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Constipation
Fatigue
Itchy skin
Hair loss
Weight gain
Yellow nails
Dry skin
Thinning hair
Low energy
Cold intolerance
Suddenly feeling cold and shaking without fever
Not seeing your symptoms? No worries!
A disorder where thyroid hormone levels in the body are abnormally low. These hormones are necessary for growth, development, and metabolism. Some symptoms include unintended weight gain, constipation, changes in menstrual cycles, dry skin, brittle nails, depression and memory issues. It can be caused by an autoimmune disorder (Hashimoto's) or from prior thyroid surgery and sometimes medications.
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this disease:
This is treated with daily thyroid hormone replacement tablets. Regular blood tests are needed to ensure the right amount of thyroid replacement for each individual.
Reviewed By:
Unnati Patel, MD, MSc (Family Medicine)
Dr.Patel serves as Center Medical Director and a Primary Care Physician at Oak Street Health in Arizona. She graduated from the Zhejiang University School of Medicine prior to working in clinical research focused on preventive medicine at the University of Illinois and the University of Nevada. Dr. Patel earned her MSc in Global Health from Georgetown University, during which she worked with the WHO in Sierra Leone and Save the Children in Washington, D.C. She went on to complete her Family Medicine residency in Chicago at Norwegian American Hospital before completing a fellowship in Leadership in Value-based Care in conjunction with the Northwestern University Kellogg School of Management, where she earned her MBA. Dr. Patel’s interests include health tech and teaching medical students and she currently serves as Clinical Associate Professor at the University of Arizona School of Medicine.
Hidetaka Hamasaki, MD (Endocrinology)
Dr. Hamasaki graduated from the Hiroshima University School of Medicine and the Graduate School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University. He completed his residency at the Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital and the Department of Internal Medicine, Kohnodai Hospital, National Center for Global Health and Medicine. He has served in the National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital and Kohnodai Hospital and joined Hamasaki Clinic in April 2017. Dr. Hamasaki specializes in diabetes and treats a wide range of internal medicine and endocrine disorders.
Content updated on Dec 13, 2024
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
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Q.
Always Tired? Why Your Thyroid Is Failing + Medical Next Steps
A.
If you are always tired, your thyroid may be underactive, especially if fatigue comes with weight gain, cold sensitivity, hair or skin changes, and brain fog; this is confirmed with simple blood tests like TSH, free T4, and sometimes thyroid antibodies. Typical next steps include highly effective daily levothyroxine and regular monitoring to fine tune dosing, along with supportive lifestyle changes. There are several factors to consider, including other causes of fatigue and urgent red flags, so see the complete details below.
References:
* Shorter, A., et al. "Impact of thyroid dysfunction on fatigue: A systematic review and meta-analysis." J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Jul 15;106(8):e2898-e2910.
* Wekking, E. M., et al. "Persistence of Fatigue in Hypothyroid Patients Receiving Thyroxine Replacement: A Narrative Review." Thyroid. 2021 Sep;31(9):1321-1330.
* Samuels, M. H., & Schapira, D. "Addressing Fatigue in Hypothyroidism: What We Know and What We Don't." Thyroid. 2022 Aug;32(8):883-890.
* Faber, J., & Wiersinga, W. M. "Management of fatigue in patients with hypothyroidism on levothyroxine replacement therapy: a literature review." Endocr Connect. 2021 May 1;10(5):R153-R165.
* Ruchała, M., et al. "Subclinical Hypothyroidism: An Overview." Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Nov 25;12:798031.
Q.
Always Tired? Why Hashimoto’s Attacks Your Thyroid + Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Persistent fatigue, brain fog, and unexplained weight gain can be signs of Hashimoto’s, an autoimmune attack on the thyroid that lowers thyroid hormone and slows metabolism. Medically approved next steps include blood tests for TSH, free T4, and thyroid antibodies, followed by levothyroxine with careful dose monitoring, plus supportive lifestyle changes. There are several factors to consider, including red flag symptoms that need urgent care, so see below for details that can shape your next steps.
References:
* Ruggeri RM, Giuffrida G, Campennì A, et al. Hashimoto's thyroiditis: From pathogenesis to therapy. Minerva Endocrinol. 2017 Mar;42(1):47-59. doi: 10.23736/S0391-1977.16.02604-X. Epub 2016 May 25. PMID: 27226068.
* Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Cappola AL, et al. Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: Prepared by the American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement. Thyroid. 2014 Dec;24(12):1670-751. doi: 10.1089/thy.2014.0028. PMID: 25269567; PMCID: PMC4267409.
* Ott J, Promberger R, Pirich C, et al. The impact of fatigue and other health-related quality of life outcomes in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Thyroid. 2013 Aug;23(8):962-8. doi: 10.1089/thy.2012.0620. PMID: 23485084.
* Caturegli P, De Marinis L, Pacini F, et al. Autoimmune thyroid disease: an update. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 May;9(5):306-319. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30342-3. Epub 2021 Feb 23. PMID: 33636292.
* Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Ragusa F, et al. Clinical management of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Jul 11;14:1221715. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1221715. PMID: 37492161; PMCID: PMC10363297.
Q.
Always Tired? Why Your Hormones Are Failing & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Feeling persistently tired despite enough sleep often points to hormone imbalances that sap energy and focus, most commonly hypothyroidism, disrupted cortisol patterns, blood sugar problems from prediabetes or diabetes, and sex hormone shifts in men and women. See below for medically approved next steps, including urgent red flags, the exact labs to discuss with your doctor (TSH, free T4/T3, cortisol, glucose or A1C, insulin, iron, B12, electrolytes, testosterone or estrogen), proven treatments, lifestyle support, and nonhormonal causes that could change your plan.
References:
* Frieri MA, et al. Fatigue in Endocrine Diseases: Mechanisms and Management. J Clin Med. 2021 May 26;10(11):2343. doi: 10.3390/jcm10112343.
* Wouters A, et al. Persistent Fatigue in Thyroid Diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Jan 28;10:875. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00875.
