Endometriosis Quiz
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Period cramps
Stomachache
Heavy periods
Pelvic pain
Low back pain
I have left lower abdominal pain
Have periodic abdominal pain
Diarrhea
Pain when pooping or peeing
Pain during sex
Fertility issues
Trouble getting pregnant
Not seeing your symptoms? No worries!
What is Endometriosis?
A condition where endometrial cells (cells that line the womb) grow outside the uterus, typically near the ovaries or fallopian tubes. It is a common cause of pelvic pain, that can worsen with menstruation. The exact cause is unclear but there are several possible explanations, including the backward flow of menstrual blood into the abdominal cavity, immune system disorders, or transformation of normal abdominal cells. It is typically seen in reproductive aged women, and most often diagnosed in their 30's and 40's. It can cause infertility in some patients due to scarring of the fallopian tubes.
Typical Symptoms of Endometriosis
- Frequent stomach or abdominal pain with unknown causes
- Stomach or abdominal pain triggered by bowel movements
- Stomach or abdominal pain
- Lower back pain
- Stomach or abdominal pain that worsens after meals
- Pain in the pelvis
- Pain in the lower left abdomen
- Vaginal bleeding or discolored discharge outside of your period
Diagnostic Questions for Endometriosis
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this disease:
- Do you have frequent stomach or abdominal pain with unknown causes?
- Do you have stomach or abdominal pain triggered by bowel movements?
- Do you have any stomach or abdominal pain?
- Do you have lower back pain?
- Do you have stomach or abdominal pain that worsens after meals?
Treatment of Endometriosis
Treatment aims to relieve symptoms with a combination of medications and surgery. Medication options include pain relievers, contraceptives, and hormonal therapy. Surgery may be offered for severe disease and may help with infertility.
Reviewed By:
Ravi P. Chokshi, MD (Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN), Critical Care)
Current Maternal Fetal Medicine Fellow with Dual board certification in Obstetrics & Gynecology and Critical Care Medicine. | 5+ years experience managing a general Ob/Gyn practice and working in the Intensive Care Unit. | Previously Physician Lead of a large single specialty practice with 8 Physicians and 10+ Advanced practitioners. | Member of the Society of Maternal Fetal Medicine Patient education committee. | Frequent Medscape Consult contributor.
Seiji Kanazawa, MD, PHD (Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN))
Dr. Kanazawa graduated from the Niigata University Faculty of Medicine and received his Ph.D. from the Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine. He is working on the front line of the General Perinatal Center, including the Tokyo Tama General Medical Center and the National Center for Research in Fertility Medicine, where he provides maternal and fetal care and undertakes clinical research. At Ubie, Dr. Kanazawa has been designing the Ubie AI Symptom Checker and has taken on the role of general obstetrics and gynecology consultation at FMC Tokyo Clinic by providing fetal ultrasound and prenatal consultation.
Content updated on Nov 22, 2024
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
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People with similar symptoms also use Ubie's symptom checker to find possible causes
- I have lower abdominal pain
- Chronic lower back pain
- Pain in the lower back worsens when standing up
- Pain in the lower right stomach
- Upper left abdominal pain
- Pain on one side started first
- Upper right abdominal pain
- Lower back hurts even when sitting still
- Low back pain improves with exercise
- Have pelvic pain
- Sharp abdominal pain
- Lower back pain aggravated by pressing
- Stomach pain with diarrhea
- Pain in the lower back with slouching
- Localized abdominal pain
See full list
Symptoms Related to Endometriosis
Diseases Related to Endometriosis
FAQs
Q.
Are blood clots during heavy periods a cause for concern?
A.
Blood clots during heavy periods can be normal, but if they are large or frequent, it might be a sign of a problem and should be checked by a doctor.
References:
James AH. (2016). Heavy menstrual bleeding: work-up and management. Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program, 27913486.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27913486/
Davies J, & Kadir RA. (2012). Endometrial haemostasis and menstruation. Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders, 23180227.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23180227/
Brenner PF. (1996). Differential diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 8828559.
Q.
Are fertility issues often genetic?
A.
Yes, fertility issues can often be genetic, with many cases linked to specific gene mutations that affect reproductive health.
References:
Jiao SY, Yang YH, & Chen SR. (2021). Molecular genetics of infertility: loss-of-function mutations .... Human reproduction update, 33118031.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33118031/
Verpoest W, Okutman Ö, Van Der Kelen A, Sermon K, & Viville S. (2023). Genetics of infertility: a paradigm shift for medically .... Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 37801292.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37801292/
Singh P, & Schimenti JC. (2015). The genetics of human infertility by functional interrogation .... Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 26240362.
Q.
Are there foods that can cause or worsen heavy periods?
A.
Eating junk food and having celiac disease may lead to heavier periods. Flax seeds may affect menstrual cycles too.
References:
Latif S, Naz S, Ashraf S, & Jafri SA. (2022). Junk food consumption in relation to menstrual .... Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 36415236.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36415236/
Phipps WR, Martini MC, Lampe JW, Slavin JL, & Kurzer MS. (1993). Effect of flax seed ingestion on the menstrual cycle. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 8077314.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8077314/
Ehsani-Ardakani MJ, Fallahian M, Rostami K, Rostami-Nejad M, Lotfi S, Mohaghegh-Shalmani H, et al. (2014). Celiac disease and dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Bratislavske lekarske listy, 24471897.
Q.
Can low vitamin D levels affect my ability to get pregnant?
A.
Low vitamin D levels may affect your ability to get pregnant, as vitamin D plays a role in fertility.
References:
Gaskins AJ, & Chavarro JE. (2018). Diet and fertility: a review. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 28844822.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28844822/
Skoracka K, Ratajczak AE, Rychter AM, Dobrowolska A, & Krela-Kaźmierczak I. (2021). Female Fertility and the Nutritional Approach: The Most .... Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 34139003.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34139003/
Pérez-López FR, Pilz S, & Chedraui P. (2020). Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: an overview. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology, 32487800.
Q.
Can you still get pregnant if you have endometriosis?
A.
Yes, it's possible to get pregnant if you have endometriosis, although it may be more challenging.
References:
Rosenfeld DL, & Jacob J. (1988). Subsequent pregnancies in previously infertile women with .... Obstetrics and gynecology, 3186100.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3186100/
Barri PN, Coroleu B, Tur R, Barri-Soldevila PN, & Rodríguez I. (2010). Endometriosis-associated infertility: surgery and IVF, a .... Reproductive biomedicine online, 20541976.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20541976/
Leone Roberti Maggiore U, Chiappa V, Ceccaroni M, Roviglione G, Savelli L, Ferrero S, et al. (2024). Epidemiology of infertility in women with endometriosis. Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 38183767.
Q.
Do overweight women have more trouble getting pregnant?
A.
Yes, overweight women can have more trouble getting pregnant due to how extra weight affects their body and hormones.
References:
Broughton DE, & Moley KH. (2017). Obesity and female infertility: potential mediators .... Fertility and sterility, 28292619.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28292619/
Brewer CJ, & Balen AH. (2010). The adverse effects of obesity on conception and .... Reproduction (Cambridge, England), 20395425.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20395425/
Dağ ZÖ, & Dilbaz B. (2015). Impact of obesity on infertility in women. Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association, 26097395.
Q.
How are the stages of endometriosis determined?
A.
Endometriosis stages are determined by the location, amount, depth, and size of the endometrial tissue growths. Doctors use imaging and sometimes surgery to decide the stage.
References:
Pašalić E, Tambuwala MM, & Hromić-Jahjefendić A. (2023). Classification, pathophysiology, and treatment options. Pathology, research and practice, 37844487.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37844487/
Bazot M, Daraï E, Benagiano GP, Reinhold C, Favier A, Roman H, et al. (2022). ENDO_STAGE Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Journal of clinical medicine, 35566569.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35566569/
Weitzman GA, & Buttram VC Jr. (1989). Classification of endometriosis. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America, 2664623.
Q.
How can diet help alleviate period cramps?
A.
Eating foods rich in zinc and vitamin E may help reduce period cramps. These nutrients can make cramps less painful and more manageable.
References:
Proctor ML, & Murphy PA. (2001). Herbal and dietary therapies for primary and secondary .... The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 11687013.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687013/
Eby GA. (2007). Zinc treatment prevents dysmenorrhea. Medical hypotheses, 17289285.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17289285/
Alikamali M, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Maghalian M, & Mirghafourvand M. (2022). The effects of vitamin E on the intensity of primary .... Clinical nutrition ESPEN, 36513486.
Q.
How can endometriosis cause pain during sex and what can be done?
A.
Endometriosis can cause pain during sex because it leads to inflammation and scar tissue in the pelvic area. Treatments like medication, physical therapy, and self-management strategies can help alleviate this pain.
References:
Vercellini P, Somigliana E, Consonni D, Frattaruolo MP, De Giorgi O, & Fedele L. (2012). I. Effect on pain during intercourse and patient satisfaction. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 22926841.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22926841/
Facchin F, Buggio L, Dridi D, Barbara G, & Vercellini P. (2021). The Subjective Experience of Dyspareunia in Women with .... International journal of environmental research and public health, 34831868.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34831868/
Howard AF, Noga H, Kelly MT, Gholamian B, Lett S, Sutherland J, & Yong PJ. (2024). Women's Self-Management of Dyspareunia Associated .... The journal of pain, 38341015.
Q.
How can endometriosis pain be effectively managed?
A.
Endometriosis pain can be managed with medications, surgery, or a combination of treatments tailored to each person.
