Pain on Side of Ankle
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Try one of these related symptoms.
Ankle pain
Pain on the point of the ankle
Pain on the outside of the ankle
Pain on the ankle joint
Pain on the inside of the ankle
Malleolar pain
About the Symptom
It describes any painful sensation over the side of ankle, which may be pressing,sharp, burning or dull.
Doctor's Diagnostic Questions
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this symptom:
- Do you have pain on the bony point of your ankle? (inner or outer)
Reviewed By:
Kent C Doan, MD (Orthopedics)
Dr Doan Graduated from the University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine and completed residency training in Orthopedic Surgery at the University of Colorado. He completed additional fellowship training in Orthopedic Sports Medicine at the prestigious Steadman Clinic and Steadman Philippon Research Institute in Vail, Colorado. He is a practicing Orthopedic Surgeon who specializes in complex and revision knee and shoulder surgery at the Kansas City Orthopedic Institute. He also holds an assistant professorship at the University of Kansas City.
Tomohiro Hamahata, MD (Orthopedics)
Dr. Hamahata graduated from the Jikei University of Medical Science. After working at Asanokawa General Hospital and Kosei Chuo Hospital, he joined the Department of Orthopedics at Asakusa Hospital in April 2021, specializing in general orthopedics and joint replacement surgery.
Content updated on Feb 6, 2025
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
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- Pain on the bony point of the ankle
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FAQs
Q.
Are there quizzes available to help determine if an ankle is broken or sprained?
A.
There are no specific quizzes to tell if an ankle is broken or sprained, but understanding symptoms can help you figure it out.
References:
How CH, & Tan KJ. (2014). Doctor, I sprained my ankle. Singapore medical journal, 25631892.
Q.
How can an ankle injury diagnosis chart help in identifying specific injuries?
A.
An ankle injury diagnosis chart helps doctors figure out what's wrong with your ankle by showing common injury patterns and using rules like the Ottawa Ankle Rules to decide if you need an X-ray.
References:
Harper JD. (2002). Determining foot and ankle impairments by the AMA fifth .... Foot and ankle clinics, 12462111.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12462111/
Lantry JM, Perumal V, & Roberts CS. (2009). Can patterns of segmental injuries of the foot and ankle .... Journal of surgical orthopaedic advances, 19843438.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19843438/
Murphy J, Weiner DA, Kotler J, McCormick B, Johnson D, Wisbeck J, & Milzman D. (2020). Utility of Ottawa Ankle Rules in an Aging Population. The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons, 32130992.
Q.
How can I determine if my ankle is broken or just sprained?
A.
If your ankle hurts, it might be sprained or broken. It's hard to tell without a doctor because foot fractures can be misdiagnosed as sprains.
References:
Judd DB, & Kim DH. (2002). Foot fractures frequently misdiagnosed as ankle sprains. American family physician, 12322769.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12322769/
Leach RE, & Lower G. (1985). Ankle injuries in skiing. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 4028543.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4028543/
Shah K, & Odgaard A. (2007). Fracture of the lateral cuneiform only: a rare foot injury. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 18024845.
Q.
How can tendon pain in the ankle be managed effectively?
A.
To manage tendon pain in the ankle, rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) are helpful, along with physical therapy and sometimes medications or surgery if needed.
References:
Philbin TM, Landis GS, & Smith B. (2009). Peroneal tendon injuries. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 19411642.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19411642/
Deu RS, Coslick AM, & Dreher G. (2022). Tendinopathies of the Foot and Ankle. American family physician, 35559641.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35559641/
Simpson MR, & Howard TM. (2009). Tendinopathies of the foot and ankle. American family physician, 19904895.
Q.
How can you differentiate between a sprained ankle and a fractured ankle?
A.
A sprained ankle involves stretched or torn ligaments, while a broken ankle is a fracture of the bone. Both can cause pain and swelling, but a fracture may result in more severe symptoms and requires medical imaging for confirmation.
References:
Sujitkumar P, Hadfield JM, & Yates DW. (1986). Sprain or fracture? An analysis of 2000 ankle injuries. Archives of emergency medicine, 3089238.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3089238/
Judd DB, & Kim DH. (2002). Foot fractures frequently misdiagnosed as ankle sprains. American family physician, 12322769.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12322769/
Ferràs-Tarragó J, Antequera-Cano JM, Català-de-Las-Marinas J, Jordà-Gómez P, & Aroca-Navarro JE. (2020). Ankle torque-related fractures and its echo-fast diagnosis .... European journal of trauma and emergency surgery : official publication of the European Trauma Society, 30617400.
