapur V, Lomas DA, Mapel DW, Martinez FJ, Papi A, Pavord ID, Roche N, Sin DD, Soriano JB, Tal-Singer H, Wedzicha JA, Vogelmeier CF. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease: GOLD 2023 Report. Eur Respir J. 2023 Mar 9;61(3):2200491. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00491-2022. PMID: 36894015; PMCID: PMC10002162.

* Agustí A, Faner R. Mechanisms of Lung Failure in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 Aug;38(4):460-466. doi: 10.1055/s-0037-1604177. Epub 2017 Sep 25. PMID: 28946114.

* Decalmer S, Confalonieri M. Dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Current status and future directions. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2021 Mar 1;16(1):705. doi: 10.4081/mrm.2021.705. PMID: 33659227; PMCID: PMC7923761.

* Celli BR, Wedzicha JA. Update on Clinical Aspects of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jun 27;380(26):2555-2566. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1806391. PMID: 31242366.

* Agustí A, Fabbri LM, Singh D, et al. COPD exacerbations: a new definition, novel insights and new opportunities for treatment and prevention. Eur Respir J. 2022 Dec 1;60(6):2201888. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01888-2022. PMID: 35777937; PMCID: PMC9731631.

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

Short of Breath? Why Dyspnea Occurs and Medically-Approved Next Steps

A.

There are several factors to consider. Dyspnea often arises from problems in the lungs or heart, but can also be due to anxiety, anemia, deconditioning, or obesity, and certain warning signs can mean an emergency; clinicians pinpoint the cause through your history, exam, and targeted tests. Medically approved next steps include tracking patterns and triggers, avoiding smoke and pollutants, using controlled breathing and upright posture, staying gradually active, and treating underlying conditions, with specific red flags and step by step guidance detailed below that can change what you should do now.

References:

* Johnson MJ. Dyspnea: Pathophysiology and Clinical Management. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2023 Feb;44(1):1-14. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1758652. Epub 2023 Jan 30. PMID: 36716757.

* Mahler DA. Acute Dyspnea in Adults: Diagnosis and Treatment. Clin Chest Med. 2021 Mar;42(1):15-28. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2020.10.007. Epub 2020 Dec 23. PMID: 33549247.

* Parikh R, Sharma V, Garg M. Approach to the Patient with Dyspnea. N C Med J. 2020 Jan-Feb;81(1):50-58. doi: 10.18049/ncmj.81.1.50. PMID: 31924765.

* Dykewicz MS. Dyspnea: diagnosis and management. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2018 Sep 1;39(5):342-348. doi: 10.2500/aap.2018.39.4168. PMID: 30201103.

* Mahler DA. Chronic Dyspnea. Clin Chest Med. 2017 Sep;38(3):381-397. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2017.04.004. Epub 2017 Jun 28. PMID: 28838386.

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

Waking Up Congested? Why Your Lungs Need a Humidifier and Medical Next Steps

A.

Morning congestion is often due to dry indoor air; a properly cleaned humidifier that keeps humidity between 30% and 50% restores airway moisture, helps cilia clear irritants, thins mucus, and can improve sleep. However, persistent or severe symptoms can signal allergies, asthma, sinusitis, GERD, chronic bronchitis, or COPD, and red flags like an 8-week cough, daily mucus, shortness of breath, wheeze, chest pain, fever, or blood require medical care; there are several factors and safety steps that may change your next steps. See complete details below.

References:

* Lee GB, Lim SC, Shin JH, Lee HS, Kwon TK, Kim SC. Effects of dry air on the nasal mucosa and mucociliary clearance in patients with chronic rhinitis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012 Mar;41(3):360-4. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2011.11.002. PMID: 22154467.

* Gupta R, Gupta R, Sharma M, Singh R. Effect of indoor humidity on the common cold: an integrative review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Mar;28(12):14587-14603. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-11756-x. PMID: 33269388.

* Kilgour E, Todd G, King G, McGarvey L. The effect of humidity on nasal mucociliary clearance. Rhinology. 2017 Mar 1;55(1):15-22. doi: 10.4193/Rhin16.149. PMID: 28248552.

* Mendell MJ. Indoor residential humidity and respiratory health symptoms and conditions: A systematic review. Environ Health Perspect. 2011 Apr;119(4):447-52. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1002802. PMID: 21109405.

* Fokkens W, Lund VJ, Hopkins C, Hellings PW, Kern R, Reitsma S, Toppila-Salmi S, Harvey RJ. European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020. Rhinology. 2020 Feb;58(Suppl S29):1-464. doi: 10.4193/Rhin20.600. PMID: 32029106.

