Abnormal Skin

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Try one of these related symptoms.

Rashes

Leg rash

Hand skin is dry

There is a sore on the side

Rash on the wrist

Facial skin problems

I have acne on the heel

Skin hurts if I press it

Rash behind neck

Affected area of skin has stinging or tingling

Area of skin feels like it keeps getting poked by a needle

Rash starting from the face

About the Symptom

Skin diseases cause many kinds of skin abnormalities and changes. These can range from growths that are benign or cancerous, and rashes that can itch or blister, or burn. Each of these conditions can look different in everyone.

When to See a Doctor

Seek professional care if you experience any of the following symptoms

Possible Causes

Generally, Abnormal skin can be related to:

Related Serious Diseases

Sometimes, Abnormal skin may be related to these serious diseases:

Doctor's Diagnostic Questions

Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this symptom:

Reviewed By:

Sarita Nori, MD

Sarita Nori, MD (Dermatology)

Dr. Sarita Nori was drawn to dermatology because of the intersection of science and medicine that is at the heart of dermatology. She feels this is what really allows her to help her patients. “There is a lot of problem-solving in dermatology and I like that,” she explains. “It’s also a profession where you can help people quickly and really make a difference in their lives.” | Some of the typical skin problems that Dr. Nori treats include skin cancers, psoriasis, acne, eczema, rashes, and contact dermatitis. Dr Nori believes in using all possible avenues of treatment, such as biologics, especially in patients with chronic diseases such as eczema and psoriasis. “These medications can work superbly, and they are really life-changing for many patients.” | Dr. Nori feels it’s important for patients to have a good understanding of the disease or condition that is affecting them. “I like to educate my patients on their problem and have them really understand it so they can take the best course of action. Patients always do better when they understand their skin condition, and how to treat it.”

Yukiko Ueda, MD

Yukiko Ueda, MD (Dermatology)

Dr. Ueda graduated from the Niigata University School of Medicine and trained at the University of Tokyo Medical School. She is currently a clinical assistant professor at the Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical University, and holds several posts in the dermatology departments at Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Komagome Hospital, University of Tokyo, and the Medical Center of Japan Red Cross Society.

From our team of 50+ doctors

Content updated on Feb 6, 2025

Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy

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FAQs

Q.

What Are These Tiny Red Dots on My Skin? (Petechiae vs. Cherry Angiomas)

A.

Tiny red dots on skin not itchy are most often either petechiae or cherry angiomas: petechiae are flat, non-blanching pinpoints from bleeding under the skin that can signal anything from harmless strain to serious blood or infection problems, while cherry angiomas are harmless, slightly raised bright-red spots that may blanch and usually need no treatment. There are several factors to consider, including sudden onset or spread, fever, unusual bruising, medication changes, and whether the spots blanch; see the complete details below to know when to watch, when to see a clinician, and what removal options exist.

References:

* Gupta A. Approach to the Adult With Petechiae. Med Clin North Am. 2021 Nov;105(6):1037-1049. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2021.07.004. PMID: 34689849.

* Al-Habbal H, Patel D, Bhatia R. Cherry angiomas: a review of current literature. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2023 Mar;16(3):47-50. PMID: 37057077; PMCID: PMC10079313.

* Al-Hakami NA, Al-Anzi KA, Khan NA, Bakhsh SA, Al-Qanbar TA, Al-Hakami AN. Evaluation of petechiae in children: a narrative review. J Family Med Prim Care. 2023 Mar;12(3):365-370. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2125_22. PMID: 37200508; PMCID: PMC10191838.

* Turchi M, Vitiello C, Capasso A, Di Costanzo L, Costa C, Fabbrocini G. Red spots on the skin: an approach to diagnosis and management. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2020 Dec 31;10(4):e2020108. doi: 10.5826/dpc.1004a108. PMID: 33457199; PMCID: PMC7808149.