Q.
How can you tell if it's a broken ankle or just a bad sprain?
A.
A broken ankle and a sprain can both cause pain and swelling, but a broken ankle might have more severe pain and difficulty moving the foot. It's important to see a doctor for an accurate diagnosis.
References:
Brief JM, Brief R, Ergas E, Brief LP, & Brief AA. (2009). Peroneal nerve injury with foot drop complicating ankle .... Bulletin of the NYU hospital for joint diseases, 20001941.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20001941/
Fredberg U, Hansen PA, & Skinhøj A. (1989). Ibuprofen in the treatment of acute ankle joint injuries. A .... The American journal of sports medicine, 2675651.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2675651/
Leach RE, & Lower G. (1985). Ankle injuries in skiing. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 4028543.
Q.
How can you tell the difference between an ankle sprain and a fracture?
A.
Ankle sprains and fractures can be hard to tell apart, but fractures often cause more severe pain, swelling, and inability to bear weight, while sprains might allow some movement.
References:
Sujitkumar P, Hadfield JM, & Yates DW. (1986). Sprain or fracture? An analysis of 2000 ankle injuries. Archives of emergency medicine, 3089238.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3089238/
Judd DB, & Kim DH. (2002). Foot fractures frequently misdiagnosed as ankle sprains. American family physician, 12322769.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12322769/
Diehr P, Highley R, Dehkordi F, Wood R, Krueger L, Teitz C, & Hermanson B. (1988). Prediction of fracture in patients with acute musculoskeletal .... Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making, 3123866.
Q.
How does a brace help in managing peroneal tendonitis?
A.
A brace can help manage peroneal tendonitis by providing support and stability to the ankle, which can reduce pain and prevent further injury.
References:
Cordova ML, Bernard LW, Au KK, Demchak TJ, Stone MB, & Sefton JM. (2010). Cryotherapy and ankle bracing effects on peroneus longus .... Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology, 19427798.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19427798/
Fuerst P, Gollhofer A, Wenning M, & Gehring D. (2021). People with chronic ankle instability benefit from brace .... Journal of foot and ankle research, 33596976.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33596976/
Bassewitz HL, & Shapiro M. (1997). Persistent pain after ankle sprain: targeting the causes. The Physician and sportsmedicine, 20086881.
Q.
How does the prevalence of ankle pain vary with age?
A.
Ankle pain can occur at any age, but young athletes and middle-aged individuals often experience it due to different reasons like sports injuries or chronic conditions.
References:
Wukich DK, & Tuason DA. (2011). Diagnosis and treatment of chronic ankle pain. Instructional course lectures, 21553785.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21553785/
Sammarco GJ, Carrasquillo HA, & Goldberg B. (1995). Persistent Foot and Ankle Pain in Young Athletes. The Physician and sportsmedicine, 29272154.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29272154/
Thomas MJ, Roddy E, Zhang W, Menz HB, Hannan MT, & Peat GM. (2011). The population prevalence of foot and ankle pain in middle .... Pain, 22019150.
Q.
How long does it typically take for a sprained ankle to heal completely?
A.
A sprained ankle can take anywhere from a few weeks to several months to heal completely, depending on the severity of the sprain.
References:
Hocutt JE Jr, Jaffe R, Rylander CR, & Beebe JK. (1982). Cryotherapy in ankle sprains. The American journal of sports medicine, 6814272.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6814272/
Gerber JP, Williams GN, Scoville CR, Arciero RA, & Taylor DC. (1998). Persistent disability associated with ankle sprains. Foot & ankle international, 9801078.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9801078/
Lynch SA, & Renström PA. (1999). Treatment of acute lateral ankle ligament rupture in the .... Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 10028133.
Q.
What are common causes of ankle pain accompanied by swelling?
A.
Ankle pain with swelling is often caused by sprains, chronic injuries, or improper healing after an injury.
References:
Wukich DK, & Tuason DA. (2011). Diagnosis and treatment of chronic ankle pain. Instructional course lectures, 21553785.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21553785/
Renstrom PA. (1994). Persistently Painful Sprained Ankle. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 10709019.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10709019/
Mansour R, Jibri Z, Kamath S, Mukherjee K, & Ostlere S. (2011). Persistent ankle pain following a sprain: a review of imaging. Emergency radiology, 21380512.
