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Try one of these related symptoms.
Whistling when I breathe
Respiratory wheeze
Loud breathing
Stridor
Wheezing is a high-pitched, coarse whistling sound made during breathing when the airway is partially blocked.
Seek professional care if you experience any of the following symptoms
Generally, Wheezing can be related to:
Tracheomalacia literally translates to floppy airway (trachea) and happens when the tissues of the airway instead of being rigid and stiff, are weak and floppy, causing breathing difficulties. This can be due to intrinsic issues with tissues (cartilage) of the windpipe (trachea) itself or due to something in the chest pushing on the airway such as a blood vessel. As there are highly variable severities and types of tracheomalacia, the symptoms vary greatly as well.
A vascular ring is a malformation of the aortic arch, which is the main blood vessel leading from the heart. Due to this malformation, the aortic arch and its branches may partially or completely encircle the windpipe (trachea), the esophagus (the tube connecting the mouth to the stomach), or both, causing breathing and digestive issues.
Laryngomalacia literally translates to floppy voice box (larynx). The laryngeal structure is malformed and floppy, causing the tissues to fall over the airway opening and partially block it. It often presents shortly after birth with noisy breathing (stridor) and in severe cases can result in poor weight gain. Of note, there are many other reasons for neonates to have stridor and these conditions should be evaluated by a specialist to confirm the diagnosis and make sure it is nothing more serious.
Sometimes, Wheezing may be related to these serious diseases:
Foreign bodies can become lodged in the airway. The trachea, or windpipe, is part of the airway and divides into the right and left bronchus, which connect to the lungs.
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this symptom:
Reviewed By:
Phillip Aguila, MD, MBA (Pulmonology, Critical Care)
Dr. Aguila graduated from West Virginia University School of Medicine. He has trained in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine at The University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill and Internal Medicine at Medical College of Pennsylvania/Hahnemann University at Allegheny General Hospital in Pittsburgh Pennsylvania. He has served as Assistant Professor since 2010.
Eisaku Kamakura, MD (Pulmonology)
Dr. Kamakura graduated from the Tokyo Medical and Dental University, School of Dentistry, and the Niigata University School of Medicine. He trained at Yokosuka Kyosai Hospital and held positions in the Respiratory Medicine departments at Yokosuka Kyosai Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ome City General Hospital, and Musashino Red Cross Hospital. In 2021, he became the specially appointed assistant professor at the Department of General Medicine, Niigata University School of Medicine.
Yoshinori Abe, MD (Internal Medicine)
Dr. Abe graduated from The University of Tokyo School of Medicine in 2015. He completed his residency at the Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Longevity Medical Center. He co-founded Ubie, Inc. in May 2017, where he currently serves as CEO & product owner at Ubie. Since December 2019, he has been a member of the Special Committee for Activation of Research in Emergency AI of the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine. | | Dr. Abe has been elected in the 2020 Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia Healthcare & Science category.
Content updated on Feb 6, 2025
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
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Q.
Short of breath? Why your incentive spirometer fails + Medically approved next steps
A.
There are several factors to consider. An incentive spirometer supports deep breathing, but it will seem to fail if technique is off, pain limits inhalation, mucus or bronchospasm narrows airways, or the real cause is atelectasis, heart issues, or rarely a lung clot. Next steps include confirming technique and frequency, optimizing pain control, staying mobile and hydrated, and asking your clinician about inhalers, nebulizers, imaging, oxygen checks, or heart evaluation, with urgent care for severe or sudden symptoms; see below for specific red flags and step by step guidance that can change which path you take.
References:
* Overend, T. J., MacNeil, J., & MacIntyre, J. (2010). Is incentive spirometry an evidence-based practice? A critical review. Physiotherapy Canada, 62(3), 220–225. doi:10.3138/physio.62.3.220. PMID:21197479.