* Lallas A, Tiodorovic-Zivkovic D, Gkalpakiotou V, Gioumousis P, Lazaridou E, Zalaudek I, Lupu M. Dermoscopy of Red Lesions of the Skin: A Pictorial Review. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2018 Jul 31;8(3):230-239. doi: 10.5826/dpc.0803a11. PMID: 30109156; PMCID: PMC6084534.

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Q.

Persistent Skin Rash? Why Your Skin Is Flaring and Medical Next Steps

A.

There are several factors to consider. Common causes include eczema, contact dermatitis, psoriasis, fungal infections, seborrheic dermatitis, and chronic hives, though some rashes reflect autoimmune or systemic disease; red flags include rapid spread, fever, blistering or peeling, eye or genital involvement, severe pain, facial swelling, or breathing difficulty. Next steps range from barrier care and trigger avoidance to antifungals or anti inflammatory prescriptions and a dermatologist visit if symptoms persist, spread, or worsen; see important details below on what to try at home, when to call a doctor, and which tests and treatments may fit your situation.

References:

* Grillo E, Argenziano G, Baldo A, Lallas A, Malvehy J, Longo C. The Chronic Inflammatory Skin Diseases: A Clinical Review of the Most Common Conditions. J Clin Med. 2023 Apr 19;12(8):3039. doi: 10.3390/jcm12083039. PMID: 37190013.

* Patel T, Yosipovitch G. Chronic Pruritus: An Updated Review. Dermatol Clin. 2021 Jul;39(3):361-372. doi: 10.1016/j.det.2021.03.003. Epub 2021 May 26. PMID: 34045051.

* Kim J, Kim YK, Kim KJ. Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions: An Update. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Mar 18;23(6):3268. doi: 10.3390/ijms23063268. PMID: 35328511.

* Usmani N, Khachemoune A. Approach to the Patient with an Erythematous Papulosquamous Rash. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2017 Aug;10(8):26-34. Epub 2017 Aug 1. PMID: 29285223.

* Leung DYM, Guttman-Yassky E, Szegedi K. Differential Diagnosis of Recurrent Eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2017 May-Jun;5(3):553-562. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2017.02.007. Epub 2017 Mar 21. PMID: 28336294.

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Q.

What is Collagen? Why Your Skin is Aging & Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

Collagen is the body’s most abundant structural protein that gives skin firmness, elasticity, and strength; it naturally declines about 1 percent per year and faster after menopause, while sun exposure, smoking, high sugar diets, stress, poor sleep, and alcohol accelerate visible aging. Evidence-based next steps include daily broad-spectrum SPF 30 or higher, topical retinoids and vitamin C, adequate protein and key nutrients, avoiding smoking and excess sun, and considering dermatologist procedures like microneedling, lasers, or radiofrequency, while recognizing most collagen creams only hydrate. There are several factors to consider, and sudden or unusual skin changes should be evaluated by a clinician, so see below for complete details that could affect which next steps are right for you.

References:

* Gauza-Włodarczyk M, Włodarczyk M, Włodarczyk D, Wierusz-Hajduk M. Collagen in the Skin: A Review of Current Trends and Applications. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Apr 27;22(9):4566. doi: 10.3390/ijms22094566. PMID: 33924198; PMCID: PMC8123282.

* Wang Y, Yu W, Li D, Yu R. Skin aging: A review of the causes and treatments. Mech Ageing Dev. 2023 Jun;213:111811. doi: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111811. Epub 2023 Apr 20. PMID: 37059102.

* Choi FD, Sung CT, Juhasz ML, Mesinkovska NA. Oral Collagen Supplementation for Skin Aging: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019 Jan 1;18(1):9-16. PMID: 30681787.

* Shao Y, Qin W, Yin J, Yu H, Wang G, Zeng J, Zeng Y, Deng J, Wu W, Deng H, Chen Y. Recent Advances in Topical Retinoid Therapy for Skin Aging and Photoaging. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2022 May;15(5):E15-E22. PMID: 35798993; PMCID: PMC9250865.

