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Tachycardia
Fast heart beat
Generally, Fast beating heart can be related to:
A condition involving an overactive thyroid gland. It's a disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland and causes an overproduction of thyroid hormone. It is more common in women than men. Some symptoms include anxiety, weight loss, tremors, changes in menstrual cycles, increase in bowel movements, fatigue, and palpitations.
Pheochromocytoma is a rare and typically benign tumor that grows in your adrenal gland. Your adrenal glands are small triangular organs, located above your kidneys, responsible for producing hormones that regulate your blood pressure, metabolism, and body reactions in stressful states. Pheochromocytomas are usually caused by genetic mutations and are associated with hereditary syndromes. Some symptoms include These symptoms can include: high blood pressure, headaches, irregular heartbeat, and sweating.
Sometimes, Fast beating heart may be related to these serious diseases:
Rupture of blood vessels in the esophagus (food pipe), leading to significant bleeding. This typically occurs in advanced liver disease when veins enlarge due to high pressure.
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this symptom:
Reviewed By:
Osler Jay Justo Guzon, MD (Cardiology)
Dr. Guzon graduated from the University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine with a BLA and MD. He then completed his Internal Medicine Residency at St. Louis University before a fellowship in Cardiovascular Diseases at the University of Missouri-Columbia. He has since working as an invasive cardiologist with a particular interest in preventative medicine and cardiometabolic disease. Over the past several years, Dr. Guzon has served on the speaker bureaus of AstraZeneca, Lilly, Boehringer-Ingelheim, and Aralez.
Tatsuya Shiraishi, MD (Cardiology)
Dr. Shiraishi graduated from the Kyoto University School of Medicine. He worked as a cardiologist at Edogawa Hospital, and after joining Ubie, he became the Director of East Nihonbashi Internal Medicine Clinic.
Content updated on Feb 6, 2025
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
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Q.
Calm Your Heart: How Seniors Can Lower Their Nighttime Pulse
A.
A normal resting heart rate is 60 to 100 bpm, and many healthy older adults are 60 to 80 bpm with an even lower rate during sleep. To lower a high nighttime pulse, improve sleep routines, limit evening caffeine, nicotine and alcohol, stay hydrated, practice slow breathing or gentle stretching, stay active during the day, follow a heart healthy diet, review medications with your clinician, and get assessed for sleep apnea. There are several factors to consider; urgent symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, fainting, new confusion, or a resting heart rate consistently over 100 bpm need prompt care, and the complete answer below provides step by step guidance, monitoring tips, and red flags that can shape your next steps.
References:
* Stenuit P, et al. Impact of sleep duration and quality on nocturnal heart rate and heart rate variability in older adults: a cross-sectional study. Sleep Med. 2021;85:236-242.
* Park SW, et al. Long-term meditation practice is associated with lower nocturnal heart rate in healthy adults. J Complement Integr Med. 2018;15(4).
* Huang CJ, et al. Effect of exercise training on resting heart rate and blood pressure in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hypertension. 2013;61(4):797-803.
* Koertge JH, et al. Autonomic nervous system activity, sleep, and metabolic health in aging: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. 2023;69:101783.
* Buhr K, et al. Association of light exposure and sleep-wake patterns with nighttime heart rate in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021;69(1):154-162.
Q.
Heart Racing Upon Waking? Assessing Stress vs. Sleep Issues
A.
Waking with a fast heartbeat is often linked to stress or poor sleep quality, including sleep apnea, as well as dehydration, caffeine or alcohol, blood sugar shifts, or hormonal changes; heart rhythm problems can also be a cause. See below for how to tell which is more likely, what patterns to track, and practical steps that may help right away. Seek urgent care for chest pain, fainting, severe shortness of breath, confusion, or a resting rate over 120 to 130, especially with a history of heart disease; doctors may use labs, an ECG, rhythm monitoring, or a sleep study. Full red flags, self care options, and guidance on next steps that could impact your healthcare journey are detailed below.
References:
* Loehr L, Guccione J, Haney E, et al. Increased morning heart rate in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a marker of sympathetic overactivity? Sleep Breath. 2017 Dec;21(4):1047-1054. doi: 10.1007/s11325-017-1510-z. Epub 2017 May 16. PMID: 28509303; PMCID: PMC5757271.