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

Short of Breath? Why Emphysema Fails Your Lungs & Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

Emphysema causes shortness of breath by destroying the lung’s air sacs, trapping stale air and reducing oxygen transfer, which makes even simple activity feel exhausting. Medically approved next steps include quitting smoking, prescribed inhalers, pulmonary rehabilitation, staying current on vaccines, oxygen if needed, and in severe cases select procedures, plus daily strategies and when symptoms are an emergency; there are several factors to consider, so see the complete guidance below.

References:

* Lee JJ, Choi HS. The Pathogenesis of Emphysema: A Modern View. Chest. 2017 Jun;151(6):1365-1372. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.11.025. PMID: 28366405. Available from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28366405/

* Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2023 Report: GOLD Executive Summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023 Mar 15;207(7):817-832. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202301-0106PP. PMID: 36460670. Available from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36460670/

* Puri V, Singh R. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Emphysema. J Clin Med. 2021 Apr 1;10(7):1475. doi: 10.3390/jcm10071475. PMID: 33800683; PMCID: PMC8035227. Available from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33800683/

* Rabe KF, Watz H. Pharmacological Treatment of COPD: New Evidence and Strategies. J Clin Med. 2022 Oct 26;11(21):6323. doi: 10.3390/jcm11216323. PMID: 36361519; PMCID: PMC9658257. Available from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36361519/

* McCarthy B, Casey D, Devane D, Murphy E, Murphy P, Ryan M, Walsh JJ. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 28;2(2):CD003713. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003713.pub4. PMID: 29968391; PMCID: PMC6494291. Available from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29968391/

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

Short of Breath? Why Your Lungs Are Failing & COPD Treatment Steps

A.

Persistent shortness of breath may be due to COPD, a progressive disease from long-term irritants like smoking that narrows airways and damages air sacs, leading to cough, wheeze, fatigue, and frequent infections. Treatment can significantly improve life and slow decline through smoking cessation, inhaled bronchodilators and steroids or combination inhalers, pulmonary rehab, oxygen when needed, vaccines and flare-up prevention, lifestyle changes, and in select cases surgery. There are several factors to consider, including urgent red flags like severe breathlessness at rest, blue lips, confusion, chest pain, or high fever; see below for complete details that can guide your next steps.

References:

* Agusti A, Hogg JC. Pathophysiology of COPD: a current perspective. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019 Aug;144(2):337-347. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.05.001. Epub 2019 May 9. PMID: 30639335.

* Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of COPD: 2023 Report – Executive Summary. Eur Respir J. 2023 Jan 26;61(1):2200964. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00964-2022. PMID: 36423985.

* Rabe KF, Watz H. Pharmacological treatment of stable COPD. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jan 23;382(4):351-361. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1906401. PMID: 31968257.

* Jensen D, et al. Mechanisms and treatment of dyspnea in COPD: a state-of-the-art review. J Clin Med. 2021 Mar 18;10(6):1224. doi: 10.3390/jcm10061224. PMID: 33800683.

* Celli BR, et al. Management of COPD Exacerbations: A State-of-the-Art Review. Chest. 2021 Mar;159(3):1243-1254. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.10.081. Epub 2020 Nov 17. PMID: 33217431.

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

Short of Breath? Why Your Respiratory System is Failing & Medical Next Steps

A.

Shortness of breath can stem from infections, asthma or COPD, heart problems, blood clots in the lungs, anxiety, or low fitness, and may reflect respiratory failure from low oxygen or high carbon dioxide; seek urgent care for sudden severe breathlessness, chest pain, blue lips, confusion, rapid breathing that does not ease, or coughing blood. There are several factors to consider. See below for the full guide on causes, warning signs, how doctors diagnose breathing problems, targeted treatments, and practical next steps you can take right now, including when to go to the emergency department.

References:

* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36792372/

* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30986427/

* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26366270/

* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26321946/

* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25961609/

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

Breathing Through a Straw? Why Your Lungs Are Trapping Air & Your COPD Relief Plan

A.

Feeling like you’re breathing through a straw often means COPD is trapping air because inflamed, narrowed airways, thick mucus, and lost lung elasticity make exhaling hard and overinflate the lungs. Relief usually involves quitting smoking, using inhalers correctly, pursed‑lip breathing, pulmonary rehab, gentle activity, infection prevention, early flare-up recognition, and spirometry for diagnosis, with urgent care for severe symptoms; there are several factors to consider, so see below for complete steps and timing that could guide your next healthcare decisions.

References:

* O'Donnell DE, Neder JA. Dyspnea and Activity Limitation in COPD: Advances in Pathophysiology and Management. COPD. 2021 Apr;18(2):161-172. doi: 10.1080/15412555.2021.1895318. PMID: 33761756.