* Bolke L, Schliemann N, Gerstenkorn J, et al. The Role of Collagen in Skin Health. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1293:81-91. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57155-2_6. PMID: 32414197.

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Q.

Frustrated by Dull Skin? Why Microdermabrasion Resurfaces and Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

Microdermabrasion safely resurfaces dull skin by gently exfoliating the outer layer of dead cells, improving brightness, texture, mild scars, and pore appearance with little downtime, but it will not treat deep wrinkles, significant laxity, or severe pigmentation. There are several factors to consider; see below for when to avoid it, how in-office compares to at-home, and medically approved next steps such as chemical peels, prescription retinoids, laser resurfacing, medical-grade skincare, and red flags that should prompt a doctor visit.

References:

* Karim, N., & Baki, N. M. (2018). Microdermabrasion in facial rejuvenation: a comprehensive review. *Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy*, *20*(4), 220–226.

* Tsai, Y. S., Yang, C. H., Huang, Y. L., Huang, S. P., & Lin, Y. M. (2019). The effects of microdermabrasion on skin parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis. *Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology*, *18*(6), 1633–1640.

* Bhardwaj, V., Bhardwaj, R., & Bhagat, D. M. (2019). Microdermabrasion: A Review. *Indian Journal of Dermatology*, *64*(2), 99–105.

* Shim, E. K., & Shim, J. S. (2019). Microdermabrasion: A New Paradigm for Enhancing Transdermal Delivery. *Pharmaceutics*, *11*(8), 374.

* Soliman, M. M., Nofal, E. N., Soliman, M. A., & Tawfik, A. A. (2021). The Efficacy and Safety of Combining Microdermabrasion with Topical Vitamin C and Retinol in the Treatment of Photodamaged Skin. *Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology*, *14*(10), 38–42.

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Q.

Is That Spot Normal? Skin Cancer Symptoms & Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

There are several factors to consider when a skin spot looks different. Key red flags include the ABCDE signs of melanoma, any new or rapidly changing lesion, and sores that do not heal or that bleed, especially if you have risk factors like many moles, past sunburns, or a family history. Medically approved next steps are to photograph and monitor for change, avoid self diagnosis, and promptly see a clinician for a professional exam and possible biopsy, with prevention like sunscreen afterward; crucial details that can change your next move are explained below.

References:

* Forsea M, Tsakiris A. Melanoma Diagnosis: A Narrative Review. Curr Oncol. 2020 Feb;27(1):e84-e91. doi: 10.3747/co.27.5684. PMID: 32099432; PMCID: PMC7029562.

* Al-Jamal TM, Tan EL, Al-Ani SMK, Ali JMA. Basal Cell Carcinoma: A Review of Epidemiology, Clinical and Histological Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2019 Jun;12(6):13-21. PMID: 31333790; PMCID: PMC6616091.

* Deng LX, Yip KCQ, Lo NJ, Loo CGM, Li LSD. Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: a comprehensive review of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. J Skin Cancer. 2023 Feb 1;2023:6696144. doi: 10.1155/2023/6696144. PMID: 36776735; PMCID: PMC9907106.

* Rodrigues ENGR, Mendes VFQ, Pimenta AMOBCSAGGP, Rodrigues ACTC, Teixeira JAVCSC. Skin self-examination for the early detection of melanoma: a narrative review. Bras Dermatol. 2022 Mar-Apr;97(2):179-188. doi: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.03.012. Epub 2021 Oct 27. PMID: 34716075; PMCID: PMC9028886.

* Jorizzo PA, Tan LTM, Cheung GCL. Actinic keratosis: a comprehensive review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2022 Jun;36(6):799-811. doi: 10.1111/jdv.18047. Epub 2022 Feb 21. PMID: 35188046.

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Q.