References:
Ferrero S, Alessandri F, Racca A, & Leone Roberti Maggiore U. (2015). Treatment of pain associated with deep endometriosis. Fertility and sterility, 26363387.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26363387/
Mechsner S. (2022). Endometriosis, an Ongoing Pain-Step-by-Step Treatment. Journal of clinical medicine, 35054161.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35054161/
Karp BI, & Stratton P. (2023). Endometriosis-associated chronic pelvic pain. Med (New York, N.Y.), 36858044.
Q.
How can pain during sex be addressed with lifestyle changes?
A.
Pain during sex can be reduced by addressing sexual arousal and satisfaction. Lifestyle changes focusing on these areas may help in managing discomfort.
References:
Lakhsassi L, Borg C, Martusewicz S, van der Ploeg K, & de Jong PJ. (2022). The influence of sexual arousal on subjective pain intensity .... PloS one, 36197910.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36197910/
Thomtén J, & Linton SJ. (2014). Female genital pain with sexual consequences deserves .... Scandinavian journal of pain, 29913710.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29913710/
Moore E, & Sitron J. (2024). Sexual Self Discrepancies, Sexual Satisfaction, and .... Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 38610220.
Q.
How can pelvic pain be managed effectively?
A.
Pelvic pain can be managed with a combination of treatments, including medications, physical therapy, and counseling. It's important to work with healthcare providers to find the best approach for each individual.
References:
Lamvu G, Carrillo J, Ouyang C, & Rapkin A. (2021). Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women: A Review. JAMA, 34128995.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34128995/
Speer LM, Mushkbar S, & Erbele T. (2016). Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women. American family physician, 26926975.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26926975/
(2020). Chronic Pelvic Pain: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 218. Obstetrics and gynecology, 32080051.
Q.
How can you tell the difference between endometriosis and PCOS?
A.
Endometriosis and PCOS are different conditions that can have overlapping symptoms, but they affect the body in distinct ways. Endometriosis involves tissue similar to the lining of the uterus growing outside it, while PCOS is a hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with cysts.
References:
Dinsdale NL, & Crespi BJ. (2021). Endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome are .... Evolutionary applications, 34295358.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34295358/
Singh KB, Patel YC, & Wortsman J. (1989). Coexistence of polycystic ovary syndrome and pelvic .... Obstetrics and gynecology, 2797642.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2797642/
Kirkegaard S, Uldall Torp NM, Andersen S, & Andersen SL. (2024). Endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, and the thyroid. Endocrine connections, 38078917.
Q.
How common are fertility issues among women?
A.
Fertility issues affect about 1 in 6 women worldwide, making it a common concern for many families.
References:
Liang Y, Huang J, Zhao Q, Mo H, Su Z, Feng S, et al. (2025). Global, regional, and national prevalence and trends of .... Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 39752330.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39752330/
Datta J, Palmer MJ, Tanton C, Gibson LJ, Jones KG, Macdowall W, et al. (2016). Prevalence of infertility and help seeking among 15 000 .... Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 27365525.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27365525/
Boivin J, Bunting L, Collins JA, & Nygren KG. (2007). potential need and demand for infertility medical care. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 17376819.
Q.
How common are fertility issues in the general population?
A.
Fertility issues affect about 10-15% of couples trying to have a baby.
References:
Carson SA, & Kallen AN. (2021). Diagnosis and Management of Infertility: A Review. JAMA, 34228062.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34228062/
Vander Borght M, & Wyns C. (2018). Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology. Clinical biochemistry, 29555319.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29555319/
Aghajanova L, Hoffman J, Mok-Lin E, & Herndon CN. (2017). Obstetrics and Gynecology Residency and Fertility Needs. Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 27368879.
Q.
How effective is an ultrasound in diagnosing endometriosis?
A.
Ultrasound can help diagnose some types of endometriosis, but it might not find all cases.
References:
Chen-Dixon K, Uzuner C, Mak J, & Condous G. (2022). Effectiveness of ultrasound for endometriosis diagnosis. Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology, 36036477.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36036477/
Young SW, Jha P, Chamié L, Rodgers S, Kho RM, Horrow MM, et al. (2024). Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus on .... Radiology, 38591980.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38591980/
Goncalves MO, Siufi Neto J, Andres MP, Siufi D, de Mattos LA, & Abrao MS. (2021). Systematic evaluation of endometriosis by transvaginal .... Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 33864088.
Q.
How is endometriosis diagnosed by healthcare professionals?
A.
Endometriosis is diagnosed through a combination of symptom evaluation, imaging tests, and sometimes surgery.
References:
Spaczynski RZ, & Duleba AJ. (2003). Diagnosis of endometriosis. Seminars in reproductive medicine, 12917789.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12917789/
Hsu AL, Khachikyan I, & Stratton P. (2010). Invasive and noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of .... Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 20436318.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20436318/
Mounsey AL, Wilgus A, & Slawson DC. (2006). Diagnosis and management of endometriosis. American family physician, 16939179.
Q.
Is experiencing abdominal pain normal, or should I be concerned?
A.
Abdominal pain can be common, but it's important to pay attention to its frequency and intensity. If the pain is severe, persistent, or accompanied by other symptoms, it may be a sign to see a doctor.
References:
Frei P. (2015). [Differential diagnosis of abdominal pain]. Praxis, 26331201.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26331201/
Reust CE, & Williams A. (2018). Recurrent Abdominal Pain in Children. American family physician, 30216016.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30216016/
Wasson JH, Sox HC Jr, & Sox CH. (1981). The diagnosis of abdominal pain in ambulatory male patients. Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making, 7052409.
Q.
Is it normal to have a stomach ache during pregnancy?
A.
Having a stomach ache during pregnancy can be normal, but it's important to know when to seek medical advice.
References:
Cappell MS, & Friedel D. (2003). Abdominal pain during pregnancy. Gastroenterology clinics of North America, 12635413.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12635413/
Klufio CA, Amoa AB, & Rageau O. (1993). Abdominal pain in pregnancy. Papua and New Guinea medical journal, 7941766.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7941766/
Vaynshtein J, Guetta O, & Replyansky I. (2019). Abdominal Pain in Pregnancy. JAMA surgery, 30383119.
Q.
Is ovulation pain a symptom of endometriosis?
A.
Ovulation pain can be a symptom of endometriosis, but it is not specific to the condition.
References:
Björk E, Gustavsson M, Palmstierna M, Valentin A, Olovsson M, & Melin AS. (2020). new clinical guidelines for better and equal care in Sweden. Lakartidningen, 32542617.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32542617/
Luisi S, Lazzeri L, Ciani V, & Petraglia F. (2009). Endometriosis in Italy: from cost estimates to new medical .... Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 19908951.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19908951/
Olartecoechea B, García Manero M, Royo P, & Aubà M. (2009). [Treatment for endometriosis]. Revista de medicina de la Universidad de Navarra, 19994769.
Q.
Is pain during sex normal while pregnant and what can be done about it?
A.
Pain during sex while pregnant can happen, and there are ways to make it better.
References:
Rossi MA, Mooney KM, Binik YM, & Rosen NO. (2019). A Descriptive and Longitudinal Analysis of Pain During .... The journal of sexual medicine, 31648950.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31648950/
Aslan G, Aslan D, Kizilyar A, Ispahi C, & Esen A. (2005). A prospective analysis of sexual functions during pregnancy. International journal of impotence research, 15538394.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15538394/
Gökyildiz S, & Beji NK. (2005). The effects of pregnancy on sexual life. Journal of sex & marital therapy, 16020139.
Q.
Is pelvic pain during pregnancy normal and how can it be relieved?
A.
Pelvic pain during pregnancy is common and can be managed with exercises, physical therapy, and proper posture.
References:
Liddle SD, & Pennick V. (2015). Interventions for preventing and treating low-back and .... The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 26422811.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26422811/
Sward L, Manning N, Murchison AB, Ghahremani T, McCaulley JA, & Magann EF. (2023). Pelvic Girdle Pain in Pregnancy: A Review. Obstetrical & gynecological survey, 37322996.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37322996/
Santos FF, Lourenço BM, Souza MB, Maia LB, Oliveira VC, & Oliveira MX. (2023). Prevention of low back and pelvic girdle pain during .... Physiotherapy, 36288631.
Q.
Is there a genetic component to endometriosis?
A.
Yes, endometriosis has a genetic component, meaning it can run in families.
References:
Rahmioglu N, Montgomery GW, & Zondervan KT. (2015). Genetics of endometriosis. Women's health (London, England), 26441051.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26441051/
Bischoff F, & Simpson JL. (2004). Genetic basis of endometriosis. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 15731320.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15731320/
Rahmioglu N, Mortlock S, Ghiasi M, Møller PL, Stefansdottir L, Galarneau G, et al. (2023). The genetic basis of endometriosis and comorbidity with .... Nature genetics, 36914876.
Q.
What are common causes of pain during sex?
A.
Pain during sex, known as dyspareunia, can be caused by physical issues like infections, hormonal changes, or injuries, as well as emotional factors such as stress or anxiety.
References:
Graziottin A. (2003). Etiology and diagnosis of coital pain. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 12834036.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12834036/
Heim LJ. (2001). Evaluation and differential diagnosis of dyspareunia. American family physician, 11327429.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11327429/
Hill DA, & Taylor CA. (2021). Dyspareunia in Women. American family physician, 33983001.
Q.
What are common causes of pelvic pain in women?
A.
