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Cancer of the cervix (entrance to the womb) or uterus. Risk factors include infection with viruses (HPV, HIV), smoking, and age. Regular Pap smear testing is recommended for women of childbearing age for early detection.
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this disease:
A gynecologist confirms the diagnosis with a "cervical biopsy" and may want to assess whether the cancer has spread with CT scans or MRIs. Once all that information is gathered they then recommend a treatment plan. Options depend on factors like the extent of disease and can include surgery, internal or external radiation, or chemotherapy.
Reviewed By:
Robin Schoenthaler, MD (Oncology)
Board certified radiation oncologist with over 30 years experience treating cancer patients. Senior physician advisor for expert medical options in adult oncology. Published award-winning essayist on medical and health issues and more.
Seiji Kanazawa, MD, PHD (Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN))
Dr. Kanazawa graduated from the Niigata University Faculty of Medicine and received his Ph.D. from the Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine. He is working on the front line of the General Perinatal Center, including the Tokyo Tama General Medical Center and the National Center for Research in Fertility Medicine, where he provides maternal and fetal care and undertakes clinical research. At Ubie, Dr. Kanazawa has been designing the Ubie AI Symptom Checker and has taken on the role of general obstetrics and gynecology consultation at FMC Tokyo Clinic by providing fetal ultrasound and prenatal consultation.
Content updated on Mar 31, 2024
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
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With a free 3-min Cervical Cancer quiz, powered by Ubie's AI and doctors, find possible causes of your symptoms.
This questionnaire is customized to your situation and symptoms, including the following personal information:
Biological Sex - helps us provide relevant suggestions for male vs. female conditions.
Age - adjusts our guidance based on any age-related health factors.
History - considers past illnesses, surgeries, family history, and lifestyle choices.
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Q.
Abnormal Results? Why You Need a Colposcopy & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Abnormal Pap or HPV results often reflect HPV-related cell changes and do not automatically mean cancer; a colposcopy lets your clinician closely examine the cervix, take biopsies if needed, rule out cancer, and determine how serious the changes are. Depending on biopsy findings, next steps range from repeat testing and monitoring to treatments like LEEP, cone biopsy, laser, or cryotherapy, and there are several factors to consider; see below for key details on preparation, what to expect, recovery, fertility considerations, and red flags that should prompt urgent care.
References:
* Perkins RB, Guido RS, Castle PE, et al. 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines for Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2020;24(2):102-131. [PMID: 32248028]
* Massad LS, Shapter AP. Colposcopy: An Update on the Essentials. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2022 Mar;49(1):127-142. [PMID: 35125260]
* Rema P, Sasi P, Kalarani P. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: Diagnosis and management. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2022 Jan;78:137-149. [PMID: 34696954]
* Dunn ST, Llewelyn E, Smith J, et al. Management of women with high-risk human papillomavirus and abnormal cytology (atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance) at cervical screening: a systematic review. BJOG. 2023 Feb;130(3):284-293. [PMID: 36203004]
* Wentzensen N, Massad LS, Perkins RB, Schiffman M, Castle PE. ASCCP Colposcopy Standards: Role of Colposcopy in the Management of Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2017;21(3):148-153. [PMID: 28650428]
Q.
Is It Cervical Cancer? Why Your Body is Changing & Medical Next Steps
A.
There are several factors to consider if you notice unusual bleeding, discharge, or pelvic pain; while cervical cancer is possible, these symptoms are more often caused by infections, hormonal changes, or benign conditions, but persistent changes need medical evaluation. See below for key details on red flags that require urgent care, who is at risk, what screenings and exams to expect, how cervical cancer is treated when found early, and practical next steps to lower your risk and plan your visit.
References:
* Sankaranarayanan R, Prabhu PR, Pawlita M, Gheit T, Padmanabhan V, Jambhulkar V, Kothari A, Shinde R, Dhakad N, Joshi S, Thorat RV, Kothari S, Shah A, Mahajan R, Palayoor TS, Sreedevi A, Mhatre S, Divate U, Budukh A, Bhatla N, Bhise S, Sauvaget C, Lucas E, Vaccarella S, Salto-Tellez M. Cervical cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors, screening, diagnosis, and management. Lancet. 2020 Jul 25;396(10245):271-285. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30509-3. Epub 2020 Jul 22. PMID: 32698889.
* Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cervical Cancer: Prevention, Screening, and Management. CA Cancer J Clin. 2023 Nov 7. doi: 10.3322/caac.21808. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37937748.
* Perkins RB, Guido RS, Castle PE, Chelmow D, Khan MJ, Kim JJ, Markowitz LE, Morrison EJ, Oppenheimer AP, Smith KM, Spitzer M, Tobias TL, Wooden TR, Ziemer M; 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines Committee. 2019 ASCCP Risk-Based Management Consensus Guidelines for Abnormal Cervical Cancer Screening Tests and Cancer Precursors. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2020 Jul;24(3):189-224. doi: 10.1097/LGT.0000000000000523. PMID: 32187167.
* Aktekin M, Topbaş O, Çetin B, Çolak Ç, Başaran H, Akdoğan N, Aktaş M, Efe S, Ersoy C. Updates in Cervical Cancer Screening, Prevention, and Treatment: An Overview. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 3;20(3):2885. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20032885. PMID: 36760074; PMCID: PMC9917398.
* Small W Jr, Bacon MA, Bajaj A, Chuang LT, Fisher BJ, Harkenrider MM, Jhingran A, Kastner EJ, Koulis TA, Lee LJ, Mell LK, Meyer LA, Mukherjee S, Patel AN, Patton LL, Ravi A, Sethi R, Sopka S, St Clair K, Thomadsen BR, Trigonis I, Westin SN, Yashar CM, Yessaian A, Erickson B. Cervical Cancer. [Updated 2023 Feb 15]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. PMID: 32965381.
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Which is the best Symptom Checker?
Ubie’s symptom checker demonstrated a Top-10 hit accuracy of 71.6%, surpassing the performance of several leading symptom checkers in the market, which averaged around 60% accuracy in similar assessments.
Link to full study:
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.24312810v1Tsikouras P, Zervoudis S, Manav B, Tomara E, Iatrakis G, Romanidis C, Bothou A, Galazios G. Cervical cancer: screening, diagnosis and staging. J BUON. 2016 Mar-Apr;21(2):320-5. PMID: 27273940.
https://www.jbuon.com/archive/21-2-320.pdfBurd EM. Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2003 Jan;16(1):1-17. doi: 10.1128/CMR.16.1.1-17.2003. PMID: 12525422; PMCID: PMC145302.
https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/CMR.16.1.1-17.2003Olusola P, Banerjee HN, Philley JV, Dasgupta S. Human Papilloma Virus-Associated Cervical Cancer and Health Disparities. Cells. 2019 Jun 21;8(6):622. doi: 10.3390/cells8060622. PMID: 31234354; PMCID: PMC6628030.
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/8/6/622Buskwofie A, David-West G, Clare CA. A Review of Cervical Cancer: Incidence and Disparities. J Natl Med Assoc. 2020 Apr;112(2):229-232. doi: 10.1016/j.jnma.2020.03.002. Epub 2020 Apr 8. PMID: 32278478.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0027968420300432?via%3Dihub