* Vasilevski V, Pacher M, Witte V, et al. Cortisol Awakening Response and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Systematic Review. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2020 Sep;119:104740. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.104740. Epub 2020 May 20. PMID: 32465223.
* Kim S, Park E, Shin H, et al. Acute morning stress increases heart rate and decreases heart rate variability more in women than men. Clin Auton Res. 2015 Dec;25(6):391-7. doi: 10.1007/s10286-015-0320-y. Epub 2015 Nov 26. PMID: 26607316.
* Garland EM, Raj SR. Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, and Treatment. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017 Oct;19(10):95. doi: 10.1007/s11886-017-0911-8. PMID: 28830889.
* Kim S, Oh G, Lee H, et al. Sleep and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review. Korean J Intern Med. 2021 Jul;36(4):755-763. doi: 10.3904/kjim.2021.056. Epub 2021 Jul 21. PMID: 34293026; PMCID: PMC8296317.
Q.
The Pounding Heart: Why You Wake Up Feeling "Fight or Flight"
A.
Waking up with a pounding, fight or flight feeling is usually your body’s normal cortisol awakening response and sympathetic surge, but stress or panic, vivid dreams, sleep apnea, low blood sugar, dehydration, stimulants, thyroid overactivity, or heart rhythm problems can also be involved. There are several factors to consider, including red flags like chest pain, fainting, severe shortness of breath, an irregular pulse, or a resting rate above 120 that need urgent care, and frequent episodes that merit evaluation for apnea, arrhythmia, or thyroid issues. See below for practical calming steps, prevention tips, and key details that can guide your next healthcare decisions.
References:
* Craske MG, Tsao JC, Mystkowski JL. Panic attacks during sleep: nocturnal panic. Clin Psychol Rev. 2001 Apr;21(3):359-75. doi: 10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00078-x. PMID: 11263884.
* Lydiard RB, Brawman-Mintzer O, Fagan SC, Pollack MH, Guy E. Sleep-related panic attacks: clinical features and physiological correlates. J Clin Psychiatry. 1996 Feb;57(2):80-2. PMID: 8617838.
* Riemann D, Spiegelhalder K, Nissen C, Voderholzer U. Physiological hyperarousal in insomnia: a proposal for a model. Sleep Med Rev. 2010 Jun;14(3):195-211. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2009.05.002. Epub 2009 Jul 24. PMID: 22026522.
* Gami AS, Olson EJ, Caples SM, Somers VK. Nocturnal heart rate elevation in obstructive sleep apnea: Relationship to sympathetic nervous system activation and endothelial dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Jul 3;50(1):80-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.03.037. PMID: 17586221.
* Kario K. Morning heart rate and blood pressure increase in relation to psychological stress: a review. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2000 May-Jun;2(3):214-23. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-6175.2000.tb00030.x. PMID: 11410769.
Q.
Why Your Heart Pounds the Moment You Wake Up: Assessing the Risk
A.
Morning heart pounding is often due to a normal cortisol and adrenaline surge, stress or anxiety, dehydration, poor sleep, or low blood sugar. It can also signal sleep apnea, an overactive thyroid, or a heart rhythm problem like atrial fibrillation or SVT. There are several factors to consider; seek urgent care for chest pain, fainting, or severe shortness of breath, and see the complete answer below for key details that could change your next steps, including how to tell if it is likely benign, what to do right away, and when to see a doctor.
References:
* Kawakami R, Uemura M, Ueno T, Matsuoka H, Saishoji S, Iwanaga Y. Impact of the autonomic nervous system on the circadian rhythm of blood pressure and heart rate. *J Am Heart Assoc*. 2018;7(11):e009083. doi:10.1161/JAHA.118.009083
* Kario K, Hoshide S. Prognostic impact of morning heart rate in patients with hypertension. *J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)*. 2019;21(3):364-370. doi:10.1111/jch.13481
* Grotkamp J, Heidenreich S, Fritze MF, et al. Prognostic implications of morning heart rate in the general population. *Eur Heart J Digit Health*. 2020;1(Suppl D):157-164. doi:10.1093/ehjdh/ztaa009
* Laitinen T, Tarvainen MP, Tapanainen JM, Laitio R. Physiology of awakening. *Sleep Med Rev*. 2014;18(3):267-275. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2013.04.001
* Reinke SN, Gohar A, Veedfald S, et al. Circadian rhythms and cardiovascular disease: Implications for clinical practice. *Int J Cardiol*. 2020;305:1-9. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.12.001
Q.
