Common Cold (Upper Respiratory Tract Infection) Quiz

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Sore throat

Fatigued

Dry cough

Nasal congestion

Scratchy throat

Stuffy nose

Frequent sneezing

Wet cough

Runny nose

Throat hurts to swallow

Unexplained joint pain

Throat and ear pain

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What is Common Cold (Upper Respiratory Tract Infection)?

Viral infection of the nose and throat. Symptoms include coughing, runny nose, and throat pain. Most colds are caused by viruses; a few are caused by bacteria.

Typical Symptoms of Common Cold (Upper Respiratory Tract Infection)

Diagnostic Questions for Common Cold (Upper Respiratory Tract Infection)

Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this disease:

  • Do you have yellow or green sputum?
  • Do you have pain all over your body?
  • Do you have a sore throat with pain when swallowing?
  • Do you have a fever?
  • Do you have warm hands and feet?

Treatment of Common Cold (Upper Respiratory Tract Infection)

The common cold usually resolves on its own and does not require specific treatment. Healthcare professionals can suggest ways to alleviate symptoms.

Reviewed By:

Unnati Patel, MD, MSc

Unnati Patel, MD, MSc (Family Medicine)

Dr.Patel serves as Center Medical Director and a Primary Care Physician at Oak Street Health in Arizona. She graduated from the Zhejiang University School of Medicine prior to working in clinical research focused on preventive medicine at the University of Illinois and the University of Nevada. Dr. Patel earned her MSc in Global Health from Georgetown University, during which she worked with the WHO in Sierra Leone and Save the Children in Washington, D.C. She went on to complete her Family Medicine residency in Chicago at Norwegian American Hospital before completing a fellowship in Leadership in Value-based Care in conjunction with the Northwestern University Kellogg School of Management, where she earned her MBA. Dr. Patel’s interests include health tech and teaching medical students and she currently serves as Clinical Associate Professor at the University of Arizona School of Medicine.

Yoshinori Abe, MD

Yoshinori Abe, MD (Internal Medicine)

Dr. Abe graduated from The University of Tokyo School of Medicine in 2015. He completed his residency at the Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Longevity Medical Center. He co-founded Ubie, Inc. in May 2017, where he currently serves as CEO & product owner at Ubie. Since December 2019, he has been a member of the Special Committee for Activation of Research in Emergency AI of the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine. | | Dr. Abe has been elected in the 2020 Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia Healthcare & Science category.

From our team of 50+ doctors

Content updated on Dec 13, 2024

Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy

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Symptoms Related to Common Cold (Upper Respiratory Tract Infection)

Diseases Related to Common Cold (Upper Respiratory Tract Infection)

FAQs

Q.

Can’t Shake This Cold? Why Your Body Is Struggling & Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

If your cold lingers beyond 7 to 10 days, there are several factors to consider: slow immune recovery from stress or poor sleep, catching a second virus, a common post-viral cough, allergies, or less commonly complications like sinusitis, ear infection, or bronchitis. Medically approved next steps range from supportive care to prompt medical review for red flags like no improvement after 10 days, worsening after initial recovery, high fever, trouble breathing, or a cough lasting more than 3 to 4 weeks; for critical details that could change your next step, including who should seek care sooner and a free symptom check, see below.

References:

* Eccles R. The common cold. Lancet. 2005 Nov 5-11;366(9498):1751-6. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67691-7. PMID: 16298215.

* Turner RB, et al. Risk factors for delayed recovery from the common cold. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Feb 1;38(3):363-8. doi: 10.1086/381084. PMID: 14767899.

* Chotiprasidhi P, Thongkaew S. Secondary bacterial infections in patients with acute viral respiratory tract infections: clinical aspects and antibiotic use. Future Microbiol. 2022 Sep;17:1189-1199. doi: 10.2217/fmb-2022-0050. Epub 2022 Jul 18. PMID: 35848577.

* Rondanelli M, et al. Treatment of common cold symptoms with a combination of vitamins and minerals: a systemic review. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2018 Jun;22(12):3977-3990. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_201806_15219. PMID: 29968417.

* Allan GM, Arroll B. Immunology of the common cold. Aust Prescr. 2014 Jun;37(3):88-91. doi: 10.18773/austprescr.2014.037. PMID: 27827878.

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Q.

Why Won’t It Go Away? The Reality of Upper Respiratory Infections & Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

There are several factors to consider: most upper respiratory infections are viral and improve in 7 to 10 days, though a cough can linger 2 to 3 weeks; if it is not going away it may still be the normal course, a new virus, post-viral inflammation, or a secondary bacterial issue or another condition like allergies, asthma, reflux, COVID, or chronic sinusitis. Start with rest, hydration, saline, and targeted over the counter symptom relief, and seek medical care for severe symptoms or if illness lasts beyond 10 to 14 days, since antibiotics are only used when bacterial infection is suspected. Key timelines, warning signs, and step by step guidance that could change your next move are detailed below.