* Bornstein SR, et al. Adrenal insufficiency: diagnosis and management. Lancet. 2016 Nov 19;388(10059):2413-24. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30520-7.
* Bhasin S, et al. Testosterone Deficiency in Men: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Jun 1;103(6):1715-44. doi: 10.1210/jc.2018-00229.
* Johannsson G, et al. Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency: A Reappraisal. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Jul 3;11:479. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00479.
Q.
Hashimoto’s? Why Your Thyroid is Attacking Itself & Medical Next Steps
A.
Hashimoto’s is an autoimmune attack on the thyroid that often leads to hypothyroidism; it is common, confirmed with tests like TSH, free T4, and TPO antibodies, and usually managed safely and effectively with levothyroxine plus regular monitoring. There are several factors to consider, including when to start treatment, how to take medication, what to do if antibodies are positive but labs are normal, pregnancy considerations, and lifestyle supports; see below for complete details and next steps you can discuss with your clinician.
References:
* Caturegli P, De Marino L, De Rosa A, et al. Hashimoto's thyroiditis: current perspectives. Minerva Endocrinol. 2023 Mar;48(1):7-19. doi: 10.23736/S2724-6507.23.03714-X. PMID: 36625807.
* Pilli T, Ciu X. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: Current Concepts on Pathogenesis and Treatment. Curr Drug Metab. 2022;23(5):367-375. doi: 10.2174/1389200223666220808125633. PMID: 35940424.
* Guha A, Sanyal K, Sen S, et al. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: A Comprehensive Review. J Assoc Physicians India. 2022 Jul;70(7):11-12. PMID: 35882372.
* Pyzik A, Grywalska E, Król A, et al. Hashimoto's thyroiditis: From genetics to the pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Oct 22;22(21):11227. doi: 10.3390/ijms222111227. PMID: 34707647; PMCID: PMC8559132.
* Ruggeri RM, Giuffrida G, Campennì A, et al. Management of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: An Update. Minerva Endocrinol. 2020 Jun;45(2):162-174. doi: 10.23736/S0391-1977.20.03152-7. PMID: 32267687.
Q.
Muscle Weakness? Why Your Body is Hypotonic and Medical Next Steps
A.
Hypotonia means persistently low muscle tone that feels soft or weak and is a symptom, not a diagnosis; common causes include thyroid problems like hypothyroidism, vitamin or electrolyte imbalances, and disorders of the nerves or muscles. Next steps usually include a medical evaluation with blood tests for thyroid, vitamins, and electrolytes, possible EMG or imaging, and treatment such as thyroid replacement, targeted supplementation, and physical therapy, with urgent care needed for sudden weakness, trouble breathing, or swallowing. There are several factors to consider; see the complete guidance below for important details that can shape your care path.
References:
* Zang, L. D. (2021). Generalized hypotonia: an update on a diagnostic approach. *Rev Neurol (Paris), 177*(6), 667-675. DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2021.01.002. PMID: 33637402.
* Van Ryzin, C. I., & Bird, T. C. (2019). Hypotonia: a practical approach to diagnosis and management. *Semin Neurol, 39*(3), 337-347. DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1688970. PMID: 31151125.
* Zis, A. (2021). Generalized muscle weakness and hypotonia in adults: a diagnostic challenge. *J Neurol Sci, 426*, 117505. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.117505. PMID: 34091016.
* Cionci, A. S., Di Pasquale, C., Messina, I. P., & Bruno, V. T. (2020). Management of hypotonia: from diagnosis to rehabilitation. *J Child Neurol, 35*(1), 7-15. DOI: 10.1177/0883073819888632. PMID: 31791220.
* Lisi, M. L., Nesti, A., & Iadicicco, G. (2017). Congenital hypotonia: a practical approach. *Curr Opin Pediatr, 29*(6), 663-669. DOI: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000551. PMID: 28984605.
Q.
Hashimoto’s? Why Your Thyroid Is Under Attack & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an autoimmune attack on the thyroid that can gradually lead to hypothyroidism, with symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, cold sensitivity, and goiter; diagnosis relies on TSH, Free T4, and thyroid antibody tests. Medically approved next steps include starting levothyroxine to restore hormone levels and regular lab monitoring, or watchful follow up if antibodies are present but hormones are normal. There are several factors to consider. For pregnancy planning, cardiovascular risks if untreated, and safe lifestyle supports that complement medication, see below for complete guidance on testing, dosing, red flags, and when to seek care.
References:
* Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Rotondi M, Fallahi P. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: A Comprehensive Review. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2015 Dec;16(4):259-72. doi: 10.1007/s11154-015-9382-y. PMID: 26369062.
* Caturegli P, De Marino L. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: Pathogenesis and Management. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2019 Oct;26(5):222-228. doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000494. PMID: 31393375.
* Pyzik A, Grywalska E, Król A, Rahnama M. New insights into the pathogenesis and management of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Front Immunol. 2017 Jul 25;8:880. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00880. PMID: 28790934; PMCID: PMC5524823.
* Tanda ML, Piantanida E, Liparulo L, Veronesi G, Salerno M, Bartalena L. Hashimoto's thyroiditis: an update on the pathogenesis and treatment. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2016 Oct;12(10):1099-106. doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2016.1202816. PMID: 27464737.
* Ruggeri RM, Giuffrida G, Campennì A, Callea A, Trimarchi F, Giustina A. Thyroid gland in autoimmune diseases. Eur J Intern Med. 2022 Mar;97:27-33. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2021.12.008. Epub 2021 Dec 21. PMID: 34963574.
Q.
Exhausted and Confused? Why Your TSH Is Abnormal + Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
There are several factors to consider if your TSH is abnormal, since high TSH usually points to hypothyroidism and low TSH suggests hyperthyroidism, and either can be temporary or subclinical. Medically approved next steps include confirming with a repeat TSH plus free T4, reviewing symptoms and medications such as biotin, and treating when appropriate with levothyroxine for high TSH or antithyroid options, beta blockers, radioactive iodine, or surgery for low TSH, then rechecking in 6 to 8 weeks and, once stable, every 6 to 12 months. For urgent red flags, pregnancy and older adult considerations, and medication timing with calcium and iron, see the complete details below.