Q.
What are common causes of pain on the inner side of the ankle?
A.
Pain on the inner side of the ankle can be caused by injuries to the deltoid ligament, medial ankle instability, or tendinopathies of the foot and ankle.
References:
Crim J. (2017). Medial-sided Ankle Pain: Deltoid Ligament and Beyond. Magnetic resonance imaging clinics of North America, 27888852.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27888852/
Hintermann B. (2003). Medial ankle instability. Foot and ankle clinics, 14719838.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14719838/
Deu RS, Coslick AM, & Dreher G. (2022). Tendinopathies of the Foot and Ankle. American family physician, 35559641.
Q.
What are effective methods to heal a sprained ankle overnight?
A.
Healing a sprained ankle overnight is not realistic, but using rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE) can help reduce swelling and pain.
References:
(2013). Ankle sprains: combination of manual therapy and .... The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy, 23812107.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23812107/
Lynch SA, & Renström PA. (1999). Treatment of acute lateral ankle ligament rupture in the .... Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 10028133.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10028133/
Eiff MP, Smith AT, & Smith GE. (1994). Early mobilization versus immobilization in the treatment .... The American journal of sports medicine, 8129116.
Q.
What are possible causes of ankle pain without any recent injury?
A.
Ankle pain without a recent injury can be caused by conditions like arthritis, tendonitis, or nerve problems. It's important to see a doctor to find out the exact cause.
References:
Vertullo C. (2002). Unresolved lateral ankle pain. It's not always 'just a sprain'. Australian family physician, 11926156.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11926156/
Choudhary S, & McNally E. (2011). Review of common and unusual causes of lateral ankle pain. Skeletal radiology, 20972871.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20972871/
Wukich DK, & Tuason DA. (2011). Diagnosis and treatment of chronic ankle pain. Instructional course lectures, 21553785.
Q.
What are potential causes of medial ankle pain?
A.
Medial ankle pain can be caused by issues with the deltoid ligament, instability in the ankle, or problems with tendons in the foot and ankle.
References:
Crim J. (2017). Medial-sided Ankle Pain: Deltoid Ligament and Beyond. Magnetic resonance imaging clinics of North America, 27888852.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27888852/
Gopinath R, Pigott M, Lindsey B, Finney FT, Holmes JR, Walton DM, & Talusan PG. (2022). Medial Ankle Instability: Review of Anatomy, Evaluation, .... Foot & ankle specialist, 36210762.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36210762/
Deu RS, Coslick AM, & Dreher G. (2022). Tendinopathies of the Foot and Ankle. American family physician, 35559641.
Q.
What are some effective methods for relieving ankle pain?
A.
Ankle pain can be relieved with topical patches like diclofenac, rest, and medications used in emergency settings.
References:
Lionberger DR, Joussellin E, Lanzarotti A, Yanchick J, & Magelli M. (2011). Diclofenac epolamine topical patch relieves pain .... Journal of pain research, 21559350.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21559350/
Doherty C, Bleakley C, Delahunt E, & Holden S. (2017). Treatment and prevention of acute and recurrent ankle sprain. British journal of sports medicine, 28053200.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28053200/
Kosik KB, Hoch MC, Humphries RL, Villasante Tezanos AG, & Gribble PA. (2019). Medications Used in U.S. Emergency Departments for an .... The Journal of emergency medicine, 31606229.
Q.
What are the best practices for treating a sprained ankle at home?
A.
To treat a sprained ankle at home, use the RICE method: Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation. This helps reduce swelling and pain, promoting healing.
References:
Vuurberg G, Hoorntje A, Wink LM, van der Doelen BFW, van den Bekerom MP, Dekker R, et al. (2018). Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of ankle sprains. British journal of sports medicine, 29514819.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29514819/
Seah R, & Mani-Babu S. (2011). Managing ankle sprains in primary care: what is best .... British medical bulletin, 20710025.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20710025/
Halabchi F, & Hassabi M. (2020). Acute ankle sprain in athletes: Clinical aspects and .... World journal of orthopedics, 33362991.
Q.
What are the causes and solutions for poor ankle mobility?
A.