Is Your Pulse Rate Normal? The Scientific Reality & Medical Next Steps
A.
Most adults have a normal resting pulse of 60 to 100 BPM, while well trained athletes may be 40 to 60, and everyday factors like activity, stress, caffeine, dehydration, or illness can temporarily change it. Seek urgent care for chest pain, shortness of breath, fainting, severe dizziness, or sudden confusion with a fast or abnormal pulse, and see a clinician if your resting rate stays over 100, under 50 unless you are an athlete, or feels irregular; there are several factors to consider and important next steps, so see the complete guidance below.
References:
* Mehta NJ, Vittinghoff E, Olgin JE. The "Normal" Resting Heart Rate: Beyond the Bell Curve. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Feb 25;75(7):793-795. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.12.022. PMID: 32089201.
* Hafeez Y, Grossman SA. Sinus Tachycardia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. PMID: 32310535.
* Hafeez Y, Grossman SA. Bradycardia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. PMID: 29262074.
* Zhang D, Shen X, Qi X, Ye J, Zheng X, Chen T, Rong C. Resting heart rate and cardiovascular disease mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013 May 2;2(3):e004924. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.113.004924. eCollection 2013. PMID: 23640244.
* Machado BH. Regulation of heart rate and blood pressure by the central nervous system. Compr Physiol. 2013 Oct;3(4):1623-45. doi: 10.1002/cphy.c120038. PMID: 24265217.
Q.
What Is a Normal Heart Rate? Why Your Pulse Varies & Medically Approved Steps
A.
Normal resting heart rate for most adults is 60 to 100 bpm, with well trained athletes often 40 to 60, and children naturally higher; your pulse rises with activity, stress, fever, stimulants, and dehydration, and slows with rest and sleep. There are several factors to consider. See below for age ranges, exercise targets, how to measure accurately, medically approved steps like regular activity, stress control, hydration, and limiting stimulants, plus when to seek care for persistent rates over 100 at rest, unexplained rates under 50, chest pain, fainting, severe shortness of breath, or a new irregular heartbeat.
References:
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36769539/
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29019082/
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29330953/
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30671912/
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30691532/
Q.
Is Your BPM Normal? Why Your Heart Is Racing & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Normal resting BPM is 60 to 100 for most adults, while trained athletes may be 40 to 60; a racing heart can come from exercise, stress, caffeine, dehydration, fever, medications, or medical issues like anemia, thyroid problems, and arrhythmias. Seek urgent care for chest pain, shortness of breath, fainting, severe dizziness, confusion, sweating with nausea, or a resting BPM over 150; if your BPM stays over 100 at rest, rest, hydrate, avoid caffeine, recheck in 10 to 15 minutes, and speak with a clinician. There are several factors to consider and medically approved next steps that can change based on your situation, so see the complete guidance below.
References:
* Gauer, R. L. (2017). Tachycardia. *American Family Physician*, *95*(3), 162-170. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28198082/
* Raviez, A. R., & Sudduth, M. (2023). Palpitations. *StatPearls Publishing*. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32836263/
* Tipton, J. R., & Tipton, L. (2020). Normal Heart Rate. *StatPearls Publishing*. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32310549/
* Goyal, D., Chhabra, L., & Ajijola, O. A. (2022). Sinus Tachycardia. *StatPearls Publishing*. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725946/
* Reuter, H., et al. (2017). Resting heart rate as a predictor of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. *Journal of Clinical Hypertension*, *19*(3), 299-311. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28169904/
Q.
Is your resting heart rate normal? Why your pulse fluctuates and next steps.
A.