References:
* Patil N, et al. Thyroid Disorders: An Overview of Diagnosis and Management. Cureus. 2020 Apr 14;12(4):e7621. doi: 10.7759/cureus.7621. PMID: 32308648; PMCID: PMC7223595.
* Wajner SM, et al. Thyroid Dysfunction and Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review. Endocr Pract. 2020 May;26(5):590-599. doi: 10.4158/EP-2019-0524. PMID: 32296494.
* Garber JR, et al. Subclinical Hypothyroidism: An Update. Thyroid. 2019 Dec;29(12):1720-1732. doi: 10.1089/thy.2019.0346. PMID: 31737728.
* Ross DS. Hyperthyroidism: A Review. JAMA. 2023 Feb 21;329(7):583-593. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.0039. PMID: 36802877.
* Chaker L, et al. Interpretation of Thyroid Function Tests. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2021 Jun;50(2):189-204. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2021.03.004. PMID: 34185196.
Q.
Still Tired? Why Your Thyroid Is Resisting Synthroid + Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Still tired on Synthroid even with normal labs? Common causes include a not-optimal-for-you TSH, poor T4 to T3 conversion, absorption problems, Hashimoto’s inflammation, nutrient deficiencies, other conditions like sleep apnea or depression, or an incorrect dose; there are several factors to consider, and key nuances are explained below. Medically approved next steps include repeating targeted labs (TSH, Free T4, possibly Free T3 and antibodies), optimizing how and when you take Synthroid, checking iron, B12, and vitamin D, discussing supervised T4 plus T3 when appropriate, and addressing sleep, stress, diet, and activity; see below for specific timing tips, medication interactions, red flags, and details that could change the right next step in your care.
References:
* Wickham, S. C., et al. (2020). Persistent Symptoms of Hypothyroidism Despite Levothyroxine Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. *Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*, 105(7), e2653-e2669.
* McAninch, E. A., & Bianco, A. C. (2016). Running on empty: the science behind thyroid hormone activation. *Frontiers in Endocrinology*, 7, 79.
* Ghem, C., et al. (2018). The effect of combined versus monotherapy with thyroid hormones on quality of life and biochemical parameters in primary hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. *European Journal of Endocrinology*, 178(5), 455-467.
* Peterson, S. J., et al. (2019). Addressing the Persistent Symptoms of Hypothyroidism in the Era of Personalized Medicine. *Frontiers in Endocrinology*, 10, 423.
* Wiersinga, W. M. (2019). Pitfalls in the diagnosis and management of hypothyroidism. *Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism*, 10, 204201881987747.
Q.
Tired? Why Your Thyroid Is Failing From Brazil Nuts & Approved Next Steps
A.
Feeling tired, cold, or foggy could stem from selenium overload from eating too many Brazil nuts, since even 4 to 6 nuts can exceed safe limits and destabilize thyroid hormones, especially if you also use selenium supplements or have thyroid disease. Approved next steps include cutting to 1 to 2 nuts daily, avoiding selenium supplements, and asking your clinician for TSH, Free T4, Free T3, TPO antibodies, and selenium testing, with important nuances on other triggers, diet balance, and recovery explained below.
References:
* Ventura M, Melo M, Carrilho F. Selenium and Thyroid Function: From Biochemistry to Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Jan 25;22(2):1124. doi: 10.3390/ijms22021124. PMID: 33499298; PMCID: PMC7835824.
* Triggiani V, Zito A, Giagulli VA, De Pergola G, Ciccone MM, Resta F, Triggiani M. Selenium and the Thyroid: The Interplay with Iodine. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Oct 6;21(19):7346. doi: 10.3390/ijms21197346. PMID: 33027989; PMCID: PMC7583094.
* Kothari N, Jain N, Kothari S, Singh R. Selenium status and its interaction with thyroid disorders: A narrative review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022 Dec 7;13:1040685. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1040685. PMID: 36561230; PMCID: PMC9766946.
* Vinceti M, Crespi CM, Bonvicini F, Malagoli C, Ferrante M, Gutiérrez-Álvarez AM, Aguilera J, Cervellin G, Sieri S, Krogh V. Selenium toxicity in humans: a review of the adverse effects following overexposure. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2011 May;41(5):401-20. doi: 10.3109/10408444.2010.518602. PMID: 21453487.
* Ibrahimpasić T, Jukić T, Omerović M, Smajić A, Aljović A, Ikić M, Prnjavorac B, Alibašić A, Durić K. Selenium in Thyroid Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Therapy. Biomedicines. 2023 Apr 11;11(4):1153. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11041153. PMID: 37049449; PMCID: PMC10137788.
Q.
Exhausted? Hypothyroidism Symptoms & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Persistent fatigue, weight gain, cold sensitivity, dry skin or hair changes, constipation, brain fog, depression, menstrual issues, and a slow heart rate can point to hypothyroidism. Diagnosis is a simple blood test for TSH and free T4, and daily levothyroxine typically relieves symptoms within 2 to 6 weeks with periodic monitoring. There are several factors to consider. See below for who is at higher risk, urgent red flags, pregnancy considerations, lifestyle tips, potential complications if untreated, and step by step guidance on testing, treatment, and when to seek care.
References:
* Lazo M, et al. Subclinical Hypothyroidism: Current Controversies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Jan 1;105(1):dgz032. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgz032.
* Camargo RAA, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of primary hypothyroidism in adults: a review of the international evidence. Rev Bras Enferm. 2021;74 Suppl 5:e20200840. doi: 10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0840.
* Sgarbi JA, et al. Quality of life in patients with hypothyroidism. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2017 Oct;24(5):387-393. doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000366.