Poor ankle mobility can be caused by foot disorders or reduced proprioception, and solutions include exercises or robot-assisted therapies.
References:
Paladugu SV, Savlania A, Hari G, Singla T, Gorsi U, & Kaman L. (2025). Impact of static foot disorder and ankle range of motion in .... Phlebology, 40094513.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40094513/
Deshpande N, Simonsick E, Metter EJ, Ko S, Ferrucci L, & Studenski S. (2016). Ankle proprioceptive acuity is associated with objective as .... Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands), 27146830.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27146830/
Alotaibi M, Arnold BL, Munk N, Dierks T, Altenburger P, Alqabbani S, & Almuwais A. (2024). The pilot study of the effect of six-week robot-assisted ankle .... Heliyon, 39114037.
Q.
What are the common causes and treatments for ankle joint pain?
A.
Ankle joint pain can be caused by injuries, arthritis, or other conditions, and treatments often include rest, physical therapy, and sometimes surgery.
References:
Wukich DK, & Tuason DA. (2011). Diagnosis and treatment of chronic ankle pain. Instructional course lectures, 21553785.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21553785/
Choudhary S, & McNally E. (2011). Review of common and unusual causes of lateral ankle pain. Skeletal radiology, 20972871.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20972871/
Rao S, Riskowski JL, & Hannan MT. (2012). Musculoskeletal conditions of the foot and ankle. Best practice & research. Clinical rheumatology, 22867931.
Q.
What are the most common causes of a sprained ankle?
A.
The most common causes of a sprained ankle are twisting or rolling the foot, often during sports or physical activities.
References:
Puffer JC. (2001). The sprained ankle. Clinical cornerstone, 11464730.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11464730/
Fallat L, Grimm DJ, & Saracco JA. (1998). Sprained ankle syndrome: prevalence and analysis of 639 .... The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons, 9710779.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9710779/
Halabchi F, & Hassabi M. (2020). Acute ankle sprain in athletes: Clinical aspects and .... World journal of orthopedics, 33362991.
Q.
What are the most common causes of ankle pain?
A.
Ankle pain is often caused by injuries like sprains, tendon problems, arthritis, or nerve issues. These can result from sports, accidents, or wear and tear over time.
References:
Choudhary S, & McNally E. (2011). Review of common and unusual causes of lateral ankle pain. Skeletal radiology, 20972871.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20972871/
Wukich DK, & Tuason DA. (2011). Diagnosis and treatment of chronic ankle pain. Instructional course lectures, 21553785.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21553785/
Nicolette GW, Edenfield KM, Michaudet C, & Carek PJ. (2018). Foot and Ankle Conditions: Chronic Lateral Ankle Pain. FP essentials, 29381042.
Q.
What are the most common types of ankle injuries and their causes?
A.
The most common ankle injuries are sprains, often caused by twisting or turning the ankle awkwardly during activities like sports.
References:
Fong DT, Hong Y, Chan LK, Yung PS, & Chan KM. (2007). A systematic review on ankle injury and ankle sprain in sports. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 17190537.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17190537/
Chan KW, Ding BC, & Mroczek KJ. (2011). Acute and chronic lateral ankle instability in the athlete. Bulletin of the NYU hospital for joint diseases, 21332435.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21332435/
Halabchi F, & Hassabi M. (2020). Acute ankle sprain in athletes: Clinical aspects and .... World journal of orthopedics, 33362991.
Q.
What are the most effective treatments available for ankle pain?
A.
The best treatments for ankle pain, especially from sprains, include rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE), along with physical therapy to help recovery.
References:
Vuurberg G, Hoorntje A, Wink LM, van der Doelen BFW, van den Bekerom MP, Dekker R, et al. (2018). Diagnosis, treatment and prevention of ankle sprains. British journal of sports medicine, 29514819.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29514819/
Osborne MD, & Rizzo TD Jr. (2003). Prevention and treatment of ankle sprain in athletes. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 14719982.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14719982/
Kemler E, van de Port I, Backx F, & van Dijk CN. (2011). A systematic review on the treatment of acute ankle sprain. Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 21395362.
Q.
What are the potential causes of pain on the inside of the ankle?
A.
Pain on the inside of the ankle can be caused by injuries to ligaments or instability in the joint. It can also happen after a sprain on the outside of the ankle.