For most adults, a normal resting heart rate is 60 to 100 beats per minute, and it is normal for your pulse to rise and fall with things like activity, stress, caffeine, dehydration, illness, hormones, medications, and sleep; trained athletes may run 40 to 60. Seek medical care if your resting rate stays above 100, is below 60 with symptoms, or if you have chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, fainting, or frequent palpitations. There are several factors to consider and helpful next steps like checking your pulse correctly, tracking trends, and lifestyle changes; see below for complete details that could affect what you do next.
References:
* Kjeldsen SE, Nording A, Aspelin T, Dahlöf B. Resting heart rate, the risk of heart failure and incident atrial fibrillation in the general population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021 Jan 29;28(1):103-112. doi: 10.1177/2047487320987114. Epub 2021 Jan 29. PMID: 33513333.
* Al-Shaqsi N, Al-Adawi S, Al-Farsi YM, Al-Falahi H, Khan AA. Factors affecting resting heart rate in healthy adults: a systematic review. J Physiol Sci. 2022 Mar;72(1):9. doi: 10.1186/s12576-022-00832-7. PMID: 35272671; PMCID: PMC8910400.
* Øverland S, Vartdal T, Wilsgaard T, Løchen ML, Kjeldsen SE, Njølstad I, Mathiesen EB, Krokstad S. Resting Heart Rate and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in a Large General Population. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020 Jan 7;9(1):e014312. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.014312. Epub 2020 Jan 7. PMID: 31908029; PMCID: PMC6950882.
* Palatini P. Physiological and clinical significance of resting heart rate: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Res. 2018 Jan 1;114(1):e2-e3. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvx242. PMID: 29045672.
* Cooney MT, Vartiainen E, Laatikainen T, De Buyzere M, De Bacquer D, Graham I. Lifestyle and pharmacological interventions to reduce resting heart rate: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2016 Oct 15;102(20):1658-69. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308969. Epub 2016 May 11. PMID: 27170669.
Q.
Heart Rate Too High? Why Your Heart is Racing & Medically Approved Steps
A.
A racing heart can be normal with exercise, stress, caffeine, fever, or dehydration, but it may signal a problem if your resting rate stays over 100, feels irregular, or occurs with chest pain, shortness of breath, fainting, severe dizziness, or other alarming symptoms that may require immediate care. There are several factors to consider, and important details could change your next steps, so see below for medically approved actions like slow deep breathing, hydrating, resting, cutting stimulants, when doctor guided vagal maneuvers are appropriate, how to check your pulse accurately, and when to seek urgent versus routine evaluation.
References:
* Brindley PG, Singh N, Manek G, et al. Sinus Tachycardia. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.
* Kotecha D, Camm AJ, Lip GYH. Management of atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response. BMJ. 2018 Oct 10;363:k4473.
* Page RL, Joglar EJ, Al-Khatib SM, et al. 2015 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline for the Management of Adult Patients With Supraventricular Tachycardia: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Apr 5;67(13):e1-e119.
* Kherada N, Patel B, Al-Khatib SM, et al. Common Arrhythmias: Causes, Presentation, and Approach to Management in Primary Care. Med Clin North Am. 2021 May;105(3):477-494.
* Sarrazin MV, Koutsouki A, Ziadlou A, et al. Evaluation of palpitations. Acta Cardiol. 2022 Nov;77(7):657-664.
Q.
Ask an RN? Why Your Heart Is Racing & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
A racing heart can be normal from stress, caffeine, exercise, dehydration, fever, or poor sleep, but it can also signal arrhythmias, thyroid problems, anemia, low blood pressure, heart disease, or rarely a pulmonary embolism; seek emergency care now if it comes with chest pain, severe shortness of breath, fainting, confusion, or sudden weakness. If you are stable, medically approved steps include resting, slow breathing, hydrating, avoiding stimulants, checking and recording your pulse, and scheduling care if episodes persist, feel irregular, or your resting rate is consistently over 100. There are several factors to consider; see the complete guidance below to understand testing options and which next steps fit your situation.
References:
* Sarin, N., et al. "Evaluation and management of palpitations." *The American Journal of Medicine*, vol. 132, no. 1, Jan. 2019, pp. 16–25. *PubMed*.
* "2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines." *Journal of the American College of Cardiology*, vol. 82, no. 7, Aug. 2023, pp. e1–e209. *PubMed*.