* Han, P. K., Chang, Y., & Chen, Y. C. (2022). Effect of Respiratory Muscle Training versus Incentive Spirometry in Improving Postoperative Pulmonary Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(17), 5122. doi:10.3390/jcm11175122. PMID:36079084.
* Parshall, M. B., Schwartzstein, R. M., Adams, L., Bair, R. P., Bourbeau, J., Feldman, P. H., ... & American Thoracic Society Committee on Dyspnea. (2016). An official American Thoracic Society statement: update on the mechanisms, assessment, and management of dyspnea. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 194(1), 116-139. doi:10.1164/rccm.201602-0272ST. PMID:27355138.
* Currow, D. C., & Johnson, M. J. (2016). Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for the management of chronic dyspnoea. Breathe, 12(3), 232–243. doi:10.1183/20734735.006916. PMID:27606041.
* Stoller, J. K., & Sharma, G. (2020). Emergency department evaluation and management of dyspnea. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 87(6), 350-362. doi:10.3949/ccjm.87a.19069. PMID:32487440.
Q.
Can’t Stop Wheezing? Why Your Lungs Whistle & Vital Medical Steps
A.
If your breathing makes a constant high-pitched whistle, it usually means airways are narrowed or inflamed, most often from asthma, allergies, viral infections, COPD, smoking or vaping, GERD, or even a sudden blockage, and the severity can range from minor to a true emergency. There are several factors to consider, including when to seek emergency care, how doctors pinpoint the cause, and which treatments and self-care steps are safest for you; see below for essential details that can guide your next steps.
References:
* Rello J, et al. Acute wheezing in adults: causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Jul;9(7):788-796. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00008-5. Epub 2021 Mar 17. PMID: 33744111.
* Chung KF, et al. Mechanisms of wheezing, cough and dyspnoea. Eur Respir Rev. 2022 Mar 31;31(163):210080. doi: 10.1183/16000617.0080-2021. PMID: 35361664.
* Labaki WW, et al. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A general overview. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Jan;145(1):15-28. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.006. PMID: 31926207.
* Pereda D, et al. The Differential Diagnosis of Wheezing. Am J Med. 2017 Jul;130(7):764-770. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.02.030. Epub 2017 Mar 7. PMID: 28286049.
* Mian A, et al. Wheezing: A Clinical Approach. Mayo Clin Proc. 2017 Mar;92(3):477-485. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.10.027. PMID: 28254133.
Q.
Short of Breath? Normal Respiratory Rate & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Normal respiratory rate at rest is 12 to 20 breaths per minute for most adults; if yours is persistently above 20 or below 12, or you have chest pain, bluish lips, confusion, severe wheezing, or fainting, seek urgent care. If not emergent, medically approved steps include sitting upright to rest, using pursed-lip breathing, checking your rate at rest, assessing recent triggers, and contacting a clinician if symptoms persist or you have heart or lung disease. There are several factors to consider, including age-based normal ranges, how to measure accurately, and causes from anxiety to asthma, so see the complete guidance below to choose the right next steps.
References:
* Smith S, et al. Respiratory rate as a vital sign: A systematic review of the relationship between respiratory rate and outcomes. J Clin Nurs. 2019 Mar;28(5-6):783-793. doi: 10.1111/jocn.14710. Epub 2018 Dec 10. PMID: 30615967.
* Klabunde C, Kropf M, Nienhaus A, Schultze-Mosgau M, Scherer M. Evaluation of dyspnea in the emergency department and primary care setting. Z Evid Fortbild Qual Gesundhwes. 2021 Sep;165:102-108. doi: 10.1016/j.zefq.2021.07.017. Epub 2021 Aug 20. PMID: 34538806.
* Jany B, Ukena C, Welte T. Dyspnea Evaluation and Management in Adults. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2021 Sep 3;118(35-36):574-583. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0264. PMID: 34484042; PMCID: PMC8524456.