References:
van Dijk CN, Bossuyt PM, & Marti RK. (1996). Medial ankle pain after lateral ligament rupture. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume, 8682821.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8682821/
Hintermann B. (2003). Medial ankle instability. Foot and ankle clinics, 14719838.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14719838/
Crim J. (2017). Medial-sided Ankle Pain: Deltoid Ligament and Beyond. Magnetic resonance imaging clinics of North America, 27888852.
Q.
What are the signs that indicate whether you have sprained your ankle or broken it?
A.
A sprained ankle usually involves pain, swelling, and difficulty walking, while a broken ankle often causes severe pain, significant swelling, and inability to bear weight.
References:
Brief JM, Brief R, Ergas E, Brief LP, & Brief AA. (2009). Peroneal nerve injury with foot drop complicating ankle .... Bulletin of the NYU hospital for joint diseases, 20001941.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20001941/
Boddenberg U. (2004). [Healing time of foot and ankle fractures in patients with .... Zentralblatt fur Chirurgie, 15616908.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15616908/
Jung KJ, Chung CY, Park MS, Chung MK, Lee DY, Koo S, & Lee KM. (2015). Concomitant Ankle Injuries Associated With Tibial Shaft .... Foot & ankle international, 26041543.
Q.
What are the symptoms and causes of ankle tendonitis?
A.
Ankle tendonitis causes pain and swelling around the ankle due to overuse or injury of the tendons.
References:
Deu RS, Coslick AM, & Dreher G. (2022). Tendinopathies of the Foot and Ankle. American family physician, 35559641.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35559641/
Simpson MR, & Howard TM. (2009). Tendinopathies of the foot and ankle. American family physician, 19904895.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19904895/
Federer AE, Steele JR, Dekker TJ, Liles JL, & Adams SB. (2017). Tendonitis and Tendinopathy: What Are They and How Do .... Foot and ankle clinics, 29078821.
Q.
What are the symptoms that differentiate a broken ankle from a sprained one?
A.
A broken ankle often causes more severe pain, swelling, and inability to bear weight compared to a sprained ankle, which might show less severe symptoms.
References:
Sujitkumar P, Hadfield JM, & Yates DW. (1986). Sprain or fracture? An analysis of 2000 ankle injuries. Archives of emergency medicine, 3089238.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3089238/
Judd DB, & Kim DH. (2002). Foot fractures frequently misdiagnosed as ankle sprains. American family physician, 12322769.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12322769/
Leach RE, & Lower G. (1985). Ankle injuries in skiing. Clinical orthopaedics and related research, 4028543.
Q.
What are the visual signs that indicate a sprained ankle?
A.
A sprained ankle often looks swollen and bruised, and it might be painful to touch or move.
References:
Delahunt E, Bleakley CM, Bossard DS, Caulfield BM, Docherty CL, Doherty C, et al. (2018). Clinical assessment of acute lateral ankle sprain injuries .... British journal of sports medicine, 29886432.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29886432/
Fallat L, Grimm DJ, & Saracco JA. (1998). Sprained ankle syndrome: prevalence and analysis of 639 .... The Journal of foot and ankle surgery : official publication of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons, 9710779.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9710779/
Rubin A, & Sallis R. (1996). Evaluation and diagnosis of ankle injuries. American family physician, 8857783.
Q.
What causes poor ankle dorsiflexion and how can it be improved?
A.
Poor ankle dorsiflexion can be caused by weak muscles and may lead to falls. Improving it involves exercises to strengthen ankle muscles.
References:
Grindstaff TL, Dolan N, & Morton SK. (2017). Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion influences Lateral Step .... Physical therapy in sport : official journal of the Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Sports Medicine, 27662790.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27662790/
Whipple RH, Wolfson LI, & Amerman PM. (1987). The relationship of knee and ankle weakness to falls in .... Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 3794141.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3794141/
Naicker M, McLean M, Esterhuizen TM, & Peters-Futre EM. (2007). Poor peak dorsiflexor torque associated with incidence .... Journal of science and medicine in sport, 17560829.
Q.
What conditions could lead to pain at the top of the ankle?
A.
Pain at the top of the ankle can be caused by conditions like impingement lesions and chondral or osteochondral lesions of the talar dome.