Pelvic pain in women can be caused by various conditions, including menstrual cramps, ovarian cysts, infections, and endometriosis. It is important to identify the cause to provide proper treatment.
References:
Gin GT, Rosenblum E, Wilkinson LD, & Brady PH. (2022). Female Pelvic Conditions: Chronic Pelvic Pain. FP essentials, 35420402.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35420402/
Frasca DJ, Jarrio CE, & Perdue J. (2023). Evaluation of Acute Pelvic Pain in Women. American family physician, 37590858.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37590858/
Hecht S, Meissnitzer M, & Forstner R. (2019). [Acute Pelvic pain in women-gynecological causes]. Der Radiologe, 30519765.
Q.
What are common reasons behind abdominal pain?
A.
Abdominal pain can be caused by many things, including digestive issues, infections, and sometimes more serious conditions like appendicitis or gallstones.
References:
Yew KS, George MK, & Allred HB. (2023). Acute Abdominal Pain in Adults: Evaluation and Diagnosis. American family physician, 37327158.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37327158/
Marincek B. (2002). acute abdominal pain: diagnostic strategies. European radiology, 12195463.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12195463/
Flasar MH, & Goldberg E. (2006). Acute abdominal pain. The Medical clinics of North America, 16473101.
Q.
What are possible causes for left lower abdominal pain?
A.
Left lower abdominal pain can be caused by conditions like diverticulitis, gynecological issues, or gastrointestinal problems. It's important to consider these causes when experiencing such pain.
References:
Hollerweger A, Macheiner P, & Gritzmann N. (2003). Acute left lower quadrant abdominal pain. Ultraschall in der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany : 1980), 12599037.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12599037/
Bodmer NA, & Thakrar KH. (2015). Evaluating the Patient with Left Lower Quadrant Abdominal .... Radiologic clinics of North America, 26526432.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26526432/
Yew KS, George MK, & Allred HB. (2023). Acute Abdominal Pain in Adults: Evaluation and Diagnosis. American family physician, 37327158.
Q.
What are some causes of pain when pooping?
A.
Pain when pooping can be caused by hemorrhoids, constipation, or holding in your stool for too long. These issues can make it hard and painful to defecate.
References:
Johannsson HO, Graf W, & Påhlman L. (2005). Bowel habits in hemorrhoid patients and normal subjects. The American journal of gastroenterology, 15667500.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15667500/
Raahave D. (2015). Faecal retention: a common cause in functional bowel .... Danish medical journal, 25748875.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25748875/
Partin JC, Hamill SK, Fischel JE, & Partin JS. (1992). Painful defecation and fecal soiling in children. Pediatrics, 1594338.
Q.
What are some common causes of a stomach ache?
A.
A stomach ache can be caused by many things like digestive problems, infections, or even reactions to certain substances.
References:
Yew KS, George MK, & Allred HB. (2023). Acute Abdominal Pain in Adults: Evaluation and Diagnosis. American family physician, 37327158.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37327158/
Cherian D, Sachdeva P, Fisher RS, & Parkman HP. (2010). Abdominal pain is a frequent symptom of gastroparesis. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 20472097.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20472097/
Mueller PD, & Benowitz NL. (1989). Toxicologic causes of acute abdominal disorders. Emergency medicine clinics of North America, 2663462.
Q.
What are some common fertility issues faced by women?
A.
Common fertility issues in women include problems with ovulation, blocked fallopian tubes, and conditions like endometriosis.
References:
Vander Borght M, & Wyns C. (2018). Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology. Clinical biochemistry, 29555319.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29555319/
Abrao MS, Muzii L, & Marana R. (2013). Anatomical causes of female infertility and their management. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 24119894.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24119894/
(2019). Infertility Workup for the Women's Health Specialist. Obstetrics and gynecology, 31135764.
Q.
What are some common fertility issues that couples face?
A.
Common fertility issues for couples include medical conditions affecting reproductive organs and psychological stress due to infertility. Cancer treatments can also impact fertility.
References:
National Collaborating Centre for Women’s and Children’s Health (UK). (2013). Assessment and Treatment for People with Fertility Problems. Unknown Journal, 25340218.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25340218/
Oddens BJ, den Tonkelaar I, & Nieuwenhuyse H. (1999). Psychosocial experiences in women facing fertility problems. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 10374131.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10374131/
Kort JD, Eisenberg ML, Millheiser LS, & Westphal LM. (2014). Fertility issues in cancer survivorship. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 24604743.
Q.
What are some common infertility issues and their treatments?
A.
Infertility can be caused by problems in either partner and is often treatable with medications, surgery, or assisted reproductive technologies like IVF.
References:
Carson SA, & Kallen AN. (2021). Diagnosis and Management of Infertility: A Review. JAMA, 34228062.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34228062/
Brugo-Olmedo S, Chillik C, & Kopelman S. (2001). Definition and causes of infertility. Reproductive biomedicine online, 12537824.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12537824/
Vander Borght M, & Wyns C. (2018). Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology. Clinical biochemistry, 29555319.
Q.
What are some effective methods to relieve period cramps?
A.
To relieve period cramps, taking naproxen sodium and using heat therapy are effective methods.
References:
Daniels SE, Paredes-Diaz A, An R, Centofanti R, & Tajaddini A. (2019). a double-blind, randomized, single-dose, crossover study. Current medical research and opinion, 31397597.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31397597/
Chan WY, Fuchs F, & Powell AM. (1983). Effects of naproxen sodium on menstrual prostaglandins .... Obstetrics and gynecology, 6571974.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6571974/
Jo J, & Lee SH. (2018). Heat therapy for primary dysmenorrhea: A systematic .... Scientific reports, 30389956.
Q.
What are some effective remedies for a stomach ache?
A.
For stomach aches, simple remedies include over-the-counter medications or addressing specific conditions like irritable bowel syndrome with targeted treatments.
References:
Storr M, Weigmann H, Landes S, & Michel MC. (2022). Self-Medication for the Treatment of Abdominal Cramps .... Journal of clinical medicine, 36362589.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36362589/
Vanuytsel T, Tack JF, & Boeckxstaens GE. (2014). Treatment of abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of gastroenterology, 24845149.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24845149/
BouSaba J, Sannaa W, & Camilleri M. (2022). Pain in irritable bowel syndrome: Does anything really help?. Neurogastroenterology and motility, 34859929.
Q.
What are some prevalent reproductive health issues in women?
A.
Some common reproductive health issues in women include complications during pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections, and access to family planning services.
References:
Fathalla MF. (1992). Reproductive health: a global overview. Early human development, 1396266.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1396266/
Glasier A, Gülmezoglu AM, Schmid GP, Moreno CG, & Van Look PF. (2006). Sexual and reproductive health: a matter of life and death. Lancet (London, England), 17084760.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17084760/
Miller K, & Rosenfield A. (1996). Population and women's reproductive health. Annual review of public health, 8724232.
Q.
What are some quick relief methods for a stomach ache?
A.
For quick relief from a stomach ache, over-the-counter medications like antispasmodics and self-care methods may help.
References:
Storr M, Weigmann H, Landes S, & Michel MC. (2022). Self-Medication for the Treatment of Abdominal Cramps .... Journal of clinical medicine, 36362589.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36362589/
Vanuytsel T, Tack JF, & Boeckxstaens GE. (2014). Treatment of abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of gastroenterology, 24845149.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24845149/
Blanchard C, Pouchain D, Vanderkam P, Perault-Pochat MC, Boussageon R, & Vaillant-Roussel H. (2018). Efficacy of phloroglucinol for treatment of abdominal pain. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 29350249.
Q.
What are some reasons for having trouble getting pregnant?
A.
Trouble getting pregnant can be due to various reasons, including health conditions, lifestyle factors, and nutritional issues.
References:
Vander Borght M, & Wyns C. (2018). Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology. Clinical biochemistry, 29555319.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29555319/
Skoracka K, Ratajczak AE, Rychter AM, Dobrowolska A, & Krela-Kaźmierczak I. (2021). Female Fertility and the Nutritional Approach: The Most .... Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 34139003.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34139003/
Khizroeva J, Nalli C, Bitsadze V, Lojacono A, Zatti S, Andreoli L, et al. (2019). Infertility in women with systemic autoimmune diseases. Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism, 31837981.
Q.
What are some treatment options for pelvic girdle pain?
A.
Pelvic girdle pain can be managed through physical therapy, exercises, and sometimes support belts, especially during pregnancy.
References:
Kanakaris NK, Roberts CS, & Giannoudis PV. (2011). Pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain: an update. BMC medicine, 21324134.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21324134/
Vermani E, Mittal R, & Weeks A. (2010). Pelvic girdle pain and low back pain in pregnancy: a review. Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain, 19863747.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19863747/
Vleeming A, Albert HB, Ostgaard HC, Sturesson B, & Stuge B. (2008). European guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment .... European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society, 18259783.
Q.
What are the common symptoms of endometriosis?
A.
Common symptoms of endometriosis include painful periods, pelvic pain, and pain during intercourse. Some people may also experience heavy menstrual bleeding and fertility problems.
References:
Greene AD, Lang SA, Kendziorski JA, Sroga-Rios JM, Herzog TJ, & Burns KA. (2016). Endometriosis: where are we and where are we going?. Reproduction (Cambridge, England), 27165051.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27165051/
Rafique S, & Decherney AH. (2017). Medical Management of Endometriosis. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 28590310.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28590310/
Vercellini P, Viganò P, Somigliana E, & Fedele L. (2014). Endometriosis: pathogenesis and treatment. Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 24366116.