References:

* Heikkinen, T., Järvinen, A. (2017). The common cold: current insights and opportunities for future control. *The Lancet Infectious Diseases*, 17(8), e274-e282. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28602663/

* Rosenfeld, R. M., et al. (2015). Clinical practice guideline: adult sinusitis. *Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery*, 152(1 Suppl), S1-S39. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26420794/

* Fonseca, J. G., et al. (2018). Symptomatic treatment of common cold: what's the evidence? *Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology*, 84(5), 629-634. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30241857/

* Rhee, H., et al. (2020). Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in adults: the role of non-pharmacological interventions. *European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases*, 39(8), 1461-1473. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32415510/

* Hersh, A. L., & Shapiro, D. J. (2019). Antibiotic stewardship for upper respiratory tract infections. *Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases*, 32(4), 302-308. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31335472/

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

Can’t Shake Cold Symptoms? Why Your Body is Struggling and Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

There are several factors to consider. Most colds improve in 7 to 10 days, but a cough can last 2 to 3 weeks, and lingering symptoms often reflect normal immune recovery, allergies, a new virus, or less commonly a secondary infection or underlying conditions. Medically approved next steps include rest, fluids, targeted symptom relief, and watching for red flags like worsening after initial improvement, high fever, breathing or chest problems, or symptoms beyond 3 weeks. For key details that could change your next steps, see below.

References:

* Konopka M, Konopka K, Radziun-Szlachta M. Common cold - new findings in immunology and treatment. Clin Exp Med. 2022 Nov;22(5):705-714. doi: 10.1007/s11299-022-00354-z. Epub 2022 Jun 20. PMID: 35725916; PMCID: PMC9209598.

* Desrosiers M, Evans GA. The common cold: an update on the acute course and complications. J Otolaryngol. 2002 Oct;31(5):253-60. doi: 10.2310/7070.2002.10080. PMID: 12420951.

* Palombini BC, Araujo E, Cantuaria ML, Souza L, Camargos PA. Post-viral cough: update on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. Rev Port Pneumol (2006). 2013 May;19(3):121-8. doi: 10.1016/j.rppneu.2012.11.003. Epub 2013 Mar 14. PMID: 23642735.

* DeGeorge KC, Ring D, Dalrymple SN. Acute Rhinosinusitis. Am Fam Physician. 2019 Jul 1;100(1):20-26. PMID: 31259468.

* Kim SY, Fanelli LJ, Lee J, Kim JJ. What Is New in the Treatment of the Common Cold? An Overview of Recent Data. Am J Ther. 2021 Nov-Dec 01;28(6):e717-e734. doi: 10.1097/MJT.0000000000001340. PMID: 34183424.

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Q.

Still Sick? Why Rhinovirus Lingers + Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

Rhinovirus symptoms can linger because of ongoing airway inflammation, post-viral cough, and sinus swelling; most colds improve in 7 to 10 days, but a cough can last 2 to 3 weeks and new or worsening symptoms can signal a secondary infection or an underlying condition. Medically approved next steps include rest, hydration, saline rinses and humidified air, short-term decongestant sprays, honey or OTC cough remedies, and cautious use of pain relievers, with medical evaluation for red flags like high fever, breathing trouble, or symptoms that fail to improve by 10 to 14 days or a cough beyond 3 weeks; there are several factors to consider, and the complete answer with details that could change your next steps is below.

References:

* Johnston SL, et al. Human rhinovirus persistence in the airway: A review. J Infect. 2018 May;76(5):427-434. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2018.03.003. Epub 2018 Mar 17. PMID: 29555673.

* Kujawski SA, et al. Factors influencing the duration of rhinovirus common cold symptoms. J Infect. 2017 Nov;75(5):451-456. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2017.09.006. Epub 2017 Sep 9. PMID: 28884214.

* Johnston SL, et al. Rhinovirus and exacerbations of asthma and COPD. Curr Opin Virol. 2013 Jun;3(3):289-97. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.04.004. Epub 2013 May 24. PMID: 23969443.

* Allan GM, et al. The common cold: current therapy and future directions. CMAJ. 2020 Sep 8;192(36):E1005-E1008. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.200780. PMID: 32906142.

* Seppala L, et al. The Common Cold: A Review of the Current Evidence and Current Management of Symptoms. Cureus. 2023 May 29;15(5):e39665. doi: 10.7759/cureus.39665. PMID: 37373801; PMCID: PMC10297058.

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Q.

Still Sick? Why Your Common Cold Is Lingering & Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

Most lingering colds are still normal, with symptoms easing over 1 to 3 weeks and cough sometimes lasting 3 to 8 weeks, commonly from post-viral inflammation, sinus irritation, or catching a second virus. There are several factors and red flags that can change your next steps; see below for medically approved guidance on rest, hydration, evidence-based symptom relief, when to seek care for signs like high fever or worsening symptoms, and why antibiotics usually are not needed.