References:
Steinbach LS. (1998). Painful syndromes around the ankle and foot. Topics in magnetic resonance imaging : TMRI, 9773971.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9773971/
Datir A, & Connell D. (2010). Imaging of impingement lesions in the ankle. Topics in magnetic resonance imaging : TMRI, 21317565.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21317565/
Linklater JM. (2010). Imaging of talar dome chondral and osteochondral lesions. Topics in magnetic resonance imaging : TMRI, 21317564.
Q.
What conditions might lead to anterior ankle pain?
A.
Anterior ankle pain can be caused by conditions like anterior ankle impingement, where tissues in the front of the ankle get pinched due to bone spurs or other issues.
References:
Vaseenon T, & Amendola A. (2012). Update on anterior ankle impingement. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine, 22403038.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22403038/
Talusan PG, Toy J, Perez JL, Milewski MD, & Reach JS Jr. (2014). Anterior ankle impingement: diagnosis and treatment. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 24788449.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24788449/
Niek van Dijk C. (2006). Anterior and posterior ankle impingement. Foot and ankle clinics, 16971256.
Q.
What could be the reasons for experiencing pain at the back of the ankle?
A.
Pain at the back of the ankle might be due to problems like Achilles tendinosis, bursitis, or other conditions affecting the ankle area.
References:
Hamilton WG. (1995). Differential diagnosis and treatment of posterior ankle pain .... Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation, 24572264.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24572264/
Stern SH. (1988). Ankle and foot pain. Primary care, 3068697.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3068697/
Okewunmi J, Guzman J, & Vulcano E. (2020). Achilles Tendinosis Injuries-Tendinosis to Rupture (Getting .... Clinics in sports medicine, 32892973.
Q.
What could cause a sensation of something wrapped around the ankle?
A.
A feeling of something wrapped around the ankle could be caused by issues such as sensory neuropathy, acute compartment syndrome, or tarsal tunnel syndrome.
References:
van Deursen RW, & Simoneau GG. (1999). Foot and ankle sensory neuropathy, proprioception .... The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy, 10612069.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10612069/
Raad M, & Anugraha A. (2020). Acute Compartment Syndrome of the Leg Following Injury .... Journal of orthopaedic case reports, 33708715.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33708715/
Yan Y, Wang D, Kalia V, & Garvin G. (2024). MRI Findings of Bilateral Anterior Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome. Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions, 39616513.
Q.
What could cause ankle pain without any visible swelling?
A.
Ankle pain without swelling can be caused by chronic issues like recurrent sprains or conditions affecting the front of the ankle, often seen in sports activities.
References:
Zimmer TJ. (1991). Chronic and recurrent ankle sprains. Clinics in sports medicine, 1868566.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1868566/
Biedert R. (1991). Anterior ankle pain in sports medicine: aetiology and .... Archives of orthopaedic and trauma surgery, 1747309.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1747309/
Bosman WM, & Bronkhorst MW. (2012). [A woman with a painful ankle]. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 22278033.
Q.
What could cause lateral ankle pain and how is it treated?
A.
Lateral ankle pain can be caused by injuries like sprains or conditions like arthritis. Treatment often includes rest, ice, and physical therapy.
References:
Choudhary S, & McNally E. (2011). Review of common and unusual causes of lateral ankle pain. Skeletal radiology, 20972871.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20972871/
Nicolette GW, Edenfield KM, Michaudet C, & Carek PJ. (2018). Foot and Ankle Conditions: Chronic Lateral Ankle Pain. FP essentials, 29381042.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29381042/
Liu SH, & Nguyen TM. (1999). Ankle sprains and other soft tissue injuries. Current opinion in rheumatology, 10319217.
Q.
What could cause pain specifically in the left ankle?
A.
Pain in the left ankle can be caused by common issues like sprains or less common conditions like nerve damage or arthritis.
References:
Choudhary S, & McNally E. (2011). Review of common and unusual causes of lateral ankle pain. Skeletal radiology, 20972871.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20972871/
Killian M, Wanchu R, Huang D, Walker J, & Ganti L. (2023). A 75-year-old with left ankle pain. Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open, 36817081.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36817081/
Abd-Rasid AF, & Bajuri MY. (2020). Commonly Missed Diagnosis of Lateral Ankle Pain: A Case .... Malaysian orthopaedic journal, 32983388.
Q.
What could cause sudden ankle pain without any injury or swelling?
A.
Sudden ankle pain without injury or swelling might be caused by conditions like bone marrow edema syndrome or issues with the ankle ligaments.