Q.
What are the differences between adenomyosis and endometriosis?
A.
Adenomyosis and endometriosis are both conditions where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows where it shouldn't, but adenomyosis occurs in the uterus wall, while endometriosis occurs outside the uterus.
References:
Donnez J, Stratopoulou CA, & Dolmans MM. (2024). Endometriosis and adenomyosis: Similarities and differences. Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 38103509.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38103509/
Bulun SE, Yildiz S, Adli M, Chakravarti D, Parker JB, Milad M, et al. (2023). Endometriosis and adenomyosis: shared pathophysiology. Fertility and sterility, 36925057.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36925057/
Maruyama S, Imanaka S, Nagayasu M, Kimura M, & Kobayashi H. (2020). Relationship between adenomyosis and endometriosis. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 32877772.
Q.
What are the different stages of endometriosis and their symptoms?
A.
Endometriosis has four stages, ranging from minimal to severe, and symptoms can include pain and fertility problems, which vary in intensity with each stage.
References:
Pašalić E, Tambuwala MM, & Hromić-Jahjefendić A. (2023). Classification, pathophysiology, and treatment options. Pathology, research and practice, 37844487.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37844487/
Vercellini P, Fedele L, Aimi G, Pietropaolo G, Consonni D, & Crosignani PG. (2007). Association between endometriosis stage, lesion type, .... Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 16936305.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16936305/
Fedele L, Bianchi S, Bocciolone L, Di Nola G, & Parazzini F. (1992). Pain symptoms associated with endometriosis. Obstetrics and gynecology, 1565363.
Q.
What are the key differences between PCOS and endometriosis?
A.
PCOS and endometriosis are different conditions affecting women's reproductive health, with PCOS involving hormonal imbalances and endometriosis involving tissue growth outside the uterus.
References:
Dinsdale NL, & Crespi BJ. (2021). Endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome are .... Evolutionary applications, 34295358.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34295358/
Kirkegaard S, Uldall Torp NM, Andersen S, & Andersen SL. (2024). Endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, and the thyroid. Endocrine connections, 38078917.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38078917/
Petraglia F, Musacchio C, Luisi S, & De Leo V. (2008). Hormone-dependent gynaecological disorders. Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 17804298.
Q.
What are the latest treatments available for endometriosis?
A.
The latest treatments for endometriosis include hormonal therapies and surgical options that help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
References:
Kalaitzopoulos DR, Samartzis N, Kolovos GN, Mareti E, Samartzis EP, Eberhard M, et al. (2021). Treatment of endometriosis: a review with comparison of 8 .... BMC women's health, 34844587.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34844587/
Pašalić E, Tambuwala MM, & Hromić-Jahjefendić A. (2023). Classification, pathophysiology, and treatment options. Pathology, research and practice, 37844487.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37844487/
Vannuccini S, Clemenza S, Rossi M, & Petraglia F. (2022). Hormonal treatments for endometriosis: The endocrine .... Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders, 34405378.
Q.
What are the potential causes of endometriosis?
A.
Endometriosis may be caused by several factors, including genetics, hormonal, and immune system issues, as well as the way cells behave in the body.
References:
Bulun SE, Yilmaz BD, Sison C, Miyazaki K, Bernardi L, Liu S, et al. (2019). Endometriosis. Endocrine reviews, 30994890.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30994890/
Cousins FL, McKinnon BD, Mortlock S, Fitzgerald HC, Zhang C, Montgomery GW, & Gargett CE. (2023). New concepts on the etiology of endometriosis. The journal of obstetrics and gynaecology research, 36746607.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36746607/
Lamceva J, Uljanovs R, & Strumfa I. (2023). The Main Theories on the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis. International journal of molecular sciences, 36901685.
Q.
What are the potential causes of pain during sex in females?
A.
Pain during sex for females can be caused by physical issues like infections or hormonal changes, as well as psychological factors such as anxiety or relationship problems.
References:
Ghizzani A, Orlandini C, Bernardi MG, Cevenini G, & Luisi S. (2017). Sexual pain in women: quality of sex life and marital relations. Minerva ginecologica, 28381078.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28381078/
Streicher LF. (2023). Diagnosis, causes, and treatment of dyspareunia in .... Menopause (New York, N.Y.), 37040586.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37040586/
Uloko M, & Rubin R. (2021). Managing Female Sexual Pain. The Urologic clinics of North America, 34602170.
Q.
What are the symptoms and treatment options for stage 2 endometriosis?
A.
Stage 2 endometriosis can cause pelvic pain and discomfort. Treatment may include medications or surgery, depending on the severity of symptoms.
References:
Nisolle M, & Nervo P. (2003). [Physiopathology and therapeutic management of stage I .... Journal de gynecologie, obstetrique et biologie de la reproduction, 14968061.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14968061/
Pašalić E, Tambuwala MM, & Hromić-Jahjefendić A. (2023). Classification, pathophysiology, and treatment options. Pathology, research and practice, 37844487.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37844487/
Ploteau S, Merlot B, Roman H, Canis M, Collinet P, & Fritel X. (2018). Impact of the laparoscopic surgery on pelvic pain and .... Gynecologie, obstetrique, fertilite & senologie, 29510965.
Q.
What are the treatment options for stage 4 endometriosis?
A.
Stage 4 endometriosis can be treated with surgery and medication to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
References:
Napolitano C, Marziani R, Mossa B, Perniola L, & Benagiano G. (1994). Management of stage III and IV endometriosis: a 10-year .... European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 8200467.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8200467/
Brudie LA, Gaia G, Ahmad S, Finkler NJ, Bigsby GE 4th, Ghurani GB, et al. (2012). Peri-operative outcomes of patients with stage IV .... Journal of robotic surgery, 27628471.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27628471/
Pašalić E, Tambuwala MM, & Hromić-Jahjefendić A. (2023). Classification, pathophysiology, and treatment options. Pathology, research and practice, 37844487.
Q.
What are the underlying causes of heavy periods?
A.
Heavy periods can be caused by hormonal changes, uterine fibroids, stress, or other health conditions. It's important to talk to a doctor if you have concerns about heavy bleeding.
References:
Luiro K, & Holopainen E. (2022). Heavy Menstrual Bleeding in Adolescent: Normal or a Sign .... Seminars in reproductive medicine, 34734398.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34734398/
Brenner PF. (1996). Differential diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 8828559.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8828559/
Uimari O, Subramaniam KS, Vollenhoven B, & Tapmeier TT. (2022). Uterine Fibroids (Leiomyomata) and Heavy Menstrual .... Frontiers in reproductive health, 36303616.
Q.
What causes heavy periods and how can they be managed?
A.
Heavy periods can be caused by various factors, including hormonal imbalances and uterine issues, and can be managed with medications or other treatments.
References:
James AH. (2016). Heavy menstrual bleeding: work-up and management. Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program, 27913486.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27913486/
Maybin JA, & Critchley HO. (2016). Medical management of heavy menstrual bleeding. Women's health (London, England), 26695687.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26695687/
Matteson KA, Rahn DD, Wheeler TL 2nd, Casiano E, Siddiqui NY, Harvie HS, et al. (2013). Nonsurgical management of heavy menstrual bleeding. Obstetrics and gynecology, 23635628.
Q.
What could be causing lower back and pelvic pain in females?
A.
Lower back and pelvic pain in females can be caused by issues with the pelvic floor muscles or other chronic pelvic conditions.
References:
Dufour S, Vandyken B, Forget MJ, & Vandyken C. (2018). Association between lumbopelvic pain and pelvic floor .... Musculoskeletal science & practice, 29268147.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29268147/
Ugur Tosun B, & Yilmaz Gokmen G. (2023). Cause of non-specific low back pain in women: pelvic floor .... International urogynecology journal, 37466692.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37466692/
Gin GT, Rosenblum E, Wilkinson LD, & Brady PH. (2022). Female Pelvic Conditions: Chronic Pelvic Pain. FP essentials, 35420402.
Q.
What could be causing my daily abdominal pain?
A.
Daily abdominal pain can be caused by stress, digestive issues, or conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). It's important to identify the specific cause to manage the symptoms effectively.
References:
Dancey CP, Taghavi M, & Fox RJ. (1998). The relationship between daily stress and symptoms of .... Journal of psychosomatic research, 9623874.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9623874/
Mielczarek J, Małecka-Panas E, & Bak-Romaniszyn L. (2009). [Children's abdominal pain--from symptoms to diagnosis]. Polski merkuriusz lekarski : organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego, 19606673.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19606673/
Vanuytsel T, Tack JF, & Boeckxstaens GE. (2014). Treatment of abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Journal of gastroenterology, 24845149.
Q.
What could be causing my left side abdominal pain?
A.
Left side abdominal pain can be caused by different things, like digestive issues or problems with organs in that area. It's important to see a doctor to find out the exact cause.
References:
Hwang JA, Kim SM, Song HJ, Lee YM, Moon KM, Moon CG, et al. (2013). Differential diagnosis of left-sided abdominal pain. World journal of gastroenterology, 24187459.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24187459/
Hollerweger A, Macheiner P, & Gritzmann N. (2003). Acute left lower quadrant abdominal pain. Ultraschall in der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany : 1980), 12599037.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12599037/
Expert Panel on Gastrointestinal Imaging, Weinstein S, Kim DH, Fowler KJ, Birkholz JH, Cash BD, et al. (2023). ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Left Lower Quadrant Pain. Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR, 38040465.