References:

* Ranzani R, Corradi M, Castagnetti C, et al. Post-viral cough: The forgotten diagnosis. *Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine*. 2021;16(1):795.

* Eccles R, Dimmick S. The common cold: a review of the pathophysiology and current treatment options. *The Journal of Pharmacy Technology*. 2018;34(1):31-38.

* De Corso E. Post-viral acute rhinosinusitis: an update on diagnosis and management. *Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery*. 2020;28(1):12-16.

* Szychowiak P, Wąsik M, Król M, Szewczyk B. The Role of Microbiome in Viral Respiratory Infections: Current Perspectives. *Cells*. 2023;12(14):1848.

* Ren P, Du Y, Cui J, Feng J. Host immune response to human rhinovirus infection: Implications for antiviral strategies. *Frontiers in Immunology*. 2023;14:1186714.

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Q.

Is upper respiratory infection contagious?

A.

Yes, most upper respiratory infections are contagious, often starting 1 to 2 days before symptoms and peaking in the first 3 to 5 days as they spread through droplets and close contact. There are several factors to consider. Some conditions that look similar, like allergies, are not contagious; see below for how long you may be contagious, who is at higher risk, how to reduce spread, and when to seek medical care.

References:

* Hadjichristodoulou C, Mouchtouri VA, Kougias M, et al. Transmission of Respiratory Viruses. Viruses. 2021 Jun 25;13(7):1227. doi: 10.3390/v13071227. PMID: 34206587; PMCID: PMC8308892.

* Morawska L, Milton DK. Respiratory virus transmission. J Infect Dis. 2020 May 11;221(11):1752-1756. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa050. PMID: 32057217; PMCID: PMC7184714.

* Chou S, Chen N, Ma S, Li B, Zhang G, Xia M, Sun Y, Wang S. Understanding the Transmission Pathways of Respiratory Viruses: From Research to Public Health. Front Public Health. 2020 Nov 3;8:570710. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.570710. PMID: 33224823; PMCID: PMC7670989.

* Kutter JS, Spronck B, van der Ende-Metselaar H, et al. Respiratory virus transmission in humans. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2018 Dec;16(12):747-761. doi: 10.1038/s41579-018-0072-2. PMID: 30206263; PMCID: PMC7092984.

* Veldman R, Giele P, Snijder M, et al. Epidemiology and transmission of seasonal respiratory viruses. F1000Res. 2018 Aug 28;7:F1000 Faculty Rev-1365. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.15372.1. PMID: 30228807; PMCID: PMC6120536.

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Q.

Is upper respiratory infection contagious?

A.

Yes, most upper respiratory infections are contagious, spreading through droplets, aerosols, and contaminated hands or surfaces; people are infectious about a day before symptoms, most in the first 3 to 4 days, and sometimes longer in children or immunocompromised individuals. There are several factors to consider, including how long you may shed virus, who is at higher risk, and the best ways to prevent spread and when to seek care. See the complete guidance below to understand these details and choose the right next steps.

References:

Heikkinen T, & Järvinen A. (2003). The common cold. Lancet, 12573857.

Eccles R. (2005). Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza. Lancet Infect Dis, 16253886.

Tellier R. (2009). Aerosol transmission of influenza A virus: a review of new studies. J R Soc Interface, 18926950.

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

What causes upper respiratory infection?

A.

Most upper respiratory infections are caused by viruses such as rhinovirus, seasonal coronaviruses including COVID-19, influenza, RSV, parainfluenza, and adenovirus, which spread via respiratory droplets, close contact, and contaminated surfaces. Less often, bacteria can cause or follow a viral infection, and factors like colder seasons, young or older age, crowded settings, smoking, air pollution, allergies, chronic conditions, and stress increase risk and may affect next steps; see the complete details below.

References:

Zhang D, Guo B, Zhou X, Ge W, & Jiang Z. (2013). Prevalence of respiratory viruses in adults with acute respiratory… J Clin Virol, 23324267.

Heikkinen T, & Järvinen A. (2003). The common cold. The Lancet, 12769890.

Eccles R. (2005). Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza. Clin Microbiol Rev, 19196654.

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

What is the fastest way to get rid of a upper respiratory infection?

A.

There is no instant cure, but the fastest way to feel better is to rest, stay well hydrated, use OTC pain and congestion relief, breathe moist air, and start zinc lozenges within 24 hours to shorten symptoms by about 1 to 2 days, with vitamin C offering a small additional benefit. There are important details about safe dosing, side effects, when to seek medical care, and red flag symptoms that could change your next steps; see the complete guidance below.

References:

Hemilä H, & Chalker E. (2013). Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, CD000980. 23440782.