Scared of Blotchy Skin? Why Your Skin is Mottling + Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

Mottled or blotchy skin is often a harmless response to cold or temporary circulation shifts and fades with warming, but it can also signal dehydration, infection such as sepsis, or autoimmune and blood vessel conditions. First steps are to warm up, hydrate, and monitor; speak to a doctor if it persists, recurs without cold, appears with other symptoms, or occurs in an unwell infant, and seek urgent care for red flags like fever, confusion, trouble breathing, severe weakness, or rapidly worsening discoloration. There are several factors to consider; fuller explanations and medically approved next steps are outlined below.

References:

* Di Giacomo, T., Saure, M. M., & Merola, J. F. (2020). Livedo Reticularis and Livedo Racemosa: A Clinical Review. *American Journal of Clinical Dermatology*, *21*(1), 55–66. 10.1007/s40257-019-00473-7

* Amiot, X., Saadoun, D., & Cacoub, P. (2020). Approach to patients with livedo reticularis and racemosa. *Revue de Médecine Interne*, *41*(3), 195–201. 10.1016/j.revmed.2019.06.009

* Duvic, M., & Tang, P. (2018). Cutaneous vascular patterns: an update on diagnosis and management. *Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology*, *79*(1), 159–170. 10.1016/j.jaad.2017.07.039

* Maignan, M., Bourdet, B., & Bigeard, L. (2021). Mottled skin in critically ill patients: a systematic review. *Critical Care*, *25*(1), 257. 10.1186/s13054-021-03689-1

* Jennette, J. C., Nachman, P. H., & Pusey, C. D. (2022). Advances in the understanding of vasculitis: clinical approaches and translational implications. *Journal of Clinical Investigation*, *132*(13), e161962. 10.1172/JCI161962

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Q.

Stretch Marks? Why Your Skin is Tearing & Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

Stretch marks are common lines that form when skin stretches or shrinks quickly, tearing collagen and elastin; they often appear with puberty, pregnancy, rapid weight change or muscle growth, and typically fade over time while remaining medically harmless. There are several factors to consider for next steps: prevention is limited, most creams do not erase them, early options like prescription retinoids (not safe in pregnancy), hyaluronic acid, lasers, or microneedling can improve appearance, and sudden widespread marks with unexplained weight gain, weakness, easy bruising, or high blood pressure should be checked by a doctor. See the complete details and medically approved steps below to guide your care and discuss with a clinician.

References:

* Wollina U, Goldman A. Striae distensae: a comprehensive review of its aetiology, clinical features, and management. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021 May;35(5):1072-1082. doi: 10.1111/jdv.17066. Epub 2021 Feb 23. PMID: 33458925.

* Al-Imam T, Al-Niami F. The clinical and histological aspects of striae distensae and an overview of treatment modalities. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2022 Feb;21(2):494-503. doi: 10.1111/jocd.14588. Epub 2021 Oct 29. PMID: 34676646.

* Korgavkar K, Wang F. Interventions for the prevention of stretch marks in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2017 Mar;124(4):612-620. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.14088. Epub 2016 May 25. PMID: 27221495.

* Kaswan S, Kumar L, Mahajan R, Kumar R. Striae distensae: updates on the aetiology and current management. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2024 Mar;38(3):472-482. doi: 10.1111/jdv.19702. Epub 2023 Dec 7. PMID: 38062963.

* Shuster S. Pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches to striae distensae (stretch marks): a concise review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2023 Feb 1;16:295-303. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S397040. PMID: 36761273; PMCID: PMC9907106.

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Q.

Is That Lesion Serious? Why They Form and Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

A lesion is simply an abnormal area of skin; many are harmless from irritation, infection, or benign growths, but warning signs like rapid change, a sore that does not heal, bleeding, or ABCDE changes in a mole can indicate skin cancer. There are several factors to consider; see below for medically approved next steps, including how to monitor safely, protect the area, use symptom checks wisely, and when to seek prompt or urgent care, because early diagnosis improves outcomes.