Q.
What could be causing my lower left abdominal pain?
A.
Lower left abdominal pain can be caused by various conditions, including digestive issues, infections, or problems with organs in that area.
References:
Hollerweger A, Macheiner P, & Gritzmann N. (2003). Acute left lower quadrant abdominal pain. Ultraschall in der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany : 1980), 12599037.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12599037/
Bodmer NA, & Thakrar KH. (2015). Evaluating the Patient with Left Lower Quadrant Abdominal .... Radiologic clinics of North America, 26526432.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26526432/
Yew KS, George MK, & Allred HB. (2023). Acute Abdominal Pain in Adults: Evaluation and Diagnosis. American family physician, 37327158.
Q.
What could be some reasons for having trouble getting pregnant?
A.
Trouble getting pregnant can be due to problems with ovulation, blocked fallopian tubes, or issues with sperm. Sometimes, the cause is unknown.
References:
Carson SA, & Kallen AN. (2021). Diagnosis and Management of Infertility: A Review. JAMA, 34228062.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34228062/
(2019). Infertility Workup for the Women's Health Specialist. Obstetrics and gynecology, 31135764.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31135764/
Vander Borght M, & Wyns C. (2018). Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology. Clinical biochemistry, 29555319.
Q.
What could be the cause of my lower abdominal pain?
A.
Lower abdominal pain can be caused by many things, like digestive issues, infections, or problems with organs in the area. It's important to see a doctor to find out the exact cause.
References:
Carlberg DJ, Lee SD, & Dubin JS. (2016). Lower Abdominal Pain. Emergency medicine clinics of North America, 27133242.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27133242/
Yew KS, George MK, & Allred HB. (2023). Acute Abdominal Pain in Adults: Evaluation and Diagnosis. American family physician, 37327158.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37327158/
Flock F, & Sauer G. (2004). [Gynecological aspects of pain in the lower abdomen]. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin, 15357478.
Q.
What could be the reason for a stomach ache after eating?
A.
Stomach aches after eating can be caused by various factors, including how the body reacts to food or conditions like gastroparesis.
References:
Aguilera-Lizarraga J. (2022). emerging mechanisms of abdominal pain from food intake. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 36126222.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36126222/
Colomier E, Melchior C, Algera JP, Hreinsson JP, Störsrud S, Törnblom H, et al. (2022). Global prevalence and burden of meal-related abdominal .... BMC medicine, 35172840.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35172840/
Cherian D, Sachdeva P, Fisher RS, & Parkman HP. (2010). Abdominal pain is a frequent symptom of gastroparesis. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association, 20472097.
Q.
What could be the reason for having a stomach ache and headache together?
A.
Having a stomach ache and headache together could be due to a condition called abdominal migraine, which is more common in children.
References:
Russell G, Abu-Arafeh I, & Symon DN. (2002). Abdominal migraine: evidence for existence and treatment .... Paediatric drugs, 11817981.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11817981/
Cervellin G, & Lippi G. (2015). Abdominal migraine in the differential diagnosis of acute .... The American journal of emergency medicine, 25616589.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25616589/
Symon DN, & Russell G. (1986). Abdominal migraine: a childhood syndrome defined. Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache, 3802189.
Q.
What could be the reasons for having a hard time getting pregnant?
A.
Having trouble getting pregnant can be due to many reasons, including health issues and age. Sometimes, conditions like autoimmune diseases can also make it harder to conceive.
References:
Vander Borght M, & Wyns C. (2018). Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology. Clinical biochemistry, 29555319.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29555319/
Simionescu G, Doroftei B, Maftei R, Obreja BE, Anton E, Grab D, et al. (2021). The complex relationship between infertility and .... Experimental and therapeutic medicine, 33717249.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33717249/
Khizroeva J, Nalli C, Bitsadze V, Lojacono A, Zatti S, Andreoli L, et al. (2019). Infertility in women with systemic autoimmune diseases. Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism, 31837981.
Q.
What could cause a stomach ache accompanied by diarrhea?
A.
A stomach ache with diarrhea can be caused by conditions like Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) or other functional bowel disorders. Infections or colitis are other possible causes.
References:
Marasco G, Cremon C, Barbaro MR, Stanghellini V, & Barbara G. (2024). Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome With Diarrhea. Journal of clinical gastroenterology, 38227850.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38227850/
Bharucha AE, Chakraborty S, & Sletten CD. (2016). Common Functional Gastroenterological Disorders .... Mayo Clinic proceedings, 27492916.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27492916/
Thompson WG, Longstreth GF, Drossman DA, Heaton KW, Irvine EJ, & Müller-Lissner SA. (1999). Functional bowel disorders and functional abdominal pain. Gut, 10457044.
Q.
What could cause a stomach ache every morning?
A.
Morning stomach aches can be caused by conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or chronic nausea, which may be influenced by lifestyle factors.
References:
Corsetti M, & Whorwell PJ. (2015). Managing irritable bowel syndrome in primary care. The Practitioner, 26455114.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26455114/
Kovacic K, & Li BU. (2014). Childhood chronic nausea: is it just a queasy stomach?. Current gastroenterology reports, 24842276.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24842276/
Cho S, & Kim S. (2022). Does a healthy lifestyle matter? A daily diary study of .... The Journal of applied psychology, 33764080.
Q.
What could cause heavy periods with clots after age 40?
A.
Heavy periods with clots after age 40 can be caused by bleeding disorders, hormonal changes, or other medical conditions affecting the uterus.
References:
Bennett K, Daley ML, & Pike C. (1997). Factor V deficiency and menstruation: a gynecologic .... Obstetrics and gynecology, 9166342.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9166342/
Blum M, & Blum G. (1992). The possible relationship between menorrhagia and occult .... Advances in contraception : the official journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception, 1290333.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1290333/
Brenner PF. (1996). Differential diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 8828559.
Q.
What could cause left lower abdominal pain in females?
A.
Left lower abdominal pain in females can be caused by issues like digestive problems, urinary tract infections, or gynecological conditions such as ovarian cysts or ectopic pregnancy.
References:
Hollerweger A, Macheiner P, & Gritzmann N. (2003). Acute left lower quadrant abdominal pain. Ultraschall in der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany : 1980), 12599037.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12599037/
Yew KS, George MK, & Allred HB. (2023). Acute Abdominal Pain in Adults: Evaluation and Diagnosis. American family physician, 37327158.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37327158/
Tuma J, & Serra A. (2020). Differential Diagnosis of Lower Abdominal Pain. Praxis, 32517594.
Q.
What could cause lower abdominal pain when pooping or peeing?
A.
Lower abdominal pain when pooping or peeing can be caused by issues with the colon or bladder, pelvic organ prolapse, or hernias impacting the bladder and ureters.
References:
Grundy L, & Brierley SM. (2018). Cross-organ sensitization between the colon and bladder. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 29146678.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29146678/
Marinkovic SP, & Stanton SL. (2004). Incontinence and voiding difficulties associated with prolapse. The Journal of urology, 14767263.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14767263/
Goldin RR, & Rosen RA. (1975). Effects of inguinal hernias upon the bladder and ureters. Radiology, 1118618.
Q.
What could cause lower left pelvic pain in females?
A.
Lower left pelvic pain in females can be caused by various issues, including gynecological conditions, gastrointestinal problems, or urinary tract issues.
References:
Beard RW, Reginald PW, & Wadsworth J. (1988). Clinical features of women with chronic lower abdominal .... British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 3349005.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3349005/
Bhavsar AK, Gelner EJ, & Shorma T. (2016). Common Questions About the Evaluation of Acute Pelvic .... American family physician, 26760839.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26760839/
Hammond NA, Nikolaidis P, & Miller FH. (2010). Left lower-quadrant pain: guidelines from the American .... American family physician, 20879699.
Q.
What could cause pain on the right side when pooping?
A.
Pain on the right side when pooping can be due to issues like faecal retention or nerve-related problems in the lower back area.
References:
Raahave D. (2015). Faecal retention: a common cause in functional bowel .... Danish medical journal, 25748875.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25748875/
Haddad R, Hentzen C, Le Breton F, Sheikh Ismael S, & Amarenco G. (2019). Lumbosacral radicular pain during micturition, defecation .... European journal of pain (London, England), 30697909.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30697909/
Norlin AK, Walter S, Icenhour A, Keita ÅV, Elsenbruch S, Bednarska O, et al. (2021). Fatigue in irritable bowel syndrome is associated with .... Brain, behavior, and immunity, 33249172.
Q.
What could cause pelvic bone pain and how is it treated?
A.
Pelvic bone pain can be caused by conditions like chronic anterior pelvic instability, primary bone tumors, or cancer. Treatment varies depending on the cause and may include physical therapy, surgery, or pain management strategies.
References:
Stover MD, Edelstein AI, & Matta JM. (2017). Chronic Anterior Pelvic Instability: Diagnosis and .... The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 28574938.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28574938/
Thompson RC Jr, & Berg TL. (1996). Primary bone tumors of the pelvis presenting as spinal .... Orthopedics, 8972518.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8972518/
Rigor BM Sr. (2000). Pelvic cancer pain. Journal of surgical oncology, 11135274.
Q.
What could cause period cramps but no period?
A.
Period cramps without a period could be due to anovulatory cycles, chronic pelvic pain, or other conditions like vulvodynia.