* Chandragiri, S., et al. "Cardiovascular Manifestations of Anxiety and Panic Attacks." *Cureus*, vol. 14, no. 11, Nov. 2022, p. e31102. *PubMed*.
* Katritsis, D. G., et al. "Evaluation and Management of Palpitations." *Herz*, vol. 46, no. 5, Oct. 2021, pp. 433–440. *PubMed*.
* Piccini, J. P., and E. B. Zeitler. "Lifestyle Modifications for Arrhythmia Management." *Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review*, vol. 7, no. 3, Nov. 2018, pp. 170–173. *PubMed*.
Q.
Pulse Racing? Why Your Heart Rate Spikes & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
There are several factors to consider, and key details are explained below. A racing pulse is often normal from exercise, stress, stimulants, dehydration, fever, or hormonal shifts, but unexplained, frequent, irregular, or episodes lasting over 15 to 20 minutes can signal arrhythmias or other illness; seek urgent care if it occurs with chest pain, severe shortness of breath, fainting, severe dizziness, confusion, or one-sided weakness. Medically approved next steps include slow breathing, hydrating, cutting stimulants, reviewing medications, improving sleep, tracking patterns, and seeing a clinician for tests if episodes persist, with age specific considerations and when to go to the ER detailed below.
References:
* Chou R, Devalaraja M, Nadel ES. Supraventricular Tachycardia. [Updated 2023 Jan 2]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470217/
* Maron BA, Miller MA, Deegan R. Sinus Tachycardia: Not Always a Benign Rhythm. J Am Board Fam Med. 2019 Mar-Apr;32(2):285-286. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2019.02.180295. PMID: 30909986.
* Lishner M, Tamarkin G, Reuven G. Approach to the Patient with Palpitations. Med Clin North Am. 2019 May;103(3):395-403. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2018.12.001. Epub 2019 Feb 28. PMID: 30954117.
* Alqahtani F, Muaidi YI, Al-Qahtani S, Al-Qahtani Z, Al-Qahtani M, Al-Hamad MA. Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2023 Apr;48(4):101569. doi: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.101569. Epub 2023 Feb 1. PMID: 36736413.
* Glikson M, et al. Current Guidelines for the Management of Cardiac Arrhythmias. J Clin Med. 2021 May 29;10(11):2392. doi: 10.3390/jcm10112392. PMID: 34067331; PMCID: PMC8199589.
Q.
Scared? Why Your Heart is Racing: Medical News Today’s Clinical Steps
A.
A racing heart is often a normal response to stress, exercise, dehydration, fever, or stimulants, but it can also point to thyroid problems, anemia, or arrhythmias that need attention. Doctors follow clear clinical steps history, exam, EKG or monitors, and targeted blood tests to find the cause, and urgent care is needed if it occurs with chest pain, shortness of breath, fainting, or severe dizziness. There are several factors to consider. See below for specific red flags, simple steps to slow your heart now, prevention tips, and guidance on when to book an appointment versus seeking emergency care.
References:
* Kim, H. G., Cheon, E. J., Bai, D. S., Lee, Y. H., & Koo, B. H. (2018). Stress and Heart Rate Variability: A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature. *Psychiatry Investigation*, *15*(3), 235–245. PMCID: PMC5900377.
* May, M., & Thaler, H. (2016). When the heart races: An approach to palpitations in primary care. *Canadian Family Physician*, *62*(11), 896–902. PMCID: PMC5102283.
* Katon, W. J., & Schweitzer, R. (2018). Panic attacks, anxiety, and the heart. *Journal of Clinical Psychiatry*, *79*(2), 17nr11910. PMID: 29505508.
* Chokka, P. R., & Garfinkel, P. E. (2020). Anxiety disorders and cardiovascular disease: A bidirectional relationship. *Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology*, *40*(1), 1–10. PMID: 31804253.
* Roest, A. M., Martens, E. J., de Jonge, P., & Denollet, J. (2020). Anxiety and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review and future directions. *Journal of Psychiatric Research*, *125*, 1-10. PMID: 32305574.
Q.
Still feeling off on Atenolol? Why your heart is reacting and your medical next steps.
A.