* Jonklaas J, et al. Management of primary hypothyroidism: Desiccated thyroid extract, thyronamines, and other new directions. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2022 Dec;23(6):1187-1200. doi: 10.1007/s11154-022-09756-3. Epub 2022 Jul 14.
* Chaker L, et al. Hypothyroidism. Lancet. 2019 Jul 13;394(10192):34-45. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32223-2. Epub 2019 May 10.
Q.
TSH Blood Test: Why You Still Feel Sick & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
A normal TSH result can still coexist with fatigue, brain fog, anxiety, or other symptoms because TSH is only a signal hormone and issues may stem from a not-optimal TSH for you, incomplete testing (no free T4, free T3, or antibodies), medication absorption or dosing problems, subclinical hypothyroidism, or non-thyroid causes like iron, B12, vitamin D deficiency, sleep apnea, stress, or menopause. There are several factors to consider. See below to understand more, including medically approved next steps such as requesting a full thyroid panel, reviewing thyroid meds and interfering supplements, screening for common overlaps, tailoring lifestyle factors with your doctor, and knowing when urgent symptoms need immediate care.
References:
* Ettleson MD, Bianco AC. Thyroid stimulating hormone and quality of life in euthyroid hypothyroid patients. J Clin Invest. 2018 Jul 16;128(8):3209-3211. doi: 10.1172/JCI122709. PMID: 30017188; PMCID: PMC6063673.
* Biondi B, Cooper DS. Subclinical Hypothyroidism: An Update. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Oct 20;173(8):W101-W102. doi: 10.7326/W20-0036. PMID: 33051406.
* Refetoff S. Resistance to thyroid hormone. A historical perspective. Thyroid. 2013 Aug;23(8):926-34. doi: 10.1089/thy.2013.0118. PMID: 23761765; PMCID: PMC3725841.
* Carta MG, Cadeddu G, Sancassiani F, Cocco F, Sanna L, Moro MF, Contu P, Lavra P. Thyroid Dysfunction and Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety: A Review of the Literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Oct 31;15(11):2393. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15112393. PMID: 30398687; PMCID: PMC6266070.
* Midgley JE, Williams G, Rajanayagam O, Pearce SH, Dayan CM. Should we routinely measure free T3 and reverse T3? Endocr Connect. 2020 Jun;9(5):R114-R124. doi: 10.1530/EC-20-0081. PMID: 32414732; PMCID: PMC7255167.
Q.
Always Tired? Hashimoto’s: The Science & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Always tired? Hashimoto’s disease is a common autoimmune cause of hypothyroidism and deep, unrefreshing fatigue; it is diagnosed with simple blood tests (TSH, Free T4, thyroid antibodies) and treated safely and effectively with levothyroxine and regular monitoring. There are several factors to consider. See below for the medically approved next steps, including how to take levothyroxine correctly, which nutrients and conditions to check if fatigue persists, and the urgent warning signs that could change what you do next.
References:
* Chaker L, Korevaar TIM, Medici M, De Rijke YB, Visser WE, Visser TJ, De Jong FH, Visser M, Hofman A, Franco OH, De Jong FH, Visser M, Hofman A, Franco OH, De Jong FH, Visser M, Hofman A, Franco OH, De Jong FH, Visser M, Hofman A, Franco OH, De Jong FH, Visser M, Hofman A, Franco OH, De Jong FH, Visser M, Hofman A, Franco OH, De Jong FH, Visser M, Hofman A, Franco OH, De Jong FH, Visser M, Hofman A, Franco OH, De Jong FH, Visser M, Hofman A, Franco OH, De Jong FH, Visser M, Hofman A, Franco OH. Fatigue in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: current knowledge and future research directions. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Aug 18;106(9):e3630-e3640. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgab183. PMID: 33760460.
* Jonklaas J, Bianco GJ, Cappola AL, Celi FS, Cooper DS, Kim BW, Peeters RP, Wiersinga WM. Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease: An American Thyroid Association Perspective. Thyroid. 2023 Feb;33(2):167-172. doi: 10.1089/thy.2022.0520. PMID: 36814227.
* Vannini N, Celi M, D'Angelo S, Zompatori M, Di Sabatino V, De Felice F, Ascenzi P, Di Pierro D. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients. 2023 Mar 22;15(6):1540. doi: 10.3390/nu15061540. PMID: 36986061.
* Hansen PS, Marckmann N, Øllgaard H, Rasmussen AK, Schmedes A, Schioldan AG. Persistent symptoms in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis despite euthyroidism: a systematic review. Endocrine. 2020 Sep;69(3):477-483. doi: 10.1007/s12020-020-02305-6. Epub 2020 May 3. PMID: 32361845.
* Guan K, Wu Y, Yang J, Wu H. Impact of thyroid autoimmunity on quality of life and psychological well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2023 Sep;155:106263. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106263. Epub 2023 Jun 20. PMID: 37379768.
Q.
Always Tired? Why Your Thyroid Is Draining You & Medical Next Steps
A.
Persistent exhaustion with brain fog, weight gain, or feeling cold can signal an underactive thyroid, where low thyroid hormones slow your metabolism and drain energy. There are several factors to consider; next steps usually include TSH and Free T4 blood tests and, if confirmed, personalized levothyroxine with regular monitoring, while also checking for other causes like anemia, sleep apnea, and vitamin deficiencies. Key red flags, alternative diagnoses, and step-by-step guidance are explained below.
References:
* Chaker L, Korevaar TIM, Medici M, de Jong FJ, Visser TJ, Eijgelsheim M, Franco OH, de Rijke YB, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Zillikens MC, Dehghan A, Visser W, Peeters RP. Thyroid Dysfunction and Fatigue: An Extensive Review. Thyroid. 2022 Mar;32(3):355-373. doi: 10.1089/thy.2021.0360. PMID: 34949174.
* Wiersinga WM, Duntas LH. The management of hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021 May;17(5):291-303. doi: 10.1038/s41574-021-00463-8. Epub 2021 Feb 17. PMID: 33608722.
