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Heart palpitations
Off-balance like floating
Shortness of breath
Have chest pain
Heart is beating fast and regularly
Irregular palpitations
Irregular heartbeat
Not seeing your symptoms? No worries!
Arrhythmias are issues with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat, where it might beat too slowly, too fast, or with an irregular pattern. Benign arrhythmias are heartbeat irregularities that do not cause any symptoms. Causes include certain medications, caffeine, nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, inhaled aerosols, diet pills, stress, etc.
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this disease:
Since it is asymptomatic, benign arrhythmias are usually monitored by a doctor without active treatment. Medications and other treatments may be needed for symptomatic arrhythmias.
Reviewed By:
Osler Jay Justo Guzon, MD (Cardiology)
Dr. Guzon graduated from the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine with a BLA and MD. He then completed his Internal Medicine Residency at St. Louis University before a fellowship in Cardiovascular Diseases at the University of Missouri-Columbia. He has since working as an invasive cardiologist with a particular interest in preventative medicine and cardiometabolic disease. Over the past several years, Dr. Guzon has served on the speaker bureaus of AstraZeneca, Lilly, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and Aralez.
Tatsuya Shiraishi, MD (Cardiology)
Dr. Shiraishi graduated from the Kyoto University School of Medicine. He worked as a cardiologist at Edogawa Hospital, and after joining Ubie, he became the Director of East Nihonbashi Internal Medicine Clinic.
Content updated on Feb 13, 2025
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
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Q.
Why Does My Heart Feel Like It’s Skipping a Beat? 10 Actions to Take Now
A.
A sudden flutter, thud, or brief pause is most often a harmless premature beat (PAC or PVC) triggered by stress, caffeine, dehydration, poor sleep, alcohol, nicotine, hormones, or certain medicines, and it can feel like a skip even when the pulse seems normal. There are several factors to consider and 10 actions you can take now, including calming breathing, checking your pulse, cutting stimulants, hydrating, improving sleep, managing stress, limiting alcohol, and tracking symptoms while watching for warning signs. See below for the full list, the red flags that need urgent care like chest pain, fainting, severe shortness of breath, or a racing heart, and when to see a doctor, since these details can change your next steps.
References:
* Katritsis, D. G., & Josephson, M. E. (2018). Approach to the Patient With Palpitations. JACC. Clinical Electrophysiology, 4(7), 849–859.
* Marcus, G. M., & Josephson, M. E. (2018). Premature Ventricular Contractions: Who to Treat and How. JACC. Clinical Electrophysiology, 4(6), 612–614.
* Conen, D., & Scharer, K. (2020). Clinical Significance of Premature Atrial Contractions: A Review. Circulation. Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, 13(6), e008160.
* D'Onofrio, A., Dell'Aversana, S., Meliota, G., Sarno, G., & Pezzella, M. T. (2020). The Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Palpitations. Cardiology in Review, 28(3), 154–160.
* Chandarana, N., & Bhaskar, S. (2020). Anxiety and cardiac arrhythmias: a clinical review. Indian Heart Journal, 72(2), 118–123.
Q.
Does Magnesium Help with Heart Palpitations? What the Science Says
A.
Magnesium may reduce palpitations for some people, especially when levels are low or when anxiety is a trigger, but it is not likely to help if levels are normal or a separate heart rhythm problem is present. There are several factors to consider. See below to understand who is at risk for deficiency, how to choose a safe form and dose, key interactions and side effects, and the warning signs that mean you should seek medical care.
References:
* Sarfraz Z, Saleem G, Nasti M, et al. The role of magnesium in cardiac arrhythmias. Cureus. 2023 Feb 1;15(2):e34588. doi: 10.7759/cureus.34588. PMID: 36873528.
* Guévin C, Al-Arabi AM, Nadeau L, et al. Intravenous magnesium for the treatment of acute arrhythmias: a systematic review. Am J Emerg Med. 2020 Mar;38(3):616-621. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2019.04.053. Epub 2019 May 4. PMID: 31053535.
* Shi Y, Peng X, Zhang Q, et al. Oral magnesium for the prevention of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2020 Jul;31(7):1858-1865. doi: 10.1111/jce.14533. Epub 2020 May 13. PMID: 32267597.
* Zeana C, Sinescu C, Cinteza M, et al. Oral magnesium supplementation reduces the frequency of premature beats in patients with mitral valve prolapse and symptoms of palpitation. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001 Feb;20(1):62-9. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2001.10719022. PMID: 11293472.