* Kousoulis AA, Malouf R, Ní Dhubhlaing I, Patel A, Majeed A, Parle J. A systematic review of patient education interventions for breathlessness. Prim Health Care Res Dev. 2020 Sep 1;21:e62. doi: 10.1017/S146342362000052X. PMID: 32486717; PMCID: PMC7464098.
* Banzett RB, Bar-Yosef G, Landsberg AD, Li J, Van Meter A, Young LR. Understanding dyspnea: A review of current concepts in pathophysiology, assessment, and management. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2021 Apr;15(4):447-463. doi: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1897365. Epub 2021 Mar 25. PMID: 33827616.
Q.
Constant Wheezing? Why Your Lungs Are Reacting and Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Constant wheezing signals narrowed or inflamed airways and is commonly due to reactive airway disease or asthma, but can also arise from COPD, infections, allergies, reflux, or rarely obstruction or heart issues; there are several factors to consider, and severe shortness of breath, bluish lips, chest pain, or rapid worsening require urgent care. Evidence based next steps include identifying triggers, using prescribed inhalers correctly, addressing smoking and allergies or GERD, and getting medical evaluation such as spirometry to confirm the cause and guide treatment; see the complete guidance below for key details that can change your next steps.
References:
* Agache, I., et al. (2023). The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) Strategy Report: 2023 Update – What's New and Why? *The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology*, *152*(4), 856-867.
* Agusti, A., et al. (2024). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2024 Report. *European Respiratory Journal*, *63*(2), 2302302.
* Lim, H. S., & Koh, M. S. (2017). Wheezing and cough in adults: causes and management. *Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine*, *23*(3), 205-210.
* Weinberger, M. M., & Lockard, K. J. (2018). Vocal Cord Dysfunction: What a Pulmonologist Needs to Know. *Respirology (Carlton, Vic.)*, *23*(3), 251-258.
* Gupta, R. K., & Khurana, S. (2022). Management of difficult-to-treat asthma: A practical approach. *Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology*, *128*(1), 12-21.
Q.
Short of Breath? Why Your Oxygen Is Low & Medical Hypoxemia Next Steps
A.
Low oxygen, or hypoxemia, means your blood oxygen is below normal and can result from lung or heart problems, sleep apnea, infections like COVID-19, blood clots, or environmental exposures, causing shortness of breath, fast breathing, chest tightness, fatigue, confusion, or blue lips. There are several factors to consider for next steps: check a pulse oximeter, seek medical care for ongoing symptoms or readings under 92 percent, and call emergency services for severe symptoms or levels at or below 88 percent; see below for the full list of causes, red flags, diagnostic tests, and treatments that could change what you do next.
References:
* Muraoka H, Ouchi H, Tsuboi K, Hagiwara R, Kikuchi T, Kawano Y, Hamaguchi S. Hypoxemia in critically ill patients: Causes, consequences, and management. Crit Care Med. 2021 May 1;49(5):e452-e461. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004870. PMID: 33767018.
* Alwi I, Singh D. Hypoxemia. 2023 Jan. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. PMID: 31194389.
* Rochwerg B, Alhazzani W, Gibson NA, Welsby IJ, Møller MH, Peake SL, Mancebo J, Meade MO, Arabi YM, Bauer PR, Slutsky AS, Levy MM, D'Aragon F, Papazian L, Burns KEA, Schünemann HJ, Guyatt GH, Annane D. Oxygen Therapy in Adults: From Basic Physiology to Clinical Practice. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020 Jul;17(7):814-822. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201912-944CME. PMID: 32379527.
* Mirza S, Khan F, Amato M. Acute Respiratory Failure: Definition and Classification. Crit Care Clin. 2021 Apr;37(2):299-310. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2020.12.001. PMID: 33766205.
* Wagner PD. Mechanisms of hypoxemia. Respir Care. 2010 Jan;55(1):17-23. PMID: 20042186.
Q.