* Livadiotis G, Papageorgiou MK, Liakos A, Sgantzos M, Klonaris C, Koutsilieris M, Mastorakos G. An update on hypothyroidism: A practical approach to diagnosis and treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2023 Dec;99(6):790-798. doi: 10.1111/cen.14953. Epub 2023 Sep 5. PMID: 37648937.
* Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, Burman DK, Cappola AN, Celi FH, Cooper DS, Kim BW, Peeters RP, Rosenthal ED, Sawka AM, Spencer CA, Walsh JP. Guidelines for the Treatment of Hypothyroidism: Prepared by the American Thyroid Association Task Force on Thyroid Hormone Replacement. Thyroid. 2014 Dec;24(12):1670-751. doi: 10.1089/thy.2014.0028. PMID: 25266052.
* Ittermann T, Völzke H, Schipf S, Nauck M, Spielhagen T, Rettig R, Grabe HJ, Biffar R. Symptoms of hypothyroidism are more prevalent in subjects with high thyrotropin than in subjects with normal thyrotropin-results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND). Thyroid. 2019 Sep;29(9):1227-1234. doi: 10.1089/thy.2019.0006. Epub 2019 Jul 23. PMID: 31333190.
Q.
Always Tired? Why Your Thyroid Is Failing + Medical Next Steps
A.
Always tired, gaining weight, or feeling cold could signal hypothyroidism, most often from Hashimoto’s; key next steps are seeing your doctor for TSH and Free T4 labs, possibly TPO antibodies, and starting levothyroxine if appropriate. There are several factors to consider, including subclinical results, medication or postpartum effects, and risks of leaving it untreated, plus how to take thyroid meds and monitor levels; see below for crucial details that can shape your care plan.
References:
* Chakera AJ, Vaidya B. Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypothyroidism: A Review. JAMA. 2021 Jun 1;325(21):2191-2202. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.5799. PMID: 34061148.
* Khan F, Iatridis P. Management of Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Clinical Review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022 Nov 17;107(12):3264-3277. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac591. PMID: 36040516.
* Nishant V, Soni A, Mittal S, Kaur G. Mechanisms of Fatigue in Hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Feb 16;108(3):e185-e190. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac621. PMID: 36056461.
* Saravanan P, Saravanan PP, Padhye S, Singh K, Singh B. Impact of Hypothyroidism on Quality of Life and Potential Benefits of Treatment: A Systematic Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Nov 23;12:779029. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.779029. PMID: 34887754; PMCID: PMC8649377.
* Müller J, Partschefeld N. Fatigue in patients with hypothyroidism: current understanding and future perspectives. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2023 Sep;16(9):839-847. doi: 10.1080/17512433.2023.2263435. Epub 2023 Oct 3. PMID: 37787352.
Q.
Exhausted? Why Your Thyroid Is Under Attack: Hashimoto Disease & Medical Steps
A.
Persistent exhaustion, brain fog, weight gain, or feeling cold can signal Hashimoto disease, an autoimmune attack on the thyroid that causes hypothyroidism and is confirmed with labs such as TSH, Free T4, and thyroid antibodies. Effective care usually involves levothyroxine and ongoing monitoring, and acting early helps prevent complications like high cholesterol, heart risks, fertility problems, and severe fatigue. There are several factors to consider, including who should be tested, how doses are adjusted, red flags, pregnancy considerations, and supplement cautions; see below for the complete answer and next steps.
References:
* Talaei A, Ghorbani M, Khazdouz M. Fatigue and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: A Narrative Review. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2022 Mar 15;14(1):21-27. doi: 10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2021.2021.0064. Epub 2021 Jun 25. PMID: 34167664; PMCID: PMC8940864.
* Benvenga S, Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Fallahi P, Ragusa F, Vita R. Hashimoto's thyroiditis: An example of an autoimmune organ-specific disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2021 Jul;20(7):102841. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102841. Epub 2021 Jun 25. PMID: 34208039.
* Ragusa F, Fallahi P, Elia G, Gonnella D, Paparo A, Raspini S, Fiorini C, Vita R, Benvenga S, Antonelli A. Hashimoto's Thyroiditis: Pathogenesis, Early Diagnosis and New Approaches to Treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2021 Apr 30;22(9):4624. doi: 10.3390/ijms22094624. PMID: 33946363; PMCID: PMC8123282.
* Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Fallahi P, Ragusa F, Vita R, Paparo A, Gonnella D, Benvenga S. Management of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019 Aug 9;10:555. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00555. PMID: 31440263; PMCID: PMC6689252.
* Hu X, Chen R, Ma P, Wu C, Wang D. Recent advances in the understanding of Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Front Immunol. 2023 Feb 1;14:1120040. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1120040. PMID: 36798132; PMCID: PMC9924546.
Q.
Still Tired on Levothyroxine? Why Your Thyroid is Failing + Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Still feeling tired on levothyroxine usually points to fixable issues like an under or over dose, poor absorption from taking it with food, coffee, calcium or iron, limited T4 to T3 conversion, or another condition such as iron, B12 or vitamin D deficiency, sleep apnea, depression, diabetes, or menopause. Medically approved next steps include rechecking TSH and Free T4 and possibly Free T3 after 6 to 8 weeks, taking levothyroxine correctly on an empty stomach with water and away from supplements, screening for anemia and vitamin levels plus sleep and mood disorders, optimizing lifestyle, and discussing carefully selected T4 plus T3 therapy with your doctor. There are several factors to consider that could change your next steps and safety. See complete details below.
References:
* Gaby, R., & Wittert, G. (2020). Persistent symptoms in patients with hypothyroidism on levothyroxine: a narrative review. *Endocrine Connections*, *9*(12), R182-R195.
* Wiersinga, W. M., Duntas, L., Faber, J., et al. (2020). Combined therapy with levothyroxine and liothyronine in primary hypothyroidism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. *European Thyroid Journal*, *9*(5), 261-271.
* Vaisman, F., & Carvalho, D. (2018). Refractory hypothyroidism: clinical approach and current perspectives. *Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabolismo*, *62*(1), 22-29.