References:
Mann G, Shirin S, Bann S, Yong PJ, Kalidasan D, Goshtasebi A, & Prior JC. (2024). Menstrual Cramps in Anovulatory versus Normally .... Journal of pain research, 39005755.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39005755/
Walker EA, Katon WJ, Neraas K, Jemelka RP, & Massoth D. (1992). Dissociation in women with chronic pelvic pain. The American journal of psychiatry, 1554041.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1554041/
Estibeiro V, Juntunen A, Bond JC, & Harlow BL. (2022). Menstrual Cycle Characteristics and Vulvodynia. Journal of women's health (2002), 35041490.
Q.
What could cause periodic abdominal pain?
A.
Periodic abdominal pain can be caused by stress, inflammation of the colon, bladder, and more rarely tumors, or hydronephrosis. Each condition affects the body differently and may require specific attention.
References:
Alfvén G, & Andersson E. (2023). Stress and recurrent abdominal pain. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 37565357.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37565357/
Chen YJ, Yu HH, Yang YH, Lau YL, Lee WI, & Chiang BL. (2014). Recurrent abdominal pain as the presentation of tumor .... Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi, 22921805.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22921805/
Fu K, Jia W, Fu W, Zhang LY, Hu JH, Zhao Z, et al. (2018). Abdominal pain as a result of intermittent hydronephrosis. European review for medical and pharmacological sciences, 29863257.
Q.
What could cause sharp pain during sexual activity?
A.
Sharp pain during sexual activity can be caused by conditions like vulvar vestibulitis, which affects the area around the opening of the vagina. other causes include endometriosis, ovarian cysts, cystitis and colitis.
References:
Engman M, Wijma K, & Wijma B. (2008). Post-coital burning pain and pain at micturition. Journal of sex & marital therapy, 18770111.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18770111/
Bergeron S, Brown C, Lord MJ, Oala M, Binik YM, & Khalifé S. (2002). Physical therapy for vulvar vestibulitis syndrome. Journal of sex & marital therapy, 11995597.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11995597/
Broso P, Buffetti G, & Sacco A. (1994). [Vulvar vestibulitis]. Minerva ginecologica, 8015696.
Q.
What could cause sharp pain in a sexually active female?
A.
Sharp pain during sex in women may be caused by physical factors, such as infections, hormonal changes, or emotional factors such as stress.
References:
Ghizzani A, Orlandini C, Bernardi MG, Cevenini G, & Luisi S. (2017). Sexual pain in women: quality of sex life and marital relations. Minerva ginecologica, 28381078.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28381078/
Graziottin A. (2003). Etiology and diagnosis of coital pain. Journal of endocrinological investigation, 12834036.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12834036/
Hrelic DA, Wax EM, & Saccomano SJ. (2023). Dyspareunia: Etiology, presentation, and management. The Nurse practitioner, 37884020.
Q.
What could left lower abdominal pain indicate?
A.
Left lower abdominal pain can be caused by several conditions, including issues with the intestines or reproductive organs. It's important to see a doctor to find out the exact cause.
References:
Hollerweger A, Macheiner P, & Gritzmann N. (2003). Acute left lower quadrant abdominal pain. Ultraschall in der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany : 1980), 12599037.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12599037/
Bodmer NA, & Thakrar KH. (2015). Evaluating the Patient with Left Lower Quadrant Abdominal .... Radiologic clinics of North America, 26526432.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26526432/
Expert Panel on Gastrointestinal Imaging, Weinstein S, Kim DH, Fowler KJ, Birkholz JH, Cash BD, et al. (2023). ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Left Lower Quadrant Pain. Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR, 38040465.
Q.
What dietary changes can help manage endometriosis symptoms?
A.
Eating more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while reducing red meat and processed foods can help manage endometriosis symptoms.
References:
Barnard ND, Holtz DN, Schmidt N, Kolipaka S, Hata E, Sutton M, et al. (2023). Nutrition in the prevention and treatment of endometriosis. Frontiers in nutrition, 36875844.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36875844/
Piecuch M, Garbicz J, Waliczek M, Malinowska-Borowska J, & Rozentryt P. (2022). I Am the 1 in 10-What Should I Eat? A Research Review .... Nutrients, 36558442.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36558442/
Meneghetti JK, Pedrotti MT, Coimbra IM, & da Cunha-Filho JSL. (2024). Effect of Dietary Interventions on Endometriosis. Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 39358652.
Q.
What do period cramps typically feel like?
A.
Period cramps often feel like a dull ache or a strong, cramping pain in the lower belly, which can vary in intensity.
References:
Hightower M. (1997). Effects of exercise participation on menstrual pain and .... Women & health, 9525266.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9525266/
Teperi J, & Rimpelä M. (1989). Menstrual pain, health and behaviour in girls - PubMed. Social science & medicine (1982), 2787534.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2787534/
Oladosu FA, Tu FF, Farhan S, Garrison EF, Steiner ND, Roth GE, & Hellman KM. (2018). Abdominal skeletal muscle activity precedes spontaneous .... American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 29733841.
Q.
What does endometriosis pain typically feel like?
A.
Endometriosis pain often feels like being stabbed or having sharp, intense pains, and it can be very hard to deal with.
References:
Bullo S. (2020). I feel like I'm being stabbed by a thousand tiny men. Health (London, England : 1997), 30782020.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30782020/
Becker K, Heinemann K, Imthurn B, Marions L, Moehner S, Gerlinger C, et al. (2021). Real world data on symptomology and diagnostic .... Scientific reports, 34650132.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34650132/
Bullo S, & Hearn JH. (2021). A mixed-methods analysis of pain metaphor use by women .... British journal of health psychology, 32920887.
Q.
What exercises can help get rid of period cramps?
A.
Exercise can help reduce period cramps. Activities like yoga and stretching may be beneficial.
References:
Proctor ML, & Murphy PA. (2001). Herbal and dietary therapies for primary and secondary .... The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 11687013.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687013/
Armour M, Ee CC, Naidoo D, Ayati Z, Chalmers KJ, Steel KA, et al. (2019). Exercise for dysmenorrhoea. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 31538328.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31538328/
Christelle K, Norhayati MN, & Jaafar SH. (2022). Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding .... The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 36017945.
Q.
What factors could be preventing pregnancy when trying to conceive?
A.
Factors preventing pregnancy include lifestyle choices like smoking, alcohol, and marijuana use, as well as medical issues like infertility, which is more common than many realize.
References:
Joesoef MR, Beral V, Aral SO, Rolfs RT, & Cramer DW. (1993). Fertility and use of cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and .... Annals of epidemiology, 7921305.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7921305/
Vander Borght M, & Wyns C. (2018). Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology. Clinical biochemistry, 29555319.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29555319/
Gnoth C, Godehardt E, Frank-Herrmann P, Friol K, Tigges J, & Freundl G. (2005). Definition and prevalence of subfertility and infertility. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 15802321.
Q.
What is 'endometriosis belly' and how can it be managed?
A.
Endometriosis belly refers to bloating and swelling in the abdomen caused by endometriosis, and it can be managed with lifestyle changes and medical treatments.
References:
Velho RV, Werner F, & Mechsner S. (2023). Endo Belly: What Is It and Why Does It Happen?. Journal of clinical medicine, 38002788.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38002788/
Luscombe GM, Markham R, Judio M, Grigoriu A, & Fraser IS. (2009). Abdominal bloating: an under-recognized endometriosis .... Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology Canada : JOGC = Journal d'obstetrique et gynecologie du Canada : JOGC, 20085682.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20085682/
Issa B, Onon TS, Agrawal A, Shekhar C, Morris J, Hamdy S, & Whorwell PJ. (2012). Visceral hypersensitivity in endometriosis: a new target for .... Gut, 21868492.
Q.
What is considered a heavy period and when should you see a doctor?
A.
A heavy period is when you lose more than 80 milliliters of blood during your menstrual cycle or have periods lasting longer than 7 days. See a doctor if you experience these symptoms, especially if they interfere with daily life.
References:
Davies J, & Kadir RA. (2017). Heavy menstrual bleeding: An update on management. Thrombosis research, 28262240.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28262240/
Warner PE, Critchley HO, Lumsden MA, Campbell-Brown M, Douglas A, & Murray GD. (2004). Menorrhagia I: measured blood loss, clinical features, and .... American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 15167821.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15167821/
Luiro K, & Holopainen E. (2022). Heavy Menstrual Bleeding in Adolescent: Normal or a Sign .... Seminars in reproductive medicine, 34734398.
Q.
What medications are commonly prescribed for endometriosis?
A.
Common medications for endometriosis include hormonal treatments like birth control pills, GnRH agonists, and progestins to help manage pain and slow endometrial growth.
References:
Capezzuoli T, Rossi M, La Torre F, Vannuccini S, & Petraglia F. (2022). Hormonal drugs for the treatment of endometriosis. Current opinion in pharmacology, 36279764.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36279764/
Fedele L, & Berlanda N. (2004). Emerging drugs for endometriosis. Expert opinion on emerging drugs, 15155142.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15155142/
Rafique S, & Decherney AH. (2017). Medical Management of Endometriosis. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 28590310.
Q.
What might be the reason for heavy periods with clots?
A.
Heavy periods with clots can be caused by hormonal imbalances, uterine abnormalities, or blood clotting disorders. Stress is another common contributor to this problem.
References:
James AH. (2016). Heavy menstrual bleeding: work-up and management. Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program, 27913486.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27913486/
Davies J, & Kadir RA. (2012). Endometrial haemostasis and menstruation. Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders, 23180227.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23180227/
Brenner PF. (1996). Differential diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 8828559.