References:

* Zuber TJ, DeWitt DE. Approach to the Patient With a Skin Lesion. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Apr 1;93(7):577-84. PMID: 27040439. PubMed:

* Shah AD, Krakowski AC, Krakowski FI. Common Benign Skin Lesions: Differential Diagnosis and Management. Pediatr Ann. 2020 Apr 1;49(4):e178-e186. doi: 10.3928/19382359-20200318-01. PMID: 32289139. PubMed:

* Nazzaro G, Benati E, Bongiorno M, Vico D, Borghi A. Skin cancer: an overview for clinicians. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2022 Oct;157(5):455-467. doi: 10.23736/S0392-0488.22.07222-1. PMID: 35532598. PubMed:

* Bivins L, Wilson S, Smith J. The Skin Biopsy for Dermatologic Care: A Step-by-Step Guide. J Nurse Pract. 2023 Sep;19(9):104889. doi: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2023.104889. Epub 2023 Aug 18. PMID: 37604313. PubMed:

* Kumar P, Das S, Gupta A, Sharma S. Common Skin Diseases and Their Management. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017 Jul;11(7):ZE01-ZE05. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/28004.10232. Epub 2017 Jul 1. PMID: 28893110; PMCID: PMC5582379. PubMed:

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Q.

Skin Rash? Why Your Skin is Reacting & Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

Skin rashes are common reactions to irritation or allergy, infections, heat, or inflammatory conditions like eczema, hives, and psoriasis; most are mild and improve with gentle care, but red flags such as trouble breathing, rapid spread, high fever, severe pain, or blistering need urgent care. Start by removing triggers, soothing with moisturizers and cool compresses, and using appropriate OTC options like hydrocortisone, antihistamines, or antifungals, then seek medical advice if it is not improving in a few days; there are several factors that can change your next steps, so see the complete, medically approved guidance below.

References:

* Chularojanamontri L, Leerunyakorn N. Approach to the Patient With a Rash. Med Clin North Am. 2022 Jul;106(4):615-627. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2022.02.008. Epub 2022 Apr 19. PMID: 35791784.

* Breslin M, Miller W. Common Dermatologic Diseases in Primary Care. Med Clin North Am. 2023 Sep;107(5):915-927. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2023.03.003. Epub 2023 May 19. PMID: 37482386.

* Heller A, Miller W. Management of Common Skin Conditions in Primary Care: A Practical Approach. Med Clin North Am. 2023 Sep;107(5):899-913. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2023.03.004. Epub 2023 May 19. PMID: 37021319.

* Harkins N, Wiles C. Exanthems: differential diagnosis and treatment. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2021 Jun 1;33(3):328-336. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000001006. PMID: 34003004.

* Shapiro J, Sceats J, Chan S. Contact Dermatitis: A Comprehensive Review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2022 Mar;23(2):153-162. doi: 10.1007/s40257-021-00676-x. Epub 2022 Jan 25. PMID: 35078516.

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Q.

Can Your Ink Be Erased? The Medical Reality of Tattoo Removal & Next Steps

A.

Tattoo removal is medically possible, with laser treatments as the gold standard, but it takes time, usually 6 to 12 sessions spaced weeks apart, and complete erasure is not guaranteed. Results depend on factors like ink color, skin tone, tattoo age and location, and your immune response. There are several factors to consider, including pain control and aftercare, risks like blistering, pigment changes or rare scarring, eligibility limits, alternatives and costs; for realistic expectations and the right next step, arrange a qualified consultation and see the important details below.

References:

* Karsai, S., Wenzel, N., & Raulin, C. (2018). Laser tattoo removal: A systematic review. *Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 32*(11), 1836–1842.

* Seghers, A. C., Van Raemdonck, E., & De Buyck, E. (2021). Picosecond lasers for tattoo removal: A systematic review and meta-analysis. *Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 20*(3), 803–814.

* Al-Arashi, M., Lim, J., Kussman, S., O'Neill, E. L., Haimovic, A., & Cohen, D. E. (2019). Adverse effects of tattoo removal: A systematic review. *Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 81*(1), 220–229.