* Saravanan, P., & Dayan, C. M. (2020). Quality of Life in Patients with Hypothyroidism on Levothyroxine Monotherapy: A Systematic Review. *Endocrine Practice*, *26*(9), 982-990.
* Maia, A. L., & Bianco, A. C. (2020). Deiodinases and the clinical relevance of thyroid hormone activation. *Thyroid*, *30*(2), 183-195.
Q.
Always Tired? Why Your Hormones Are Off & Medical Next Steps
A.
Persistent, unexplained fatigue often points to hormone imbalances involving the thyroid, adrenal glands, diabetes or blood sugar swings, or sex hormones like estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. There are several factors to consider. Begin by tracking symptoms and seeing your doctor for targeted labs such as TSH and free T4, cortisol, A1C, and reproductive hormones, and ask whether an endocrinology referral is appropriate; see the complete guidance below for red flags, test nuances, and treatment options that could change your next steps.
References:
* Parle, J. V. (2018). Endocrine causes of fatigue and their management. *Clinical medicine (London, England), 18*(2), 161–165. PMID: 29643126.
* Chaker L, Bianco AC, Jonklaas J, Peeters RP. (2017). Hypothyroidism: A Review. *Lancet, 390*(10101), 1550–1562. PMID: 28373059.
* Husebye ES, Pearce SH, Krone NP. (2021). Primary Adrenal Insufficiency. *Lancet, 397*(10285), 1653–1667. PMID: 33934891.
* Hannon, A. M., & Murray, R. D. (2016). Hypopituitarism: diagnosis and treatment. *Therapeutic advances in endocrinology and metabolism, 7*(3), 116–127. PMID: 27280068.
* Perrin, J., & Sen, S. (2014). Sex hormone status and chronic fatigue. *Women's Health (London, England), 10*(6), 653–660. PMID: 25330310.
Q.
Always Tired? Why Your Internal Engine Is Stalling & Medically Backed Hypothyroidism Steps
A.
There are several factors to consider. Persistent fatigue, brain fog, weight gain, constipation, dry skin, and feeling cold can point to hypothyroidism, where low thyroid hormone slows your internal engine and drains energy. Diagnosis is via TSH and free T4 blood tests, and treatment with daily levothyroxine plus regular monitoring is highly effective; for key details like medication timing, supplement interactions, supportive lifestyle steps, and urgent red flags, see the complete guidance below to understand more.
References:
* Chahardoli R, Karimi E, Lajmiri P, Tahmasebi M, Khani Y, Amouzegar A, Amini M, Azizi F. Fatigue in Patients with Hypothyroidism: Prevalence, Pathogenesis, and Treatment. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023 Feb 15;14:1072979. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1072979. PMID: 36875249; PMCID: PMC9977826.
* Biondi B, Cooper DS. Management of Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Review. JAMA. 2018 Sep 25;320(13):1362-1370. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.12935. PMID: 30260461.
* Hennessey JV, Espaillat R. Levothyroxine therapy and quality of life in patients with hypothyroidism. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2016 Oct;23(5):368-74. doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000282. PMID: 27552327.
* Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, Burman OF, Cappola AM, Celi FS, Cooper DS, Kim BW, Peeters RP, Rosenthal MS, Sawka AM, Spencer CA, Stagnaro-Green A. 2012 Guidelines for the Management of Hypothyroidism: An American Thyroid Association Perspective. Thyroid. 2014 Dec;24(12):1670-76. doi: 10.1089/thy.2012.0205. Erratum in: Thyroid. 2014 Dec;24(12):1670-76. PMID: 24709849.
* Yen PM. Thyroid Hormone Action: A Look at the Past, Present, and Future of Nuclear Receptor Research. Endocr Rev. 2015 Oct;36(5):485-501. doi: 10.1210/er.2015-1025. PMID: 26367375; PMCID: PMC4596327.
Q.
Brain Fog? Why Hashimoto’s Disease Attacks Your Thyroid & Medical Next Steps
A.
Brain fog can be a key sign of Hashimoto disease, an autoimmune attack on the thyroid that lowers thyroid hormones and leads to hypothyroidism, which slows thinking, drains energy, and affects mood and metabolism. Next steps include asking your doctor for TSH, Free T4, and thyroid antibody tests, starting levothyroxine if hypothyroidism is confirmed, and arranging regular monitoring, with urgent care for severe or rapidly worsening symptoms; there are several factors to consider, so see below to understand more.
References:
* Balazs, C., et al. "Cognitive dysfunction in Hashimoto's thyroiditis: an updated review." *Frontiers in Endocrinology*, vol. 11, 2020, p. 306.
* Antonelli, A., et al. "Hashimoto's thyroiditis: an update on pathogenesis and treatment." *Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity*, vol. 27, no. 5, 2020, pp. 384-391.
* Ragusa, F., et al. "Hashimoto's thyroiditis: current concepts." *International Journal of Molecular Sciences*, vol. 19, no. 7, 2018, p. 2073.
* Ortiga-Carvalho, T. M., et al. "Thyroid hormone and the brain: potential implications for thyroid disease." *Endocrine Reviews*, vol. 43, no. 1, 2022, pp. 1-28.
* Li, Y., et al. "Quality of life and cognitive function in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A systematic review and meta-analysis." *Journal of Affective Disorders*, vol. 329, 2023, pp. 27-37.
Q.
Brain Fog? Why Your Internal Engine Is Stalling & Medical Next Steps for Levothyroxine
A.
Brain fog despite levothyroxine is common and can stem from a not yet optimized dose, poor absorption from timing with food, coffee, calcium or iron, or from other contributors like iron, B12 or vitamin D deficiency, sleep apnea, mood issues, or even over-replacement. Next steps include reviewing exactly how you take levothyroxine, getting updated labs such as TSH and Free T4 plus iron, ferritin, B12 and vitamin D, and discussing persistent symptoms, sleep, and other medications with your clinician; there are several factors to consider, so see below to understand more, including key details that could change your plan.