Q.
What might cause a stomach ache after sex?
A.
Stomach aches after sex can be caused by various factors, including physical injuries or pain related to sexual activity.
References:
Tolver MA, & Rosenberg J. (2015). Pain during sexual activity before and after laparoscopic .... Surgical endoscopy, 25783834.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25783834/
Bhagat M. (1996). Coital injury presenting in a 13 year old as abdominal pain .... Pediatric emergency care, 8897544.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8897544/
Paterson LQ, Amsel R, & Binik YM. (2013). Pleasure and pain: the effect of (almost) having an orgasm .... The journal of sexual medicine, 23551826.
Q.
What natural remedies help with period cramps?
A.
Natural remedies like herbal therapies, aromatherapy, and a turmeric-boswellia-sesame formulation may help reduce period cramps. Acupuncture is another therapy that may reduce symptoms.
References:
Proctor ML, & Murphy PA. (2001). Herbal and dietary therapies for primary and secondary .... The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 11687013.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687013/
Han SH, Hur MH, Buckle J, Choi J, & Lee MS. (2006). Effect of aromatherapy on symptoms of dysmenorrhea in .... Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 16884344.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16884344/
Agarwal D, & Chaudhary P. (2023). Effect of Turmeric-Boswellia-Sesame Formulation in .... Journal of clinical medicine, 37373663.
Q.
What organs are located in the lower left abdomen of females?
A.
In the lower left abdomen of females, you can find the left ovary and parts of the intestines, like the sigmoid colon.
References:
Gibson E, & Mahdy H. (2025). Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis, Ovary. Unknown Journal, 31424771.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31424771/
Rotoli JM. (2017). Abdominal Pain in the Post-menopausal Female. The Journal of emergency medicine, 28238384.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28238384/
Yew KS, George MK, & Allred HB. (2023). Acute Abdominal Pain in Adults: Evaluation and Diagnosis. American family physician, 37327158.
Q.
What physiological processes cause period cramps?
A.
Period cramps are caused by the uterus contracting due to substances called prostaglandins, leading to pain and discomfort during menstruation.
References:
Rosenwaks Z, & Seegar-Jones G. (1980). Menstrual pain: its origin and pathogenesis. The Journal of reproductive medicine, 7001019.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7001019/
Deligeoroglou E. (2000). Dysmenorrhea. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 10818411.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10818411/
Friederich MA. (1983). Dysmenorrhea. Women & health, 6685410.
Q.
What should I do if I have pain in my lower left abdomen?
A.
Pain in the lower left abdomen can be caused by several issues, like digestive problems or even appendicitis. It's important to see a doctor to find out what's wrong.
References:
Tursi A, Elisei W, Picchio M, Giorgetti GM, & Brandimarte G. (2015). Moderate to severe and prolonged left lower-abdominal .... Journal of clinical gastroenterology, 24583746.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24583746/
Yang CY, Liu HY, Lin HL, & Lin JN. (2012). Left-sided acute appendicitis: a pitfall in the emergency .... The Journal of emergency medicine, 21550751.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21550751/
Hollerweger A, Macheiner P, & Gritzmann N. (2003). Acute left lower quadrant abdominal pain. Ultraschall in der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany : 1980), 12599037.
Q.
What should I do if I have persistent abdominal pain?
A.
If you have persistent abdominal pain, it's important to see a doctor to find out the cause and get the right treatment.
References:
Yew KS, George MK, & Allred HB. (2023). Acute Abdominal Pain in Adults: Evaluation and Diagnosis. American family physician, 37327158.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37327158/
Sabo CM, Grad S, & Dumitrascu DL. (2021). Chronic Abdominal Pain in General Practice. Digestive diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 33631744.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33631744/
Govender I, Rangiah S, Bongongo T, & Mahuma P. (2021). A Primary Care Approach to Abdominal Pain in Adults. South African family practice : official journal of the South African Academy of Family Practice/Primary Care, 33764143.
Q.
What steps should I take if I am having trouble getting pregnant?
A.
If you're having trouble getting pregnant, try timing intercourse with ovulation, and consider consulting a doctor for further evaluation and possible treatments.
References:
Manders M, McLindon L, Schulze B, Beckmann MM, Kremer JA, & Farquhar C. (2015). Timed intercourse for couples trying to conceive. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 25775926.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25775926/
Vander Borght M, & Wyns C. (2018). Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology. Clinical biochemistry, 29555319.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29555319/
Hamilton-Fairley D, & Franks S. (1990). Common problems in induction of ovulation. Bailliere's clinical obstetrics and gynaecology, 2282744.
Q.
What tests are available to confirm an endometriosis diagnosis?
A.
Endometriosis can be diagnosed using various tests, including imaging techniques like ultrasound and MRI, as well as surgical methods such as laparoscopy.
References:
Pascoal E, Wessels JM, Aas-Eng MK, Abrao MS, Condous G, Jurkovic D, et al. (2022). Strengths and limitations of diagnostic tools for .... Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 35229963.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35229963/
Spaczynski RZ, & Duleba AJ. (2003). Diagnosis of endometriosis. Seminars in reproductive medicine, 12917789.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12917789/
Hsu AL, Khachikyan I, & Stratton P. (2010). Invasive and noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of .... Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 20436318.
Q.
What tests are used to diagnose endometriosis?
A.
Endometriosis is diagnosed through a combination of clinical evaluation, imaging tests like ultrasound, and sometimes surgery called laparoscopy.
References:
Spaczynski RZ, & Duleba AJ. (2003). Diagnosis of endometriosis. Seminars in reproductive medicine, 12917789.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12917789/
Kiesel L, & Sourouni M. (2019). Diagnosis of endometriosis in the 21st century. Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society, 30905186.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30905186/
Hsu AL, Khachikyan I, & Stratton P. (2010). Invasive and noninvasive methods for the diagnosis of .... Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 20436318.
Q.
What treatments are available to stop heavy periods?
A.
Heavy periods can be treated with medications like tranexamic acid, hormonal therapies, or other medical interventions depending on the cause.
References:
Christelle K, Norhayati MN, & Jaafar SH. (2022). Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding .... The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 36017945.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36017945/
Boonyawat K, O'Brien SH, & Bates SM. (2017). How I treat heavy menstrual bleeding associated with .... Blood, 29092828.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29092828/
Lukes AS, Moore KA, Muse KN, Gersten JK, Hecht BR, Edlund M, et al. (2010). Tranexamic acid treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding. Obstetrics and gynecology, 20859150.
Q.
When is Endometriosis Awareness Month and what is its purpose?
A.
Endometriosis Awareness Month is in March, and its purpose is to increase understanding and awareness of endometriosis, a condition that affects many women.
References:
Khan KN, Ogawa K, Iwasa K, Kuroboshi H, Okimura H, Koshiba A, et al. (2022). The Endometriosis Awareness Promotion Project. Reproductive biomedicine online, 36241496.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36241496/
Sun X, He L, & Wang S. (2025). Knowledge and awareness of endometriosis among .... BMC women's health, 40075325.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40075325/
Tomsett KI, Mardon AK, Gao OW, Simpson AK, Squire BC, Warner IG, & Evans SF. (2025). Prevalence and Impact of Period and Pelvic Pain in .... The Australian & New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology, 40084547.
Q.
When is surgery recommended for endometriosis?
A.
Surgery for endometriosis is often recommended when other treatments don’t help, especially for severe pain or fertility issues.
References:
Bafort C, Beebeejaun Y, Tomassetti C, Bosteels J, & Duffy JM. (2020). Laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 33095458.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33095458/
Singh SS, & Suen MW. (2017). Surgery for endometriosis: beyond medical therapies. Fertility and sterility, 28189295.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28189295/
Arcoverde FVL, Andres MP, Borrelli GM, Barbosa PA, Abrão MS, & Kho RM. (2019). Surgery for Endometriosis Improves Major Domains .... Journal of minimally invasive gynecology, 30244153.
Q.
Where is pelvic pain typically located and what does it indicate?
A.
Pelvic pain is usually felt in the lower belly area and can mean different things, like muscle issues or other health conditions.
References:
Spitznagle TM, & Robinson CM. (2014). Myofascial pelvic pain. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America, 25155122.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25155122/
Apte G, Nelson P, Brismée JM, Dedrick G, Justiz R 3rd, & Sizer PS Jr. (2012). Chronic female pelvic pain--part 1: clinical pathoanatomy .... Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain, 21615678.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21615678/
Frasca DJ, Jarrio CE, & Perdue J. (2023). Evaluation of Acute Pelvic Pain in Women. American family physician, 37590858.
Q.
Why do I experience abdominal pain during my period?
A.
Abdominal pain during your period is often due to the muscles in your uterus contracting to help shed its lining, which is a normal part of the menstrual cycle.
References:
Iacovides S, Baker FC, & Avidon I. (2014). The 24-h progression of menstrual pain in women with .... Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 24190696.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24190696/
Avant RF. (1988). Dysmenorrhea. Primary care, 3054962.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3054962/
Harada T. (2013). Dysmenorrhea and endometriosis in young women. Yonago acta medica, 24574576.
Q.
Why do period cramps occur and how can they be alleviated?
A.
Period cramps happen because the uterus is contracting to help shed its lining. You can ease the pain with heat, exercise, or herbal and dietary therapies.