* Gautam, R., & Kuldeep, S. (2020). Picosecond laser versus nanosecond laser for tattoo removal: a systematic review. *Lasers in Medical Science, 35*(4), 859–868.

* Bokaie, S., & Bokaie, A. (2022). Factors influencing tattoo removal outcome: A review. *Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 21*(9), 3749–3755.

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Q.

Embarrassed by a Hickey? Why Your Neck Is Bruising + Medical Next Steps

A.

A hickey is a suction bruise on the neck that usually fades in 5 to 12 days with normal color changes; easing it typically means a cold compress in the first 24 hours, then warm compresses after 24 to 48 hours and gentle care. There are several factors to consider, including medicines like blood thinners and rare but serious symptoms such as severe neck pain, weakness or numbness, trouble speaking or seeing, severe headache, or worsening swelling that require urgent care; bruises lasting more than 2 weeks or frequent unexplained bruising should be checked by a doctor. For the complete list of causes, safer treatments, and medical next steps, see below.

References:

* Clark ME, Clark PL. Bruising: a review of current knowledge. J Forensic Sci. 2004 Jan;49(1):164-7. PMID: 14738006.

* Khan NA, Kichloo A, Dahiya A, Podar N, Amir M, Wani R, Khan MZ. Cervical artery dissection after hickey: A case report and literature review. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021 Mar;30(3):105553. PMID: 33257121.

* Cross KA, Cross SS, Bell S, Clark PL. Colourimetric analysis of bruise progression in living subjects. J Forensic Sci. 2004 May;49(3):477-84. PMID: 15152379.

* Lee JMS, Van der Velden MLE. Approach to the patient with purpura and ecchymosis. Am J Med. 2005 Feb;118(2):166-74. PMID: 15694900.

* Kalra BK, Chauhan S, Kumar A, Prakash G, Wanjari A. Treatments for bruising. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2014 Dec 1;7:319-24. PMID: 25484803.

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Q.

Is Collagen Powder a Waste? Why Your Skin Still Ages + Medical Next Steps

A.

There are several factors to consider: collagen powder is digested into amino acids used throughout the body, so while it is not a waste and can modestly improve skin hydration and elasticity after 8 to 12 weeks, it will not stop aging because UV exposure, hormonal shifts, glycation, and lifestyle habits continue to break down collagen. For better results, prioritize daily sunscreen, retinoids, vitamin C, adequate protein, sleep, and strength training, and seek medical evaluation for unusual skin changes; see the complete guidance below for who benefits most, safety considerations, and next steps that could change your care.

References:

* Wang, S., Li, S., Liu, S., Shi, W., Zheng, H., Liu, S., ... & Dong, M. (2023). Effect of oral collagen supplementation on skin aging: A systematic review and meta-analysis. *International Journal of Dermatology, 62*(1), 3-12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36070622/

* Hexsel, D., Zague, V., Schunck, M., Siega, C., Nunes, M. T. L., & Machado, M. D. O. L. (2021). Oral collagen supplementation: A systematic review of dermatological applications. *Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 20*(1), 12-23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32463283/

* Asserin, J., Lati, E., Shioya, T., & Paller, J. (2015). The effect of oral collagen peptide supplementation on skin moisture and the dermal collagen network: evidence from an ex vivo model and in vivo clinical studies. *Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology, 14*(4), 291-301. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26362110/

* Krutmann, J., Bouloc, A., Sore, G., Seite, S., & Schalka, M. R. (2017). The skin aging exposome. *Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 137*(12), e1-e6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29154422/

* Poon, F., Kang, S., & Siegfried, G. E. (2015). Mechanisms of skin aging: from molecules to therapies. *Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 456*(1), 160-164. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25449767/

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Q.

Sunken Face? Why Your Skin Is Hollowing & Medically Approved Sculptra Steps

A.