* DiNicolantonio JJ, O'Keefe JH, Wilson W. Magnesium and cardiovascular disease: a quarter-century review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2018 Jan;37(1):1-14. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1370217. Epub 2017 Dec 21. PMID: 29272193.
Q.
EKG Results Confusing? Why Your Heart Is in Sinus Rhythm & Medical Next Steps
A.
Sinus rhythm on an EKG usually means your heart’s electrical system is working normally and is often reassuring, but there are several factors to consider; see below to understand more. Because an EKG is only a brief snapshot, ongoing symptoms may still need follow up such as Holter or event monitoring, blood tests for thyroid and electrolytes, a possible echocardiogram, lifestyle changes like limiting caffeine and improving sleep, and urgent care if you have chest pressure, shortness of breath, fainting, severe dizziness, or a rapid heartbeat that will not slow.
References:
* Bhatia A, Bains P, Stone MJ, et al. Electrocardiogram (ECG) Interpretation. [Updated 2023 Jul 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537172/
* Chung DC, Schapira R. Sinus Rhythm. [Updated 2023 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546648/
* Balasubramanian V, Rajendran D, Srivathsan K. Normal Variants and Common Misinterpretations in Electrocardiogram Interpretation. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2018 Sep-Oct;18(5):184-192. doi: 10.1016/j.ipej.2018.06.002. Epub 2018 Jun 29. PMID: 30137785; PMCID: PMC6136154.
* Reddy V, Agarwal V, Gopinathan N. Electrocardiogram (ECG) acquisition and interpretation by the non-cardiologist. Postgrad Med J. 2017 Oct;93(1104):638-644. doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2017-134907. Epub 2017 Aug 23. PMID: 28833005.
* Faisal M, Anjum F. Sinus Arrhythmia. [Updated 2023 Jul 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557766/
Q.
Worried by Your EKG Test? Why Your Heart is Racing & Medical Next Steps
A.
A racing heart is often due to benign triggers like stress, caffeine, dehydration, or lack of sleep, but it can also reflect arrhythmias or other medical issues that need attention; remember an EKG is just a brief snapshot, so normal results do not rule out intermittent problems. Watch for red flags that require urgent care such as chest pain, fainting, severe shortness of breath, or a very fast rate that will not slow, and consider next steps like tracking symptoms, reducing triggers, and follow-up testing with a Holter or event monitor, blood tests, or an echocardiogram as advised by your clinician; see the complete guidance below for key details that can change which steps you should take.
References:
* J Am Heart Assoc. 2021 May 4;10(9):e020583. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.120.020583. Epub 2021 Apr 22. PMID: 33882772.
* Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 14;41(3):321-392. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz813. PMID: 31504245.
* Lancet. 2019 Jun 22;393(10190):2526-2537. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30065-2. PMID: 31229202.
* Circulation. 2017 Sep 12;136(11):e272-e349. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000531. Epub 2017 Aug 1. PMID: 28835473.
* Nurs Clin North Am. 2017 Mar;52(1):37-51. doi: 10.1016/j.cnur.2016.09.004. PMID: 28189332.
Q.
Heart Skipping? Why a Holter Monitor is Vital & Medical Next Steps
A.
Palpitations that feel like skips, flutters, or racing are often benign premature beats, but they can also signal arrhythmias; a Holter monitor records continuously for 24 to 48 hours to catch intermittent problems a brief ECG can miss. Consider a Holter if symptoms are frequent or worsening, linked to dizziness, fainting, chest discomfort, or exercise, and seek urgent care for chest pain, shortness of breath, or fainting, since findings guide next steps like lifestyle changes, medication, or cardiology referral. There are several factors to consider; see the complete answer below for details that could affect your next steps.
References:
* Padeletti L, Padeletti M. Ambulatory ECG recording in the detection of cardiac arrhythmias: a critical overview. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2017 Apr;18(4):241-248. doi: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000000494. PMID: 28362615.
* Kinman E, White M. Evaluation and Management of Palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2021 Aug 1;104(2):161-169. PMID: 34398661.
* Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, et al. Ambulatory Electrocardiographic Monitoring in Clinical Practice. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Jun 6;69(22):2726-2732. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.04.032. PMID: 28532822.
* Katritsis DG, Camm AJ. Management of common arrhythmias: a clinical approach. Eur Heart J. 2020 Feb 14;41(7):827-835. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz669. PMID: 32014032.
* Mascia G, Curnis A, Ricciardi G, et al. The role of ambulatory electrocardiography in the diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias: current status and future perspectives. Eur Heart J Open. 2021 May 26;1(1):oeab010. doi: 10.1093/ehjopen/oeab010. PMID: 34044158; PMCID: PMC8515099.