References:
Mirghasemi SA, Trepman E, Sadeghi MS, Rahimi N, & Rashidinia S. (2016). Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome in the Foot and Ankle. Foot & ankle international, 27587374.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27587374/
Choudhary S, & McNally E. (2011). Review of common and unusual causes of lateral ankle pain. Skeletal radiology, 20972871.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20972871/
Crim J. (2017). Medial-sided Ankle Pain: Deltoid Ligament and Beyond. Magnetic resonance imaging clinics of North America, 27888852.
Q.
What exercises are beneficial for managing peroneal tendonitis?
A.
Exercises that strengthen the peroneus longus muscle can help manage peroneal tendonitis. Manual therapy and specific rehabilitation techniques are also beneficial.
References:
Hensley CP, & Kavchak AJ. (2012). Novel use of a manual therapy technique and .... Manual therapy, 21570893.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21570893/
Zade AP, Ramteke SU, Keoliya A, & Deshmukh TV. (2024). Rehabilitation Approaches for Proximal Peroneal .... Cureus, 39429395.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39429395/
Bellew JW, Frilot CF, Busch SC, Lamothe TV, & Ozane CJ. (2010). Facilitating activation of the peroneus longus. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 20072056.
Q.
What exercises can help alleviate ankle pain?
A.
Ankle pain can be improved with muscle strengthening exercises specifically designed for the foot and ankle.
References:
Osborne JWA, Menz HB, Whittaker GA, Cotchett M, & Landorf KB. (2025). Muscle Strengthening Exercises for the Foot and Ankle. Journal of foot and ankle research, 40178827.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40178827/
Dantas GAF, Sacco ICN, Ferrari AV, Matias AB, Watari R, Oliveira LVM, et al. (2023). Effects of a foot-ankle muscle strengthening program on .... Brazilian journal of physical therapy, 37603935.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37603935/
van der Wees PJ, Lenssen AF, Hendriks EJ, Stomp DJ, Dekker J, & de Bie RA. (2006). Effectiveness of exercise therapy and manual mobilisation .... The Australian journal of physiotherapy, 16515420.
Q.
What is the condition characterized by loose ankles and how is it treated?
A.
Loose ankles, often due to joint issues, can be managed by addressing underlying problems and using technology for assessment.
References:
Lee J, Hamilton G, & Ford L. (2011). Associated intra-articular ankle pathologies in patients with .... Foot & ankle specialist, 21926361.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21926361/
Abdo N, ALSaadawy B, Embaby E, & Rehan Youssef A. (2020). Validity and reliability of smartphone use in assessing .... Gait & posture, 32947178.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32947178/
O'Leary CB, Cahill CR, Robinson AW, Barnes MJ, & Hong J. (2013). A systematic review: the effects of podiatrical deviations on .... Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation, 23640312.
Q.
What might be the reasons for experiencing pain at the front of the ankle?
A.
Pain at the front of the ankle can be caused by conditions like anterior ankle impingement, often due to repeated ankle movements or previous injuries.
References:
Manoli A 2nd. (2010). Medial impingement of the ankle in athletes. Sports health, 23015980.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23015980/
Sung KH, Chung CY, Lee KM, Lee SY, & Park MS. (2013). Anterior ankle impingement after tendo-Achilles .... Foot & ankle international, 23620500.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23620500/
Bosman WM, & Bronkhorst MW. (2012). [A woman with a painful ankle]. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 22278033.
Q.
What might cause ankle pain specifically during running?
A.
Ankle pain during running can be caused by injuries like sprains, tendonitis, or stress fractures. It's important to understand these causes to prevent and manage the pain effectively.
References:
Tenforde AS, Yin A, & Hunt KJ. (2016). Foot and Ankle Injuries in Runners. Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America, 26616180.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26616180/
(2013). Ankle sprains: combination of manual therapy and .... The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy, 23812107.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23812107/
Arnold MJ, & Moody AL. (2018). Common Running Injuries: Evaluation and Management. American family physician, 29671490.
Q.
What might cause pain in both ankles simultaneously?
A.
Pain in both ankles at the same time can be caused by conditions like bone marrow edema syndrome or sarcoidosis.