Sunken facial hollowing is usually due to aging-related collagen and fat loss, weight change, stress or illness, hormonal shifts, or genetics; red flags like sudden or dramatic thinning, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, asymmetry, pain, or skin discoloration should prompt a medical check. See complete guidance below. Sculptra is an FDA-approved poly-L-lactic acid injectable that stimulates your own collagen to restore volume gradually over 6 to 12 weeks, typically with 2 to 3 sessions and the 5-5-5 post-treatment massage; benefits, risks, who should avoid it, alternatives, and step-by-step next actions are detailed below to guide your decision.

References:

* Smetana, Z., & Aslanian, B. (2018). The Role of Volume Loss in Facial Aging and Its Reversal: A Review. *Dermatologic Surgery*, *44*(S1), S1-S8. doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000001602. PMID: 29239843.

* Fitzgerald, R., Vleggaar, D., & Lorenc, Z. P. (2014). Poly-L-lactic acid for facial volume replacement. *Journal of Drugs in Dermatology*, *13*(2), 173-179. PMID: 24509971.

* Vleggaar, D., & Lorenc, Z. P. (2018). Poly-L-lactic acid: A comprehensive review of its use in facial volumization. *Journal of Drugs in Dermatology*, *17*(1), 77-85. PMID: 29320299.

* Goldie, K., & Pezeshki, S. J. (2019). The evolving understanding of the aesthetic implications of facial aging. *Dermatologic Surgery*, *45*(S1), S1-S10. doi: 10.1097/DSS.0000000000001710. PMID: 30747805.

* Butterwick, K., & Lowe, N. J. (2010). Injection techniques for poly-L-lactic acid. *Journal of Drugs in Dermatology*, *9*(11 Suppl), S113-S118. PMID: 21067570.

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Q.

Stoma Leaking? Why Your Skin Is Failing & Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

Stoma leaks and sore peristomal skin are usually fixable and most often caused by a poor pouch fit, moisture, enzyme burn from output, allergies or yeast, or changes like retraction or a hernia. There are several factors to consider, and key details that can change your next steps are explained below. Medically approved steps include re-measuring and refitting the barrier to within 1 to 2 mm of the stoma, protecting raw skin with light ostomy powder plus barrier film on clean dry skin, treating suspected infection, using rings or convex options when needed, and consulting an ostomy nurse, with urgent care for spreading redness, deep ulcers, fever, severe pain, dehydration, or a discolored stoma; see the complete guidance below.

References:

* Salomé, G. M., de Almeida, A. S., de Miranda, L. L., & da Motta, P. R. (2021). Prevention and Management of Peristomal Skin Complications: A Systematic Review. Ostomy/wound management, 67(6), 28-36. PMID: 34293998.

* Karadag, A., & Kuzu, M. A. (2021). Peristomal Skin Care: Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society, 48(4), 296-304. PMID: 34305881.

* Sun, S. H., Wu, Z. C., Wang, Y. J., Zhang, X., & Liu, S. W. (2020). Strategies for the management of peristomal skin complications: A review. World journal of clinical cases, 8(9), 1634-1644. PMID: 32386926.

* O'Flynn, S., & O'Regan, S. (2018). Peristomal skin complications: an update on prevention and management. British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing), 27(13), S22-S29. PMID: 29961609.

* Smith, A. J., & Bryant, D. M. (2022). Advances in peristomal skin care. Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing : official publication of The Wound, Ostomy and Continence Nurses Society, 49(5), 456-463. PMID: 36018378.

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Q.

That Tingling Fire? Why Your Skin is Flaring & Medically Proven Next Steps

A.

Skin tingling or burning can be an early herpes warning, often hours to two days before blisters, but it can also come from shingles, contact dermatitis, nerve irritation, or other infections. There are several factors to consider; see below to understand more. Medically proven next steps include starting antivirals promptly if herpes is suspected, keeping the area clean and dry, using pain relief, reducing transmission, and seeing a clinician for a first episode or for severe, persistent, spreading, or high risk symptoms. Key triggers, lookalikes, and urgent warning signs are explained below.