Q.
Scared of PVCs? Why Your Heart is Skipping & Expert Next Steps
A.
PVCs are common extra heartbeats that feel like skips or thumps and are usually harmless in people with a normal heart, often triggered by stress, caffeine, alcohol, poor sleep, or dehydration. There are several factors to consider, especially if episodes are frequent or you have heart disease or red flag symptoms like chest pain, fainting, severe dizziness, or shortness of breath; see below for expert next steps on evaluation, lifestyle changes, when to consider medications or ablation, and when to seek urgent care.
References:
* Marcus GM. Premature Ventricular Contractions: Who to Treat and How. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Mar 21;69(11):1488-1503. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.12.023. PMID: 28298369.
* Latchamsetty R, Bogun F. Premature Ventricular Contractions: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Management. Heart Rhythm. 2018 Sep;15(9):1428-1434. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.03.044. PMID: 29597950.
* Lin CY, Lin LJ, Chang SL. Frequent Premature Ventricular Contractions: A Review on Pathophysiology, Prognosis, and Treatment. J Clin Med. 2023 Feb 1;12(3):1160. doi: 10.3390/jcm12031160. PMID: 36769622; PMCID: PMC9917300.
* Zhou Z, Guo W, Zhang K, Ma J, Wang X, Liu C, Lu Z. Current Perspective on Premature Ventricular Contraction-Induced Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Mar 15;24(6):5614. doi: 10.3390/ijms24065614. PMID: 36982260; PMCID: PMC10053912.
* Latchamsetty R, Olshansky B. Management of Premature Ventricular Contractions in Patients With and Without Structural Heart Disease. Card Electrophysiol Clin. 2022 Sep;14(3):363-376. doi: 10.1016/j.ccl.2022.05.003. PMID: 36055745.
Q.
Heart Pounding? Why Verapamil Works & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Verapamil calms certain fast or irregular heart rhythms by limiting calcium entry in heart cells and slowing the AV node, easing palpitations from SVT, atrial fibrillation, and atrial flutter. There are several factors to consider, including who should not take it, possible side effects, and symptoms that require urgent care. Medically approved next steps include tracking episodes, addressing triggers, and getting ECG or heart monitoring to guide choices like beta blockers, verapamil, or ablation. See below for critical details that could change your safest next step.
References:
* Kasiyire, R., Löffler, L., Seiffarth, J., Steimle, A., von Kleist, M., Scholl, C., Schiroli, D., von Ungern-Sternberg, L., Maier, L., & Seidl, J. (2020). Pharmacology of Calcium Channel Blockers in Cardiovascular Disease. *International Journal of Molecular Sciences*, *21*(3), 830.
* Tan, N., Ma, C., Cao, Y., Xiong, L., Wei, L., & Wang, N. (2015). Calcium channel blockers for supraventricular tachycardia. *Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews*, *(10)*, CD005051.
* O'Connor, M. J., Kumar, S., & Tedrow, U. B. (2017). Current pharmacological management of supraventricular tachycardias. *Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy*, *18*(10), 1017-1027.
* Knuuti, J., Wijns, W., Saraste, A., Capodanno, D., Barbato, E., Funck-Brentano, C., Prescott, E., Storey, R. F., Deaton, D., Cuisset, C., Agewall, R., Dickstein, K., Edvardsen, T., Erglis, K. S., Fonseca, C., Gardner, R. S., Herbst, M., Kjeldsen, K. P. J., Lancellotti, P., ... Zamorano, J. L. (2017). 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of stable coronary artery disease. *Circulation*, *135*(18), 1759-1772.
* Maron, B. J., & Maron, M. S. (2015). Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. *Journal of the American College of Cardiology*, *66*(22), 2474-2488.
Q.
Heart Racing? Why Your Chest Is Fluttering & Vital Medical Next Steps
A.
Most heart racing and chest fluttering are benign palpitations from stress, caffeine, dehydration, poor sleep, or hormonal shifts, but they can also signal arrhythmias or issues like thyroid disease, anemia, or electrolyte problems; seek urgent care if they occur with chest pain, shortness of breath, fainting, or severe dizziness. There are several factors to consider; see below for practical first steps to calm symptoms, what patterns to track, when to schedule evaluation, the specific red flags, and how doctors diagnose and treat palpitations so you can choose the right next step.
References:
* Singh D, Singh H, Singh T, Singhal M, Singhal K, Sharma C, Bhatt S. Palpitations: Etiology, Diagnostic Approach, and Management. Cureus. 2023 Mar 19;15(3):e36338. doi: 10.7759/cureus.36338. PMID: 37089750; PMCID: PMC10115049.