Still Wheezing? Why Your Inhaler Fails & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
If you are still wheezing after using your inhaler, there are several factors to consider: incorrect technique, an empty or expired device, poorly controlled airway inflammation, infections or triggers, or a different diagnosis such as COPD or vocal cord dysfunction. Next steps include rechecking technique and using a spacer, following your action plan, tracking symptoms and rescue use, arranging a prompt medical review to adjust treatment, and seeking urgent care for severe breathing difficulty or little relief after rescue doses; see the complete guidance below, as important details could change your next steps.
References:
* Sanchis J, Gich I, Pedersen S. Systematic review of errors in inhaler use in patients with asthma or COPD. Eur Respir J. 2016 Jun;47(6):1709-1718. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00350-2016. Epub 2016 Apr 28. PMID: 27126019.
* Chung KF, Wenzel SE, Gibson PG, et al. International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2014 Feb;43(2):343-73. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00202013. Epub 2013 Nov 21. PMID: 24264902.
* Busse WW, et al. Biologics in severe asthma: An update on treatment choices and outcomes. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023 Sep;11(9):2681-2693. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.05.021. Epub 2023 May 27. PMID: 37248060.
* Zein JG, et al. Comorbidities of Asthma: Clinical Implications and Management Strategies. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2021 Mar 18;21(4):21. doi: 10.1007/s11882-021-00994-5. PMID: 33735398.
* Muntner P, et al. Addressing Adherence to Inhaled Therapies in Asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020 Mar;8(3):888-897. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.11.025. Epub 2019 Dec 19. PMID: 31866412.
Q.
Pulse Oximeter Low? Why Your Oxygen is Dropping & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
There are several factors to consider when a pulse oximeter reads low: 95 to 100 is normal, 91 to 94 needs monitoring, 88 to 90 needs prompt medical evaluation, and below 88 is urgent, but false lows from cold hands, nail polish, movement, poor circulation, or low batteries are common. See below for causes like lung or heart problems, infections, anemia, high altitude, or sleep apnea that may change what to do. Start by warming hands, removing polish, sitting still, trying a different finger, and rechecking while upright with slow breaths; call your doctor if readings stay below 94 or you have heart or lung disease, and go to emergency care for levels below 88 or severe symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, blue lips, or confusion. Medically approved next steps and treatments to expect are explained below.
References:
* van Dellen JAP, van Groenendael APA, Kox MJW, Pickkers P, van der Heijden BG. Assessment and Management of Hypoxemia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 Jun;43(3):328-344. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1748202. Epub 2022 Jun 1. PMID: 35760205.
* Weledji JI, Fokoua SN, Agbor BN. Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure: Evaluation and Management. J Clin Med Res. 2023 Mar 31;14(1):21-30. doi: 10.5897/JCMR2023.0335. PMID: 37021303; PMCID: PMC10074213.
* Jubran J. Pulse Oximetry. Crit Care. 2021 Jul 23;25(1):257. doi: 10.1186/s13054-021-03672-8. PMID: 34294246; PMCID: PMC8300257.
* Lee TM, Ng WY, Tan CHH. Respiratory Failure: Classification, Pathophysiology, and Treatment. Singapore Med J. 2022 Aug;63(8):429-434. doi: 10.4103/SMJ.SMJ_228_22. PMID: 35926514; PMCID: PMC9683838.
* Abeykoon MKDM. Hypoxemia and Its Causes. Ceylon Med J. 2021 Mar;66(1):50-54. doi: 10.4038/cmj.v66i1.9288. PMID: 33649581.
Q.
Still Wheezing? Why Your Albuterol Inhaler Fails & Medical Next Steps
A.
Persistent wheezing after albuterol often means the medicine is not reaching your lungs properly, the inhaler is empty or expired, the flare is too severe for rescue-only treatment, underlying inflammation needs a controller, infection or mucus is present, or the cause is not asthma. Next steps include checking the device and your technique, tracking use and triggers, and seeing a clinician promptly for spirometry and medication adjustments; seek emergency care for severe breathlessness, trouble speaking, blue lips, or no relief after repeated doses. There are several factors to consider; see the complete details below to guide safer, personalized decisions.