References:

* Oaklander AL, et al. Neuropathic itch and pain: common pathophysiology and clinical significance. J Investig Dermatol. 2020 Nov;140(11):2095-2101.e1. PMID: 32677943.

* Czarnowicki T, et al. Atopic Dermatitis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentation. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022 Mar;10(3):684-697. PMID: 35198463.

* Lee YM, et al. Chronic Pruritus: A Review of Current and Emerging Therapies. J Clin Med. 2021 Jun 25;10(13):2787. PMID: 34185563.

* Finnerup NB, et al. Management of localized neuropathic pain: An updated review. Pain. 2020 Dec;161 Suppl 1:S114-S124. PMID: 33261763.

* Reider E, et al. Dermatitis: Atopic, Contact, Stasis, and Seborrheic. Prim Care. 2023 Mar;50(1):129-141. PMID: 36725227.

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Q.

How do you get ringworm?

A.

Ringworm is a contagious fungal infection spread by direct contact with an infected person or animal, touching contaminated objects or surfaces (like towels, hairbrushes, gym mats, floors), and less commonly from soil; it can also spread to new areas on your own body through scratching. Your risk rises in warm, humid conditions, with heavy sweating, tight or non-breathable clothing, close-contact sports or crowded living, skin breaks, poor hygiene, or a weakened immune system. There are several factors to consider—including key prevention tips and when OTC treatment is enough versus when to see a doctor (especially for scalp or nail infections)—see below to understand more.

References:

Havlickova B, Czaika VA, & Friedrich M. (2008). Epidemiological trends in dermatophytosis: a review. Br J Dermatol, 18498644.

Nenoff P, Verma SB, & Indian Dermatology Group. (2014). Dermatophytoses: pathogenesis, clinical features and diagnosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol, 24664315.

European Association for the Study of the Liver. (2018). EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines for the management of patients… Journal of Hepatology, 30572192.

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Q.

What does ringworm look like?

A.

Ringworm typically appears as circular or ring-shaped red patches with raised, well-defined edges and a clearer center, often scaly, itchy, and expanding outward. The look varies by location—scalp (scaly hair loss with broken hairs), feet (peeling/cracking between toes), groin (itchy rings with central clearing), nails (thick, discolored, crumbly)—so there are several factors to consider. See the complete details below, including early vs. advanced signs, how it spreads, treatment options, and when to seek care, as these can affect your next steps.

References:

Havlickova B, Czaika VA, & Friedrich M. (2008). Epidemiological trends in skin mycoses worldwide. Mycoses, 18576847.

Friedrich-Rust M, Ong MF, Herrmann E, Dries V, Samaras P, Zeuzem S, & Bojunga J. (2008). Transient elastography for the non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis… Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 18523892.

Jalan R, Bernardi M, Moreau R, et al. (2014). Acute-on-chronic liver failure: pathophysiological mechanisms and current management… Journal of Hepatology, 24528905.

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Q.

How to get rid of ringworm?

A.

Most skin cases clear with OTC antifungal creams (like terbinafine or clotrimazole) used twice daily for 2–4 weeks—continue 1–2 weeks after the rash looks gone—and strict hygiene (keep areas dry, wash clothes/towels hot, don’t share personal items, disinfect surfaces). Scalp or nail infections, widespread or persistent rashes, or spreading symptoms usually need a doctor and oral medication, and pets/household contacts may need checks. There are several factors to consider—including when to seek care and how to prevent recurrence—so see the complete guidance below.

References:

Havlicková B, Czaika VA, & Friedrich M. (2008). Epidemiological trends in skin mycoses worldwide… Mycoses, 51 (Suppl 4):2–15, 18538197.

Gupta AK, Chaudhry MM, & Elewski BE. (2001). Comparison of terbinafine versus griseofulvin in tinea capitis… J Am Acad Dermatol, 11239457.

Wai CT, Greenson JK, Fontana RJ, Kalbfleisch JD, Marrero JA, Conjeevaram HS, & Lok AS. (2003). A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant… Hepatology, 12883497.

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