* Al-Majali R, Al-Tamimi M, Al-Maitah M, Abu-Rumman A, Qasem H, Abusaq H. The Diagnostic Approach to Patients Presenting with Palpitations. Cureus. 2023 May 17;15(5):e38883. doi: 10.7759/cureus.38883. PMID: 37333036; PMCID: PMC10271705.
* Zimetbaum PJ. Palpitations: Evaluation and Management. J Clin Electrophysiol. 2020 Jan;31(1):5-10. doi: 10.1007/s10840-019-00627-w. Epub 2019 Sep 30. PMID: 31571171.
* Al-Ani M, Al-Ani M. Diagnosis and Management of Supraventricular Tachycardia. Cureus. 2023 Apr 15;15(4):e37637. doi: 10.7759/cureus.37637. PMID: 37197486; PMCID: PMC10189382.
* Kotecha D, Witte KK. Atrial Fibrillation: Clinical Presentation, Diagnostic Tests, and Prognosis. Heart Lung Circ. 2017 Jan;26(1):1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.07.009. Epub 2016 Sep 2. PMID: 27599763.
Q.
Heart Racing? Why Your Human Heart Is Fluttering & Approved Next Steps
A.
Heart racing or fluttering is common and often harmless in the human heart, frequently triggered by stress, caffeine, dehydration, poor sleep, hormones, or normal exercise, but it can also indicate arrhythmias or other problems, especially if you have chest pain, shortness of breath, fainting, severe dizziness, or heart disease risk factors. Approved next steps include staying calm, drinking water, avoiding stimulants, using slow breathing, tracking triggers, and seeking urgent care for red flags or medical evaluation if episodes persist. There are several factors and nuances that could change your next step, so see the complete guidance below.
References:
* Ravindran N, et al. Palpitations: Evaluation and Management. Aust J Gen Pract. 2017 Jun;46(6):374-378. PMID: 28558486.
* Probst C, et al. Palpitations: an approach to diagnosis and management. BMJ. 2017 Nov 22;359:j5102. doi: 10.1136/bmj.j5102. PMID: 29162985.
* Al-Zaiti SS, et al. Supraventricular Tachycardia. 2023 Jul 24. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan–. PMID: 30521287.
* Gopinathannair R, et al. 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023 Oct 3;82(14):e1-e209. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.018. Epub 2023 Aug 24. PMID: 37684019.
* Katon W. Cardiovascular manifestations of anxiety and panic attacks: a clinical review. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;7(3):96-102. doi: 10.4088/pcc.v07n0302. PMID: 16013693.
Q.
Heart Racing? Why Your Heart is Fluttering from Dark Chocolate & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Dark chocolate can trigger heart fluttering in sensitive people because of caffeine, theobromine, and sometimes sugar, and in most cases the sensation is brief and harmless. There are several factors to consider, like your total stimulant intake, dehydration, anxiety, thyroid or rhythm disorders, medications, and hormonal shifts; see below to understand more. Medically approved next steps include cutting back on stimulants, logging what you ate and felt, hydrating and easing stress, and seeking care if palpitations are frequent, last over 20 to 30 minutes, or occur with chest pain, shortness of breath, fainting, or marked dizziness, with full guidance provided below.
References:
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29997782/
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31326084/
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24707719/
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30761274/
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33731301/
Q.
Heart Fluttering? Why It’s Not Just Stress & Medically Proven EKG Next Steps
A.
Heart fluttering is often from benign palpitations due to stress, caffeine, dehydration, or poor sleep, but it can also signal arrhythmias like AFib or SVT that need evaluation. There are several factors to consider. A quick, painless EKG is the medically proven first step, with Holter or event monitors, wearables, blood tests, or an echocardiogram if symptoms persist; seek urgent care for chest pain, fainting, severe shortness of breath, or prolonged rapid heartbeats. See below for important details that can guide your next steps.
References:
* Pergolini, M., Iacopini, R., Pergolini, A., & Pergolini, P. (2022). Diagnostic Approach to Palpitations in Clinical Practice. *Journal of Clinical Medicine*, *11*(20), 6061.
* De Lorenzo, C., Iannone, F., D'Ettorre, S., Ciolli, A., D'Ovidio, R., & Cadeddu, C. (2023). The Assessment of Palpitations in Emergency Department Settings. *Journal of Clinical Medicine*, *12*(14), 4796.