References:
Rosenwaks Z, & Seegar-Jones G. (1980). Menstrual pain: its origin and pathogenesis. The Journal of reproductive medicine, 7001019.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7001019/
Proctor ML, & Murphy PA. (2001). Herbal and dietary therapies for primary and secondary .... The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 11687013.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687013/
Deligeoroglou E. (2000). Dysmenorrhea. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 10818411.
Q.
Why might I experience pain in my left lower abdomen?
A.
Pain in the left lower abdomen can be caused by various conditions, including digestive issues and infections. It's important to see a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.
References:
Hollerweger A, Macheiner P, & Gritzmann N. (2003). Acute left lower quadrant abdominal pain. Ultraschall in der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany : 1980), 12599037.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12599037/
Bodmer NA, & Thakrar KH. (2015). Evaluating the Patient with Left Lower Quadrant Abdominal .... Radiologic clinics of North America, 26526432.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26526432/
Expert Panel on Gastrointestinal Imaging:, Galgano SJ, McNamara MM, Peterson CM, Kim DH, Fowler KJ, et al. (2019). ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Left Lower Quadrant Pain .... Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR, 31054740.
Q.
Why might I have trouble getting pregnant after a miscarriage?
A.
After a miscarriage, it can be harder to get pregnant due to shared causes of infertility and miscarriage, or issues like blood clotting problems.
References:
Agenor A, & Bhattacharya S. (2015). Infertility and miscarriage: common pathways in .... Women's health (London, England), 26238301.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26238301/
Arge LA, Håberg SE, Wilcox AJ, Næss Ø, Basso O, & Magnus MC. (2022). The association between miscarriage and fecundability. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 34792121.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34792121/
Bick RL, & Hoppensteadt D. (2005). Recurrent miscarriage syndrome and infertility due to blood .... Clinical and applied thrombosis/hemostasis : official journal of the International Academy of Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis, 15678268.
Q.
Why might I have trouble getting pregnant after removing Mirena?
A.
Getting pregnant after removing Mirena may take time due to various factors, but most women can conceive within a year. Other health issues might affect fertility.
References:
Randic L, Vlasic S, Matrljan I, & Waszak CS. (1985). Return to fertility after IUD removal for planned pregnancy. Contraception, 4085244.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4085244/
Andolsek L, Teeter RA, Kozuh-Novak M, Wheeler R, Fortney JA, & Rosenberg MJ. (1986). Time to conception after IUD removal. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 2880761.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2880761/
Daling JR, Weiss NS, Metch BJ, Chow WH, Soderstrom RM, Moore DE, et al. (1985). Primary tubal infertility in relation to the use of an .... The New England journal of medicine, 3974683.
Q.
Why might I keep experiencing abdominal pain?
A.
Abdominal pain can be caused by stress, systemic issues, or chronic conditions. It's important to consider these factors if you experience ongoing pain.
References:
Alfvén G, & Andersson E. (2023). Stress and recurrent abdominal pain. Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992), 37565357.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37565357/
Fields JM, & Dean AJ. (2011). Systemic causes of abdominal pain. Emergency medicine clinics of North America, 21515176.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21515176/
Sabo CM, Grad S, & Dumitrascu DL. (2021). Chronic Abdominal Pain in General Practice. Digestive diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 33631744.
Q.
Why might I not be getting pregnant even though I am ovulating?
A.
Not getting pregnant while ovulating could be due to timing issues or which ovary releases the egg. Having sex at the right time is important for conception. There are also other factors not related to ovulation that affect the chances of pregnancy.
References:
Gibbons T, Reavey J, Georgiou EX, & Becker CM. (2023). Timed intercourse for couples trying to conceive. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 37709293.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37709293/
Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, & Baird DD. (1995). Timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation. Effects .... The New England journal of medicine, 7477165.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7477165/
Fukuda M, Fukuda K, Andersen CY, & Byskov AG. (2000). Right-sided ovulation favours pregnancy more than left- .... Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 10966987.
Q.
Why might it hurt when I have sex and what should I do about it?
A.
Pain during sex can happen for different reasons, e.g. in the setting of prior pelvic surgery, or being new to sex. It's important to talk to a doctor if you're worried.
References:
Tolver MA, & Rosenberg J. (2015). Pain during sexual activity before and after laparoscopic .... Surgical endoscopy, 25783834.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25783834/
Weis DL. (1985). The experience of pain during women's first sexual .... Archives of sexual behavior, 4062539.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4062539/
Herbenick D, Schick V, Sanders SA, Reece M, & Fortenberry JD. (2015). Pain experienced during vaginal and anal intercourse with .... The journal of sexual medicine, 25648245.
Q.
Why might it hurt when I poop sometimes?
A.
Pain during pooping can be caused by sensitive guts, constipation, or hemorrhoids. These issues can make your abdomen or buttocks hurt when you go to the bathroom.
References:
Zuo XL, Li YQ, Shi L, Lv GP, Kuang RG, Lu XF, et al. (2006). Visceral hypersensitivity following cold water intake in .... Journal of gastroenterology, 16741609.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16741609/
Sato Y, & Fukudo S. (2015). Gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders in patients with .... Clinical journal of gastroenterology, 26499370.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26499370/
Shafik A. (1981). Urethral discharge, constipation, and hemorrhoids. New .... Urology, 7269018.
Q.
Why might it hurt when I stop peeing?
A.
Pain when stopping urination might be due to issues like bladder sensitivity or irritation, which can be influenced by factors like other nearby organs or hormonal changes.
References:
Burkhard FC, Blick N, Hochreiter WW, & Studer UE. (2004). Urinary urgency and frequency, and chronic urethral and/or .... The Journal of urology, 15201781.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15201781/
Grundy L, & Brierley SM. (2018). Cross-organ sensitization between the colon and bladder. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 29146678.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29146678/
Powell-Boone T, Ness TJ, Cannon R, Lloyd LK, Weigent DA, & Fillingim RB. (2005). Menstrual cycle affects bladder pain sensation in subjects .... The Journal of urology, 16217302.
Q.
Why might my bladder hurt when I poop?
A.
Bladder pain during bowel movements may be due to the way the nerves from the colon and bladder interact, or because of conditions that affect both organs.
References:
Grundy L, & Brierley SM. (2018). Cross-organ sensitization between the colon and bladder. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 29146678.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29146678/
Braundmeier-Fleming A, Russell NT, Yang W, Nas MY, Yaggie RE, Berry M, et al. (2016). Stool-based biomarkers of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain .... Scientific reports, 27188581.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27188581/
Haddad R, Hentzen C, Le Breton F, Sheikh Ismael S, & Amarenco G. (2019). Lumbosacral radicular pain during micturition, defecation .... European journal of pain (London, England), 30697909.
Q.
Why might my side hurt when I pee or poop?
A.
Pain in your side when you pee or poop might be due to how the bladder and colon affect each other or nerve issues in your lower back.
References:
Grundy L, & Brierley SM. (2018). Cross-organ sensitization between the colon and bladder. American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology, 29146678.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29146678/
Haddad R, Hentzen C, Le Breton F, Sheikh Ismael S, & Amarenco G. (2019). Lumbosacral radicular pain during micturition, defecation .... European journal of pain (London, England), 30697909.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30697909/
Verhamme KM, Sturkenboom MC, Stricker BH, & Bosch R. (2008). Drug-induced urinary retention: incidence, management .... Drug safety, 18422378.
Q.
Why might some women feel pain during sex?
A.
Some women feel pain during sex due to issues like vulvo-vaginal pain or genito-pelvic pain, which can start at a young age and be influenced by various factors.
References:
Landry T, & Bergeron S. (2009). How young does vulvo-vaginal pain begin? Prevalence .... The journal of sexual medicine, 19207275.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19207275/
Azim KA, Happel-Parkins A, Moses A, & Haardoerfer R. (2021). Exploring Relationships Between Genito-Pelvic Pain .... The journal of sexual medicine, 33757773.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33757773/
García-Pérez H, Harlow SD, Erdmann CA, & Denman C. (2010). Pelvic pain and associated characteristics among women .... International perspectives on sexual and reproductive health, 20663745.
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Mehedintu C, Plotogea MN, Ionescu S, Antonovici M. Endometriosis still a challenge. J Med Life. 2014 Sep 15;7(3):349-57. Epub 2014 Sep 25. PMID: 25408753; PMCID: PMC4233437.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4233437/Czyzyk A, Podfigurna A, Szeliga A, Meczekalski B. Update on endometriosis pathogenesis. Minerva Ginecol. 2017 Oct;69(5):447-461. doi: 10.23736/S0026-4784.17.04048-5. Epub 2017 Mar 7. PMID: 28271702.
https://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/minerva-obstetrics-gynecology/article.php?cod=R09Y2017N05A0447Burney RO, Giudice LC. Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of endometriosis. Fertil Steril. 2012 Sep;98(3):511-9. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.06.029. Epub 2012 Jul 20. PMID: 22819144; PMCID: PMC3836682.
https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(12)00682-6/fulltextFalcone T, Flyckt R. Clinical Management of Endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Mar;131(3):557-571. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002469. PMID: 29420391.
https://journals.lww.com/greenjournal/Abstract/2018/03000/Clinical_Management_of_Endometriosis.23.aspxVercellini P, Viganò P, Somigliana E, Fedele L. Endometriosis: pathogenesis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014 May;10(5):261-75. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2013.255. Epub 2013 Dec 24. PMID: 24366116.
https://www.nature.com/articles/nrendo.2013.255ACOG Patient FAQ
https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/endometriosisACOG Clinical
https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/practice-bulletin/articles/2010/07/management-of-endometriosis