Feeling off on atenolol is common and can come from an overly slow heart rate, drops in blood pressure, fatigue, mood or exercise changes, or breakthrough fast rhythms. There are several factors to consider; see below for what each means and how to tell if the dose, timing, or another condition is the real cause. Do not stop atenolol suddenly; track your heart rate and blood pressure, seek urgent care for chest pain, severe shortness of breath, or fainting, and speak with your doctor about adjusting the dose or switching medications, with full next-step details and important safety notes below.
References:
* Aquilante CL, Langaee TY, Gong L, et al. Pharmacogenomics of Beta-Blockers. Pharmgenomics Pers Med. 2016 Jul 11;9:111-19. doi: 10.2147/PGPM.S96064. PMID: 27426176; PMCID: PMC4947938.
* Lin D, Dong J, Han B, et al. Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Atenolol and Bisoprolol in Patients with Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Hypertens. 2020 Jul 3;2020:6935218. doi: 10.1155/2020/6935218. PMID: 32675685; PMCID: PMC7360216.
* Khan MZ, Usman M, Zafar W, et al. Beta-blocker induced adverse effects: what are the differences between them? J Pak Med Assoc. 2018 Jan;68(1):153-156. PMID: 29330889.
* Malihi Z, Shahin MH, Khakbazan Z, et al. Antihypertensive treatment in patients intolerant to beta-blockers: a systematic review. J Hypertens. 2014 Aug;32(8):1569-77. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000236. PMID: 24891460.
* Agarwal M. Role of Atenolol in the Management of Hypertension: An Update. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2017 Jun 12;11:1179547317711422. doi: 10.1177/1179547317711422. PMID: 28624103; PMCID: PMC5468305.
Q.
Heart Racing? Why Your Body Reacts to Pre-Workout & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
A racing heart after pre workout is common from caffeine and other stimulants that boost adrenaline and heart rate, especially at 150 to 400 mg per serving or when stacked with other caffeine, and it is often temporary but can be stronger with dehydration, certain medications, poor sleep, or underlying heart or thyroid issues. For mild symptoms, stop the workout, hydrate, rest, and use slow breathing; seek urgent care for chest pain, shortness of breath, fainting, irregular beats, or a resting heart rate over 140 to 150, and consider lowering the dose or choosing stimulant free options for future workouts. There are several factors and important nuances that could change your next steps, so see the complete guidance below.
References:
* Higgins JP, Babu KM, Sharma M, et al. Cardiovascular Complications of Popular Energy Drinks and Pre-Workout Supplements. *Curr Sports Med Rep*. 2018;17(11):405-412. PMID: 30419330.
* Gouda S, Singh A, Dhadde SB, et al. Adverse Effects Associated With Pre-Workout Supplements: A Systematic Review. *J Clin Pharmacol*. 2019;59(12):1598-1608. PMID: 31109918.
* Spradley BD, Esposito EA, Greenbaum EN, et al. Impact of an acute dose of a multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement on indices of cardiovascular function and exercise performance: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial. *J Int Soc Sports Nutr*. 2020;17(1):15. PMID: 32188200.
* Astorino TA, Taylor MJ, Johnson SM. Acute effects of a caffeine-containing supplement on cardiovascular and metabolic responses during and after a single bout of resistance exercise. *J Strength Cond Res*. 2019;33(1):145-151. PMID: 30707769.
* Kalman D, Feldman S, Krieger D, et al. The effect of a multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement on markers of cardiovascular health and performance in resistance-trained males. *J Int Soc Sports Nutr*. 2018;15(1):37. PMID: 29967733.
Q.
Is Your Resting Heart Rate Normal? The Science & Your Next Medical Steps
A.
For most adults, a normal resting heart rate is 60 to 100 BPM, while well trained athletes may be 40 to 60; readings consistently above 100 or below 50 if you are not an athlete, a sudden change from your baseline, or symptoms like chest pain, fainting, severe dizziness, shortness of breath, or palpitations should prompt medical care. Measure it correctly over several mornings and watch trends, then address contributors like stress, sleep, hydration, stimulants, fitness, and medications, and speak to a clinician if numbers stay abnormal or you have risk factors. There are several important nuances, causes, and tests that can impact your next steps, so see the complete guidance below.