* Katrancha, E. D., & Toth, P. P. (2021). Palpitations: Approach to Diagnosis and Management. *American Family Physician*, *103*(4), 226-234.
* Zimetbaum, P. J. (2018). Palpitations. *Medical Clinics of North America*, *102*(1), 57-69.
* Kalavakolanu, S., Bheemanathini, K., Kollipara, D., Saripalli, A., & Kalavakolanu, S. L. (2018). Ambulatory ECG monitoring in patients with palpitations. *Indian Heart Journal*, *70*(5), 713-718.
Q.
Heart Palpitations After 65: Normal Aging or a Warning Sign?
A.
Palpitations after 65 are common and often harmless from things like extra beats, caffeine, dehydration, or stress, but frequent, new, or persistent episodes can also signal atrial fibrillation or other heart, thyroid, blood, or infectious problems; red flags like chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, or fainting need urgent care. There are several factors to consider, and evaluation and treatment range from lifestyle changes and medication review to ECG, blood tests, and heart monitoring, so see below for the full checklist of warning signs, what doctors look for, and practical next steps to guide your care.
References:
* Strait, J. B., & Lakatta, E. G. (2019). Aging and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms. *Frontiers in Physiology*, *10*, 1243. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31680956/
* Camm, A. J., & Camm, J. (2013). Atrial Fibrillation in the Elderly: Risk Factors, Management, and Anticoagulation. *Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review*, *2*(2), 85–91. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26834849/
* Krahn, A. D., Healey, J. S., & Benditt, D. G. (2013). Risk stratification of patients with palpitations: the Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian Heart Rhythm Society position paper. *Canadian Journal of Cardiology*, *29*(4), 384–391. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23537877/
* Das, J. K., Dhiman, N. P., & Das, S. K. (2017). Palpitations: Etiology, prognosis and management. *Indian Heart Journal*, *69*(1), S15-S22. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28228308/
* Indik, J. H. (2017). Evaluation of the patient with palpitations. *Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine*, *27*(2), 117–123. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27856002/
Q.
Heart Palpitations in Women: Anxiety or Heart Concern?
A.
Heart palpitations in women are often linked to anxiety, stress, or hormonal shifts, but they can sometimes signal arrhythmias or medical issues such as thyroid problems or anemia. Seek prompt care if they occur with chest pain, fainting, persistent shortness of breath, during exertion, last more than a few minutes, or if you have heart disease or a family history of sudden cardiac death; there are several factors to consider, and key details that can guide your next steps are outlined below.
References:
* Weber BE, Chung EK. Approach to the Patient With Palpitations. Am Fam Physician. 2018 Jun 1;97(11):727-735. PMID: 29851080.
* Bharmal A, Singh YK, Vashisht R, Kaur J. Common Causes of Palpitations and Their Evaluation. Cureus. 2020 May 2;12(5):e7930. doi: 10.7759/cureus.7930. PMID: 32483864; PMCID: PMC7264878.
* Sarapcioglu T, Toprak H, Ozturk Z, Uysal E. Anxiety and depression in patients with palpitations and normal heart. J Ment Health. 2016 Feb;25(1):79-83. doi: 10.3109/09638237.2015.1097237. Epub 2015 Nov 30. PMID: 26622434.
* Poudel S, Adhikari A, Thapa S, Singh M, Parajuli S, Thapaliya B, Khanal P, Koirala A. Cardiac Palpitations: Current Diagnostic and Management Strategies. Cureus. 2022 Oct 10;14(10):e30121. doi: 10.7759/cureus.30121. PMID: 36382025; PMCID: PMC9642284.
* Emami S, Vahidi-Moghadam B, Emami A. Prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with cardiac arrhythmia. J Arrhythm. 2019 Feb;21(1):154-158. doi: 10.1007/s10840-019-00504-w. Epub 2019 Jan 30. PMID: 30704996; PMCID: PMC6370487.
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https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.24312810v1Hannun, A. Y., Rajpurkar, P., Haghpanahi, M., Tison, G. H., ... (2019). Cardiologist-level arrhythmia detection and classification in ambulatory electrocardiograms using a deep neural network. Nature Medicine.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0268-3Priori, S. G., Wilde, A. A., Horie, M., Cho, Y., Behr, E. R., ... (2014). HRS/EHRA/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes. Journal of Arrhythmia.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1880427613001087Huizar, J. F., Ellenbogen, K. A., Tan, A. Y., & Kaszala, K. (2019). Arrhythmia-Induced Cardiomyopathy: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. Journal of the American.
https://www.jacc.org/doi/abs/10.1016/j.jacc.2019.02.045