References:
Snijders GF, van Bokhoven SC, van Zadelhoff JT, Swierstra BA, Poelkens F, & Martens HA. (2016). [Unexplained pain in the ankle and foot. Consider transient .... Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 27165454.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27165454/
Mirghasemi SA, Trepman E, Sadeghi MS, Rahimi N, & Rashidinia S. (2016). Bone Marrow Edema Syndrome in the Foot and Ankle. Foot & ankle international, 27587374.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27587374/
Julsrud M. (1989). Bilateral ankle pain secondary to sarcoidosis. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 2724109.
Q.
What treatment options are available for posterior tibial tendonitis?
A.
Posterior tibial tendonitis can be treated with rest, physical therapy, orthotics, and sometimes surgery, depending on the severity.
References:
Beals TC, Pomeroy GC, & Manoli A 2nd. (1999). Posterior tibial tendon insufficiency: diagnosis and treatment. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 10336306.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10336306/
Gómez-Jurado I, Juárez-Jiménez JM, & Munuera-Martínez PV. (2021). Orthotic treatment for stage I and II posterior tibial tendon .... Clinical rehabilitation, 33040609.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33040609/
Ikpeze TC, Brodell JD Jr, Chen RE, & Oh I. (2019). Evaluation and Treatment of Posterior Tibialis Tendon .... Geriatric orthopaedic surgery & rehabilitation, 30719400.
Q.
When should you be concerned about a sprained ankle and seek medical attention?
A.
Seek medical attention for a sprained ankle if you experience severe pain, cannot bear weight, notice significant swelling or bruising, or if the ankle looks deformed.
References:
Rubin A, & Sallis R. (1996). Evaluation and diagnosis of ankle injuries. American family physician, 8857783.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8857783/
Halabchi F, & Hassabi M. (2020). Acute ankle sprain in athletes: Clinical aspects and .... World journal of orthopedics, 33362991.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33362991/
Delahunt E, Bleakley CM, Bossard DS, Caulfield BM, Docherty CL, Doherty C, et al. (2018). Clinical assessment of acute lateral ankle sprain injuries .... British journal of sports medicine, 29886432.
Q.
Which exercises can help alleviate posterior tibial tendonitis?
A.
Exercises like eccentric strengthening and specific foot movements can help improve posterior tibial tendonitis by making the tendon stronger and reducing pain.
References:
Ross MH, Smith MD, Mellor R, & Vicenzino B. (2018). Exercise for posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. BMJ open sport & exercise medicine, 30271611.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30271611/
Kulig K, Reischl SF, Pomrantz AB, Burnfield JM, Mais-Requejo S, Thordarson DB, & Smith RW. (2009). Nonsurgical management of posterior tibial tendon .... Physical therapy, 19022863.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19022863/
Kulig K, Lederhaus ES, Reischl S, Arya S, & Bashford G. (2009). Effect of eccentric exercise program for early tibialis .... Foot & ankle international, 19755073.
Q.
Why might ankle pain occur specifically when walking?
A.
Ankle pain when walking can be caused by ankle sprains or defects in the ankle bones and cartilage.
References:
(2021). Ankle Sprains: What Updated Guidelines Mean for You. The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy, 33789428.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33789428/
van Dijk CN, Reilingh ML, Zengerink M, & van Bergen CJ. (2010). Osteochondral defects in the ankle: why painful?. Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA, 20151110.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20151110/
Seo SS, Park JY, Kim HJ, Yoon JW, Park SH, & Kim KH. (2012). Percutaneous osteoplasty for the treatment of a painful .... Pain physician, 22996869.
Q.
Why might ankle pain worsen at night while resting?
A.
Ankle pain worsening at night could be related to conditions like Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS), which often causes discomfort in the legs during rest.
References:
Horiguchi J, Mizuno S, Shinno H, & Inami Y. (2009). [Restless legs syndrome]. Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine, 19768951.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19768951/
Lamberti N, López-Soto PJ, Rodríguez-Borrego MA, Straudi S, Basaglia N, Zamboni P, et al. (2019). Restless Leg Syndrome in Peripheral Artery Disease. Journal of clinical medicine, 31500156.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31500156/
Rana AQ, Khan F, Mosabbir A, & Ondo W. (2014). Differentiating nocturnal leg cramps and restless legs .... Expert review of neurotherapeutics, 24931546.
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Mitsiokapa, E., Mavrogenis, A.F., Drakopoulos, D. et al. Peroneal nerve palsy after ankle sprain: an update. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 27, 53–60 (2017).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00590-016-1845-0