* O'Donnell DE, Bhowmik A, Chotirmall SH, et al. Pharmacotherapy of hyperinflation and dyspnoea in COPD: A targeted pharmacodynamic approach. Respir Med. 2021 Jan;176:106260. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106260. Epub 2020 Nov 27. PMID: 33285406.

* Spruit MA, Singh SJ, Garvey C, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 Oct 15;188(8):e13-64. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201309-1634ST. PMID: 24128099.

* Maltais F, LeBlanc P, jobin J, et al. Breathing exercises for COPD: What is the evidence? Respir Med. 2016 Jan;110:1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2015.11.002. PMID: 26563604.

* O'Donnell DE, Laveneziana P, Webb KA, et al. Systematic Review of Dynamic Hyperinflation in Patients with COPD. COPD. 2011 Apr;8(2):142-152. doi: 10.3109/15412555.2011.554032. PMID: 21470007.

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

Gasping for Air? Why Your Lungs are Starving & Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

Shortness of breath, or dyspnea, has several possible causes including lung diseases like asthma or COPD, heart conditions, anemia, infections, and anxiety, and certain warning signs require emergency care; there are several factors to consider. See below to understand more. Medically approved next steps include seeking urgent help for severe or sudden symptoms, arranging prompt medical evaluation, tracking triggers, quitting smoking, improving air quality, and using safe activity and targeted treatment based on the cause; see below for key details that can change which step you should take first.

References:

* Esan O, Dagar M, Fazzari MJ, Maramattom R. Hypoxemia in Acute Respiratory Failure. J Intensive Care Med. 2020 Jan;35(1):7-18. doi: 10.1177/0885066617753696. Epub 2018 Jan 10. PMID: 29320875.

* Barbateskovic M, Schjørring OL, Krauss SR, Dahl M, Meyhoff CS, Perner A, Wetterslev J. Oxygen therapy for adults with acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Nov 1;11(11):CD010719. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010719.pub3. PMID: 30382582.

* Schwartzstein RM, Wightman A. Dyspnea: a review of current concepts. Respir Care. 2015 Mar;60(3):427-40. doi: 10.4187/respcare.03841. Epub 2014 Dec 16. PMID: 25519827.

* Kaelin WG Jr. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Oxygen Sensing in Health and Disease. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Jun 28;8:695509. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.695509. eCollection 2021. PMID: 34262947.

* Bolton CE, Blakey JD, Bevan-Smith E, Brooke AL, Crooks MG, Fuld J, Green B, Hameed A, Johnson C, Lord VM, Nixon L, Peat DS, Plumb J, Ramsay M, Reay J, Shovlin JP, Singh K, Singh S, Smith DJ. Pulmonary Rehabilitation for Chronic Respiratory Disease: An Overview of Cochrane Reviews. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015 Sep;12(9):1395-403. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201505-288SR. PMID: 26390176.

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

COPD in Women 30-45: Symptoms You Can’t Ignore & Next Steps

A.

Women 30 to 45 can develop COPD, and symptoms you should not ignore include ongoing shortness of breath, a cough lasting more than 8 weeks, daily mucus, chest tightness, frequent chest infections, and unexplained fatigue. Risk may be higher with smoking or vaping, secondhand smoke, air pollution, asthma, or genetic factors, and there are several factors to consider, so see the complete details below. Next steps include using a reputable online COPD symptom check as a starting point, then scheduling spirometry with a clinician, and seeking urgent care immediately for severe breathing trouble, blue lips or fingertips, confusion, or chest pain. Treatment options, prevention strategies, and ways to slow progression are outlined below.

References:

* Viniol C, Vogelmeier CF, Hohlfeld JM. Early-onset chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in women: a review. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2023 Mar 1;29(2):107-113. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000951. PMID: 36733979.

* Hynes G, Price D, Pellerin D, et al. Sex differences in symptoms and health-related quality of life in patients with early-onset COPD. COPD. 2021 Feb;18(1):34-40. doi: 10.1080/15412555.2020.1866385. Epub 2021 Jan 12. PMID: 33433100.

* Vogelmeier CF, Viniol C, Hohlfeld JM. Early life origins of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in women. Respirology. 2021 Feb;26(2):162-171. doi: 10.1111/resp.13968. Epub 2020 Nov 24. PMID: 33230919.

* Agusti A, Celli BR, Fabbri LM, et al. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Young Adults: A Clinical Perspective. Am J Med. 2020 Sep;133(9):1024-1029. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.03.003. Epub 2020 Mar 19. PMID: 32199859.

* Hafizi S, Lehtimäki L. Gender differences in the natural history of COPD: a review. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2018 Dec 10;13:3925-3932. doi: 10.2147/COPD.S184491. eCollection 2018. PMID: 30588147.