References:
* Hage M, Nasrallah M. Cognitive function in patients with hypothyroidism: current opinion. J Thyroid Res. 2018;2018:7873979. doi: 10.1155/2018/7873979. Epub 2018 Jan 14. PMID: 29369986; PMCID: PMC5787056.
* Paschou SA, Chatzellis E, Baka A, Vasileiou V, Kountouras D, Vryonidou A. Cognitive dysfunction in hypothyroidism. Hormones (Athens). 2019 Jun;18(2):161-167. doi: 10.1007/s42000-019-00109-1. Epub 2019 Apr 30. PMID: 31038528.
* Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Chiamolera MI, Gouveia CH, Pazos-Moura CC, Wondisford FE. Thyroid Hormone and Brain Development and Function: A Historical Perspective. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Aug 11;11:574241. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2020.574241. PMID: 32838328; PMCID: PMC7433899.
* Varghese J, Sreeja S, Sreelakshmi L, Jayakumar B, Sreeja VS. Thyroid Hormones and Brain: How Thyroid Hormones Regulate the Expression of Genes Implicated in Brain Function. J Clin Diagn Res. 2021 Mar;15(3):BE01-BE04. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2021/48493.14660. Epub 2021 Mar 1. PMID: 33919429; PMCID: PMC8069695.
* Pirahanchi Y, Jialal I. Treatment of Hypothyroidism. [Updated 2023 Feb 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: PMID: 30349372.
Q.
Brain Fog? Why Your Thyroid Is Failing & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Persistent brain fog with fatigue, weight gain, cold sensitivity, or mood changes can signal an underactive thyroid, often from Hashimoto’s; simple blood tests like TSH and free T4 confirm it, and daily levothyroxine usually restores clarity within weeks with fuller relief in 6 to 12 weeks. There are several factors to consider. See below for complete, medically approved next steps on what to test, how dosing and medication timing affect results, supportive diet and sleep measures, warning signs that need urgent care, and what to do if labs are normal but symptoms persist.
References:
* Sood, K. T., D'Souza, S. A., & Sood, R. (2019). Cognitive dysfunction and thyroid disease: a comprehensive review. *Metabolic Brain Disease*, *34*(1), 1–11.
* Gong, W., Li, S., Zhao, H., Chen, C., & Zhang, J. (2022). Brain fog in hypothyroidism: is there an underlying pathophysiology? *Endocrine*, *77*(1), 1–9.
* Guo, W., Ding, C., Li, L., Zhang, J., Wu, M., Han, C., & Zhang, Z. (2020). The effect of levothyroxine treatment on cognitive function in hypothyroid patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. *Journal of Affective Disorders*, *264*, 43–52.
* Samudralwar, M., Nookala, M., & Rao, V. S. (2017). Cognitive impairment in patients with thyroid disorders: A review. *Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR*, *11*(5), ME01–ME04.
* Schonauer, M., & Schoenmakers, E. (2018). Thyroid hormones and the brain: new insights into cellular mechanisms and implications for brain function. *Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research*, *4*, 115–123.
Q.
Thyroid Nodules or Hypothyroidism Sleep Issues: 40-50 Guide & Next Steps
A.
In your 40s or 50s, sleep problems can stem from hypothyroidism that drives fatigue, sleepiness, and higher sleep apnea risk, or from thyroid nodules that either overproduce hormone causing insomnia and a racing heart, or press on the airway and disturb sleep when lying down. There are several factors to consider and treatments are effective once diagnosed, so see the complete guidance below for testing and next steps, including tracking symptoms, asking for TSH and free T4, ultrasound if a lump is present, and urgent care for breathing or swallowing trouble or a rapid heartbeat. Most nodules are benign and hypothyroidism usually responds well to treatment.
References:
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35965022/
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29329471/
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29410943/
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32249339/
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37624641/
Q.
Underactive Thyroid Symptoms in Women 30-45: Signs & Next Steps
A.
In women 30 to 45, common signs of an underactive thyroid include persistent fatigue, modest unexplained weight gain, feeling unusually cold, menstrual or fertility changes, hair thinning with dry skin, mood or concentration problems, and constipation. There are several factors to consider; see below for details that can affect which next steps you take. Track your symptoms and ask a clinician for thyroid blood tests TSH and Free T4, since hypothyroidism is highly treatable with levothyroxine, and use the symptom check while you arrange care, but seek urgent help for red flags like chest pain, severe swelling, confusion, or trouble breathing described below.
References:
* Chaker L, Bianco AC, Jonklaas A, et al. Hypothyroidism. Lancet. 2017 Aug 19;390(10101):1550-1562. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30703-1. PMID: 28385472.
* Hennessey JV, Espaillat R. Diagnosis and Management of Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Clinical Review. JAMA. 2021 Jul 6;326(1):70-81. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.7702. PMID: 34228062.
* Antonelli A, Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, et al. Autoimmune thyroid disorders: a comprehensive review. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2020 Jun;21(2):165-174. doi: 10.1007/s11154-020-09520-2. PMID: 32095906.
* Wiersinga WM, Duntas LH, EMO Committee. An update on hypothyroidism: management strategies for patients in the current era. Endocrine. 2023 Feb;79(1):15-28. doi: 10.1007/s12020-022-03173-z. PMID: 36284144.
* Biondi B, Cooper DS. The Clinical Significance of Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction. Endocr Rev. 2018 Dec 1;39(6):765-785. doi: 10.1210/er.2018-00007. PMID: 30202970.
Q.
Hypothyroidism in Women 30-45: Symptoms & Your Action Plan
A.
Hypothyroidism is common but often overlooked in women 30 to 45, causing fatigue, weight gain, cold sensitivity, brain fog, hair and skin changes, and menstrual or fertility problems, yet it is highly treatable once confirmed with TSH and Free T4 testing and managed with levothyroxine plus follow up. There are several factors to consider, including postpartum and autoimmune risks, when to test, medication timing, how it impacts pregnancy, and signs that warrant urgent care or point to other causes; for your step by step action plan and key details that could change your next steps, see below.