References:
* Martinez, F. D., et al. (2023). The detrimental effects of frequent SABA use in asthma and the role of anti-inflammatory relief. *Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice*, *11*(2), 374-380.
* Lavorini, F., et al. (2020). Poor adherence and inappropriate inhaler technique among patients with asthma and COPD: Causes and potential solutions. *Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery*, *33*(2), 79-88.
* Reddel, H. K., et al. (2023). Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) recommendations for asthma management: an update. *European Respiratory Journal*, *62*(2), 2300067.
* Wegmann, L., et al. (2022). Biologic therapies for severe asthma: Current status and future perspectives. *Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease*, *16*, 17534666221105878.
* Karam, S., et al. (2020). Challenges in the diagnosis of asthma in adults. *Journal of Clinical Medicine*, *9*(12), 4066.
Q.
Short of Breath? Why Your Diaphragm Is Tight & Medical Next Steps
A.
A tight-feeling diaphragm with shortness of breath often comes from stress or anxiety, poor posture, asthma or COPD, acid reflux, overexertion, or less commonly nerve-related diaphragm weakness, and doctors sort this out with a history and exam plus tests like chest X-ray, pulmonary function testing, and ultrasound or fluoroscopy. There are several factors to consider, and treatments range from breathing and posture work to inhalers, reflux therapy, and rehab; see below for urgent red flags and the step-by-step medical next steps that could change what you do next.
References:
* Ochiai, M., Ohno, Y., & Miyake, M. (2020). Diaphragm dysfunction: current diagnosis and management strategies. *Breathe*, *16*(3), 200171.
* Ferrari, G., Testagrossa, L., & Boccacci, B. (2021). Diaphragm Dysfunction in the Critically Ill: The Role of Ultrasound and Therapeutic Strategies. *Frontiers in Physiology*, *12*, 656209.
* Hussain, S. N. A., & Goldberg, P. (2013). Acute and chronic diaphragm dysfunction. *Respiratory Care*, *58*(12), 2064–2077.
* Vashishtha, P., Ramachandran, K., Gupta, M. P., & Sinha, S. (2021). Respiratory muscle training and rehabilitation in patients with diaphragm dysfunction. *F1000Research*, *10*, 398.
* Shikhman, N., Shostak, S., & Goralnik, L. (2023). Dyspnea: A Comprehensive Review. *Journal of Clinical Medicine*, *12*(4), 1631.
Q.
Still Wheezing? Why Your Albuterol Fails & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
If albuterol is not relieving wheezing, common reasons include incorrect inhaler technique, airway inflammation that needs controller medication, overuse, or a non-asthma cause. Red flag signs like no relief after repeated doses, trouble speaking, or bluish lips require emergency care. Medically approved next steps cover confirming the diagnosis with spirometry, optimizing technique with a spacer, adding or adjusting inhaled steroids or combination therapy, managing triggers, and home peak flow monitoring; there are several factors to consider, so see the complete guidance below.
References:
* Kumar A, Miano C, Ramakrishnan N, Gaffin JM, Bacharier LB, Phipatanakul W, Teach SJ, Saini Y. Treatment of poorly controlled asthma: biologics and beyond. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023 Nov;11(11):3313-3323. doi: 10.1016/j.jacip.2023.08.006. Epub 2023 Aug 24. PMID: 37626388.
* Wenzel SE. Current Approaches to Improve Asthma Control: An Update. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021 Aug;9(8):3017-3026. doi: 10.1016/j.jacip.2021.06.014. PMID: 34293886.
* Brusselle GG, Joos GF, Adkins J, Backer V, Chanez P, Pelaia G, Buhl R. Diagnosis and Management of Severe Asthma: The Role of Biological Agents. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2024 Jan;12(1):31-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jacip.2023.10.019. Epub 2023 Nov 2. PMID: 38202521.
