Reviewed By:
Maxwell J. Nanes, DO (Emergency Medicine)
Dr Nanes received a doctorate from the Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine and went on to complete a residency in emergency medicine at the Medical College of Wisconsin. There he trained at Froedtert Hospital and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin in the practice of adult and pediatric emergency medicine. He was a chief resident and received numerous awards for teaching excellence during his time there. | | After residency he took a job at a community hospital where he and his colleagues worked through the toughest days of the COVID-19 pandemic. |
Aiko Yoshioka, MD (Gastroenterology)
Dr. Yoshioka graduated from the Niigata University School of Medicine. He worked as a gastroenterologist at Saiseikai Niigata Hospital and Niigata University Medical & Dental Hospital before serving as the Deputy Chief of Gastroenterology at Tsubame Rosai Hospital and Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital. Dr. Yoshioka joined Saitama Saiseikai Kawaguchi General Hospital as Chief of Gastroenterology in April 2018.
Content updated on May 13, 2024
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
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The liver removes toxins like ammonia from the blood. In liver failure, these toxins build up in the body and brain, causing confusion and abnormal behavior.
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this disease:
Treatment aims to reduce the amount of toxins, thus slowing down the worsening of the illness. This is done through laxatives that draw toxins into the intestines and out of the body. Antibiotics can also reduce the amount of bacteria in the colon, making them produce fewer toxins. Ultimately, treatment of the cause (liver failure) is needed for the condition to improve.
Weissenborn K. Hepatic Encephalopathy: Definition, Clinical Grading and Diagnostic Principles. Drugs. 2019 Feb;79(Suppl 1):5-9. doi: 10.1007/s40265-018-1018-z. PMID: 30706420; PMCID: PMC6416238.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40265-018-1018-zWijdicks EF. Hepatic Encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 2016 Oct 27;375(17):1660-1670. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1600561. PMID: 27783916.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1600561Rose CF, Amodio P, Bajaj JS, Dhiman RK, Montagnese S, Taylor-Robinson SD, Vilstrup H, Jalan R. Hepatic encephalopathy: Novel insights into classification, pathophysiology and therapy. J Hepatol. 2020 Dec;73(6):1526-1547. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.07.013. Epub 2020 Oct 21. PMID: 33097308.
https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(20)30466-9/fulltextPatidar KR, Bajaj JS. Covert and Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy: Diagnosis and Management. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 Nov;13(12):2048-61. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.06.039. Epub 2015 Jul 9. PMID: 26164219; PMCID: PMC4618040.
https://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565(15)00917-9/fulltextSaid VJ, Garcia-Trujillo E. Beyond Lactulose: Treatment Options for Hepatic Encephalopathy. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2019 May/Jun;42(3):277-285. doi: 10.1097/SGA.0000000000000376. PMID: 31145253.
https://journals.lww.com/gastroenterologynursing/Abstract/2019/05000/Beyond_Lactulose__Treatment_Options_for_Hepatic.8.aspxMale, 30s
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I was actually very impressed with the results it provided because, although I didn’t mention it during the questionnaire because I thought it was unrelated, it suggested I may have something I’ve actually been diagnosed with in the past.
(Sep 25, 2024)
Reviewed By:
Maxwell J. Nanes, DO (Emergency Medicine)
Dr Nanes received a doctorate from the Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine and went on to complete a residency in emergency medicine at the Medical College of Wisconsin. There he trained at Froedtert Hospital and Children's Hospital of Wisconsin in the practice of adult and pediatric emergency medicine. He was a chief resident and received numerous awards for teaching excellence during his time there. | | After residency he took a job at a community hospital where he and his colleagues worked through the toughest days of the COVID-19 pandemic. |
Aiko Yoshioka, MD (Gastroenterology)
Dr. Yoshioka graduated from the Niigata University School of Medicine. He worked as a gastroenterologist at Saiseikai Niigata Hospital and Niigata University Medical & Dental Hospital before serving as the Deputy Chief of Gastroenterology at Tsubame Rosai Hospital and Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital. Dr. Yoshioka joined Saitama Saiseikai Kawaguchi General Hospital as Chief of Gastroenterology in April 2018.
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