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

Mullein for Lung Health: What Women Over 65 Need to Know

A.

Mullein may gently soothe irritated airways and help loosen mucus, but human evidence is limited and it does not treat or reverse asthma or COPD; women over 65 should favor tea or liquid extracts, avoid smoking mullein, start low, and choose quality-tested products. There are several factors to consider, including possible medication interactions, allergies, contamination risks, and warning symptoms that need urgent care; see below for specific benefits, safety tips, red flags, and when to talk to a clinician so you can choose your next steps confidently.

References:

* Bakhsh M, Afzal K, Shah SWA, et al. Phytochemicals, Traditional Uses, and Pharmacological Potential of Verbascum thapsus L. (Common Mullein): A Review. Molecules. 2022 Jan 12;27(2):414. doi: 10.3390/molecules27020414. PMID: 35050519.

* Mahomoodally MF, Aumeeruddy MZ, Rengasamy KRR, et al. Medicinal plants and natural products used for treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021 Nov 15;280:114488. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114488. Epub 2021 Sep 7. PMID: 34509121.

* Al-Snafi AE. Antimicrobial and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Verbascum thapsus (Common Mullein) extracts against Respiratory Pathogens. Future J Pharm Sci. 2021 Jun 25;7(1):125. doi: 10.1186/s43094-021-00305-6. PMID: 34187063.

* Jamshidi N, Soleymani E, Sahebnasagh M, et al. Herbal medicines for the management of asthma: A systematic review of in vitro and in vivo studies. J Tradit Complement Med. 2022 Mar 22;12(5):387-400. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2022.03.003. eCollection 2022 Sep. PMID: 35329864.

* Zgórniak-Nowosielska I, Zgórniak-Nowosielska M, Gąsiorowski K. Antiviral activity of Verbascum thapsus L. extracts against influenza A virus. Phytother Res. 2020 Jul;34(7):1676-1683. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6644. Epub 2020 Apr 11. PMID: 32269201.

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

What is the life expectancy of patients with COPD, specifically in stage 4?

A.

The life expectancy of patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in stage 4, also known as end-stage COPD, is generally reduced compared to the general population. On average, patients in this stage may have a life expectancy ranging from 1 to 5 years, but this can vary significantly based on individual health factors, comorbidities, and the effectiveness of treatment.

References:

van Hirtum PV, Sprooten RTM, van Noord JA, van Vliet M, de Kruif MD. Long term survival after admission for COPD exacerbation: A comparison with the general population. Respir Med. 2018 Apr;137:77-82. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2018.02.015. Epub 2018 Feb 24. PMID: 29605217.

Shavelle RM, Paculdo DR, Kush SJ, Mannino DM, Strauss DJ. Life expectancy and years of life lost in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: findings from the NHANES III Follow-up Study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2009;4:137-48. doi: 10.2147/copd.s5237. Epub 2009 Apr 15. PMID: 19436692; PMCID: PMC2672796.

Chen CZ, Shih CY, Hsiue TR, Tsai SH, Liao XM, Yu CH, Yang SC, Wang JD. Life expectancy (LE) and loss-of-LE for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2020 Oct;172:106132. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106132. Epub 2020 Aug 29. PMID: 32905891.

See more on Doctor's Note

Ubie is supervised by 50+ medical experts worldwide

Our symptom checker AI is continuously refined with input from experienced physicians, empowering them to make more accurate diagnoses.

Maxwell J. Nanes, DO

Maxwell J. Nanes, DO

Emergency Medicine

Waukesha Memorial Hospital, Waukesha Wisconsin, USA

Caroline M. Doan, DO

Caroline M. Doan, DO

Internal Medicine

Signify Health

Benjamin Kummer, MD

Benjamin Kummer, MD

Neurology, Clinical Informatics

Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

Charles Carlson, DO, MS

Charles Carlson, DO, MS

Psychiatry

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs

Dale Mueller, MD

Dale Mueller, MD

Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery

Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery Associates

Ravi P. Chokshi, MD

Ravi P. Chokshi, MD

Obstetrics and gynecology

Penn State Health

Ubie is recognized by healthcare and tech leaders

Newsweek 2024

“World’s Best Digital
Health Companies”

Newsweek 2024

Google Play Best of 2023

“Best With AI”

Google Play Best of 2023

Digital Health Awards 2023

“Best in Class”

Digital Health Awards 2023 (Quarterfinalist)

Which is the best Symptom Checker?

Which is the best Symptom Checker?

Ubie’s symptom checker demonstrated a Top-10 hit accuracy of 71.6%, surpassing the performance of several leading symptom checkers in the market, which averaged around 60% accuracy in similar assessments.

Link to full study:

https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.24312810v1

References