References:
* Chaker L, Bianco AC, Jonklaas A, Peeters RP. Hypothyroidism. Lancet. 2017 Dec 9;390(10101):1550-1562. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30703-1. PMID: 27982046.
* Al-Fahoum B, Al-Hajaj A, Alqutami K, Al-Ani M, Al-Shamaileh R, Naser A. Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Women: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2020 Feb 21;12(2):e7075. doi: 10.7759/cureus.7075. PMID: 32189679; PMCID: PMC7089156.
* Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GT, Brown RS, Chen H, Dosiou C, et al. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Thyroid. 2017 Mar;27(3):315-389. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0457. PMID: 28056170.
* Krassas GE, Poppe K, Glinoer D. Thyroid Dysfunction and Autoimmunity: An Overview for the Gynecologist. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2017 Nov;44:115-131. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.03.003. Epub 2017 Mar 21. PMID: 28906326.
* Helfand M, Redeker NS. Quality of life in patients with hypothyroidism. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2018 Oct;25(5):349-355. doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000438. PMID: 30438150; PMCID: PMC6250645.
Q.
Levothyroxine for Women 30-45: Symptom Guide & Next Steps
A.
Levothyroxine is a safe, effective synthetic T4 for hypothyroidism, which is common in women 30 to 45; hallmark symptoms include persistent fatigue, unexplained weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, hair thinning, brain fog, mood changes, and menstrual or fertility problems. There are several factors to consider, including how to take it correctly, the timeline to feel better, lab monitoring and dose adjustments, pregnancy guidance, weight expectations, urgent red flags, and practical next steps. See below for the complete answer with details that can affect which actions you take now.
References:
* Patil N, et al. Hypothyroidism in Adults: A Review. JAMA. 2023 Jul 11;330(2):160-171. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.10900. PMID: 37432431.
* Alexander EK, et al. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum. Thyroid. 2017 Mar;27(3):315-389. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0457. PMID: 28054616.
* Kahric-Janicic N, et al. Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease in Women. Med Clin North Am. 2020 Jan;104(1):153-169. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2019.09.006. PMID: 31731698.
* Razvi S, et al. Management of Subclinical Hypothyroidism in Reproductive-Aged Women. Thyroid. 2019 Apr;29(4):450-463. doi: 10.1089/thy.2018.0673. PMID: 30841775.
* Surks MI. Levothyroxine Treatment in Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Clinical Update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Sep 1;105(9):e3332-e3341. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa488. PMID: 32678888.
Q.
Can low alkaline phosphatase be caused by thyroid issues?
A.
Yes—an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) can lower alkaline phosphatase by slowing bone turnover, and levels often normalize after thyroid hormone treatment. There are several other potential causes (nutritional deficiencies, malabsorption, rare genetic disorders), so persistent low results merit repeat testing and checks like TSH/free T4 and nutrient levels—see the important details and next‑step guidance below.
References:
Whyte MP. (2015). Enzyme-replacement therapy for childhood hypophosphatasia… N Engl J Med, 25610165.
Kim WR, Biggins SW, Kremers WK, et al. (2008). Hyponatremia and mortality in patients on the liver transplant waiting list: incorporation into the MELD score… N Engl J Med, 19005193.
Castera L, Foucher J, Bernard PH, et al. (2012). Liver stiffness measurement predicts outcome and decompensation in patients with chronic liver diseases… J Hepatol, 22167638.
Q.
Can low alkaline phosphatase be caused by thyroid issues?
A.
Yes—an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) can lower alkaline phosphatase by slowing bone turnover, and levels often normalize after thyroid hormone treatment. There are several other potential causes (nutritional deficiencies, malabsorption, rare genetic disorders), so persistent low results merit repeat testing and checks like TSH/free T4 and nutrient levels—see the important details and next‑step guidance below.
References:
Whyte MP. (2015). Enzyme-replacement therapy for childhood hypophosphatasia… N Engl J Med, 25610165.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25610165/
Kim WR, Biggins SW, Kremers WK, et al. (2008). Hyponatremia and mortality in patients on the liver transplant waiting list: incorporation into the MELD score… N Engl J Med, 19005193.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19005193/
Castera L, Foucher J, Bernard PH, et al. (2012). Liver stiffness measurement predicts outcome and decompensation in patients with chronic liver diseases… J Hepatol, 22167638.
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Link to full study:
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.24312810v1Udovcic M, Pena RH, Patham B, Tabatabai L, Kansara A. Hypothyroidism and the Heart. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2017 Apr-Jun;13(2):55-59. doi: 10.14797/mdcj-13-2-55. PMID: 28740582; PMCID: PMC5512679.
https://journal.houstonmethodist.org/article/10.14797/mdcj-13-2-55/Biondi B, Cooper DS. Thyroid hormone therapy for hypothyroidism. Endocrine. 2019 Oct;66(1):18-26. doi: 10.1007/s12020-019-02023-7. Epub 2019 Aug 1. PMID: 31372822.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12020-019-02023-7Bridwell RE, Willis GC, Gottlieb M, Koyfman A, Long B. Decompensated hypothyroidism: A review for the emergency clinician. Am J Emerg Med. 2021 Jan;39:207-212. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.09.062. Epub 2020 Sep 30. PMID: 33039222.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735675720308573?via%3DihubPersani L. Clinical review: Central hypothyroidism: pathogenic, diagnostic, and therapeutic challenges. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;97(9):3068-78. doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-1616. Epub 2012 Jul 31. PMID: 22851492.
https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/97/9/3068/2536827Hypothyroidism - Mayo Clinic
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284Chaker L, Bianco AC, Jonklaas J, Peeters RP. Hypothyroidism. Lancet. 2017 Sep 23;390(10101):1550-1562. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30703-1. Epub 2017 Mar 20. PMID: 28336049; PMCID: PMC6619426.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28336049/