* Corren J, Joish VN, Chen W, Small M. The Future of Asthma Management: Treating Beyond the Guidelines. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021 Jun;9(6):2180-2187. doi: 10.1016/j.jacip.2021.03.003. Epub 2021 Mar 13. PMID: 34091016.
* Harrison N, Al-Jawad S, Singh D, Menzies-Gow A. Understanding the impact of short-acting β2-agonist overuse on health outcomes in asthma. Respir Med. 2023 Jan;206:107054. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2022.107054. Epub 2022 Nov 10. PMID: 36384074.
Q.
Short of Breath? Why Your Body is Starving for Oxygen & Vital Next Steps
A.
Shortness of breath can be a sign of hypoxia, when your tissues are not getting enough oxygen, often due to lung, heart, blood, or environmental problems; severe breathlessness, chest pain, confusion, fainting, or blue lips are red flags that need immediate medical care. There are several factors and next steps to consider, including how oxygen levels are checked, targeted treatments, prevention tips, and how to tell mild from serious causes; see the complete guidance below to decide the right timing for care and what to do now.
References:
* Sears R, Lindsell CJ. Causes of Dyspnea. *Heart Fail Clin*. 2021 Jan;17(1):1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2020.08.001. Epub 2020 Oct 19. PMID: 33203597.
* Nair G, Dweik RA. Hypoxemia and the Pathophysiology of Oxygen Transport. *Clin Chest Med*. 2020 Dec;41(4):659-672. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2020.08.005. Epub 2020 Sep 28. PMID: 33153678.
* Mahler DA, O'Donnell DE. Dyspnea: The Pathophysiology of Breathlessness. *Respir Care*. 2018 May;63(5):603-619. doi: 10.4187/respcare.06042. Epub 2018 Apr 10. PMID: 29636284.
* Hsu CH, Lin YF, Chen CP, Chen YC, Chu WH, Lin TH. Evaluation and Management of Acute Dyspnea in the Emergency Department. *Emerg Med Clin North Am*. 2019 Feb;37(1):55-72. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2018.09.006. Epub 2018 Nov 1. PMID: 30471694.
* Kushlan KA, Rinkevich C, Devaraj M. Evaluation of the Patient with Dyspnea. *Med Clin North Am*. 2022 Jul;106(4):627-641. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2022.03.003. Epub 2022 Apr 14. PMID: 35749969.
Q.
Mucinex for Women 30-45: Symptom Relief & Your Next Steps
A.
Mucinex for women 30 to 45 can thin and loosen chest mucus to make a wet cough more productive, but it does not open narrowed airways, cure infections, or treat a dry cough unless the product includes a suppressant. There are several factors to consider, like choosing the right formula, staying well hydrated, watching for drug interactions and special situations such as pregnancy or high blood pressure, and knowing red flags like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest pain, high fever, or a cough over 3 weeks that mean you should seek care; see the complete guidance and next steps below.
References:
* Kim SY, Chang YJ, Cheng J, et al. Non-antibiotic treatments for acute bronchitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Mar 4;3(3):CD001764. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001764.pub5. PMID: 33660350; PMCID: PMC8092671.
* Smith SM, Schroeder K, Fahey T. Over-the-counter (OTC) medications for acute cough in children and adults in community settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Nov 24;(11):CD001831. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001831.pub4. PMID: 25420457.
* Rubin BK. Mucolytics, Expectorants, and Antitussives: Focus on Chronic Bronchitis. Clin Chest Med. 2013 Dec;34(4):795-802. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2013.08.009. Epub 2013 Oct 12. PMID: 24267499.
* Dickson C, et al. Mucus, Mucus Clearance, and Cough. Chest. 2017 Jul;152(1):154-164. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.03.029. PMID: 28688461.
* Kantar A, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Guaifenesin in Children With Acute Cough: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Asthma Allergy. 2024 Mar 22;17:341-352. doi: 10.2147/JAA.S440263. PMID: 38550754; PMCID: PMC10969567.
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