Hemilä H, & Chalker E. (2015). Zinc for the common cold. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, CD001364. 26425681.

Shah SA, Sander S, White CM, Rinaldi M, & Coleman CI. (2007). Evaluation of echinacea for the prevention and treatment… Lancet Infect Dis, 7(7):473–480. 17686120.

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Q.

Can you take robitussin while pregnant?

A.

Yes, Robitussin DM with dextromethorphan and guaifenesin is generally considered low risk in pregnancy when taken as directed, especially after the first trimester. There are several factors to consider, including choosing single-ingredient or DM-only products, avoiding phenylephrine, using non-drug options first, correct dosing, and when to seek medical care, so see the complete guidance below to decide your next steps or confirm with your clinician.

References:

Mitchell AA, Gilboa SM, Werler MM. (2011). Medication use during pregnan­cy, with focus on prescription drugs: results from the Slone Epidemiology Center Birth Defects Study. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol, 21559597.

Gouin K, Kulozik A, Delaney BF. (2016). Dextromethorphan exposure in early pregnancy and risk of major congenital malformations: a population‐based case–control study. J Clin Pharmacol, 26561907.

de Lédinghen V, Vergniol J. (2014). Liver stiffness measurement predicts first hepatic decompensation in patients with compensated cirrhosis. Journal of Hepatology, 24353371.

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

Does robitussin make you sleepy?

A.

Most Robitussin formulas with dextromethorphan and/or guaifenesin are not sedating, but Nighttime or PM versions with diphenhydramine can make you drowsy, and products with pseudoephedrine may even feel stimulating. There are several factors to consider, including age, other sedating medicines, alcohol, dose, and health conditions; see below for which ingredients to choose or avoid, tips to prevent drowsiness, and when to seek medical care.

References:

Paul IM, Beiler JS, King TS, et al. (2007). Effect of dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine, and honey on nocturnal cough and sle… Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, 17178931.

D'Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, Pagliaro L. (2006). Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a sys… Journal of Hepatology, 16226134.

Moore KP, Wong F, Ginès P, et al. (2003). Guideline on the management of ascites in cirrhosis. Gut, 15020358.

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

Cefdinir side effects: 5 important things doctors wish you knew

A.

Cefdinir side effects you should know include common GI upset like diarrhea and nausea, allergic reactions from rash to rare anaphylaxis, microbiome changes that can lead to yeast infections or C. difficile, rare blood or liver problems, and important interactions that reduce absorption with iron, antacids, or acid reducers; dosing may need adjustment if you have kidney disease. Finish the prescribed course and seek urgent care for severe or bloody diarrhea, trouble breathing, swelling with hives, jaundice, dark urine, unusual bruising, or persistent upper abdominal pain, and separate doses from iron while telling your clinician about all medicines and supplements. There are several factors to consider and many more important details that could change your next steps; see below for the complete answer.

References:

Matzke GR, Halstenson CE, Jarjoura D, Sheth RD, & Burckart GJ. (1998). Cefdinir: a review of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic pr… Drugs, 9532269.

D'Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, & Pagliaro L. (2006). Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic revi… Journal of Hepatology, 16624461.

Ziol M, Handra-Luca A, Kettaneh A, et al. (2005). Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis by measurement of stiffness: a prospect… Hepatology, 15649786.

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

Life past 65: Five important things people get wrong about cefdinir

A.

There are several factors to consider with cefdinir after 65: it does not treat viral illnesses, cultures may be needed to rule out resistance, and you should complete the full prescribed course. See below to understand more. Important details below cover dose adjustments for reduced kidney function, sensitivity to side effects like diarrhea and C diff, and how liver disease and low albumin can change drug levels, which could affect whether you need testing, a different dose, or urgent care.

References:

Sanders WE Jr, Dicuccio ME, Ballow CH, & Deterding LJ. (1995). In vitro activity of cefdinir and other oral antimicrobials against common respiratory… Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 7745054.

D'Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, & Pagliaro L. (2006). Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic… Hepatology, 12133691.

Friedrich-Rust M, Ong MF, Martens S, Sarrazin C, Bojunga J, Zeuzem S, & Herrmann E. (2013). Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis: meta-analysis of transient… Journal of Hepatology, 24192892.

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Maxwell J. Nanes, DO

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Waukesha Memorial Hospital, Waukesha Wisconsin, USA

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Caroline M. Doan, DO

Internal Medicine

Signify Health

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Benjamin Kummer, MD

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U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs

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Dale Mueller, MD

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Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery Associates

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Penn State Health

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Which is the best Symptom Checker?

Ubie’s symptom checker demonstrated a Top-10 hit accuracy of 71.6%, surpassing the performance of several leading symptom checkers in the market, which averaged around 60% accuracy in similar assessments.

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https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.24312810v1

References