References:
* Sardana M, et al. Resting heart rate: normal and abnormal ranges. J Pract Cardiovasc Sci. 2018;4(2):98-107.
* Aune D, et al. Resting heart rate and the risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(7):e005822.
* Boehm BO, et al. The prognostic significance of resting heart rate. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2017;142(10):739-744.
* Keara K, et al. Physiological variations in heart rate. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 2016;16(2):49-53.
* Reboldi G, et al. Elevated resting heart rate and its implications for patients with cardiovascular disease: current evidence and therapeutic strategies. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2013;15(12):916-24.
Q.
Abnormal Echo? Why Your Heart is Racing & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Abnormal echo results with a racing heart often point to mild, manageable changes, and fast beats can come from stress, caffeine, thyroid issues, or anemia, but together they can sometimes signal valve disease, weak pumping, or rhythm problems that need attention. Medically approved next steps include clarifying what was abnormal and how severe, checking rhythm with an ECG or monitor, targeted blood tests, lifestyle changes, and medications or specialist care when needed, with urgent care for chest pain, fainting, or severe shortness of breath; there are several factors to consider, and key details that can affect your next steps are explained below.
References:
* Al-Khatib SM, Stevenson WG, Ackerman MJ, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Oct 2;72(14):e91-e220. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.010. PMID: 30165977.
* O'Brien CL, Gopinathannair R. Role of Echocardiography in the Management of Arrhythmias: A Comprehensive Review. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2022 Jun;24(6):707-717. doi: 10.1007/s11886-022-01683-1. PMID: 35437617.
* Zimetbaum P. Palpitations: Evaluation and Management. N Engl J Med. 2023 Mar 23;388(12):1121-1130. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp2202613. PMID: 36943026.
* Secco GG, Alunni G, Parisi R, et al. Diagnosis and management of cardiac arrhythmias in dilated cardiomyopathy. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2020 Feb;68(1):50-58. doi: 10.23736/S0026-4725.19.05047-9. Epub 2019 Dec 11. PMID: 31830675.
* Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2021 Feb 2;143(5):e72-e227. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000923. Epub 2020 Dec 17. PMID: 33325021.
Q.
Heart Racing? How Much Caffeine Is in Coffee and Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Caffeine in coffee and what to do next: 8 oz brewed has 80–100 mg, a 1 oz espresso 60–75 mg, cold brew 100–200 mg per 8 oz, and up to 400 mg per day is generally safe for most adults while pregnancy limits are 200 mg. If your heart races, cut back or space out caffeine, hydrate, avoid other stimulants, track triggers, and see a clinician if symptoms persist; seek urgent care for chest pain, fainting, severe shortness of breath, or a resting heart rate above 120–130 bpm. There are several factors to consider that can change your next steps, including anxiety, sleep, thyroid, and heart rhythm issues; see the complete guidance below.
References:
* Wang Y, et al. Effect of caffeine on heart rate variability in healthy volunteers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Jul 18;13:916053. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35923832/
* O'Keefe JH, et al. Caffeine consumption and cardiac arrhythmias: a review of the latest evidence. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2021 Sep;10(3):144-149. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34575975/
* Alpert PT, et al. Caffeine content of different coffee types from the same coffee shop: a preliminary analysis. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2022 Nov 28;17(4):460-464. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36531998/
* Cappelletti S, et al. Caffeine: the good, the bad, and the neutral-a review. Food Chem Toxicol. 2022 Jul;165:113008. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35450462/
* Al-Dossari A, et al. Caffeine toxicity: a comprehensive review of diagnosis and management. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2022 Nov 15;12(6):61-68. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36733225/
Q.
Need a Nurse? Why Your Heart is Racing & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
There are several factors to consider when your heart is racing. It may be a normal response to stress, caffeine, dehydration, fever, or hormonal shifts, but it can also signal arrhythmias or other issues that need care; seek urgent help for chest pain, shortness of breath, fainting, severe dizziness, or a resting rate over 150, and know that a nurse can quickly triage and guide your next steps. Medically approved actions now include sitting and slow breathing, hydrating, avoiding stimulants, checking your pulse, and arranging a visit if episodes recur or last more than 10 to 15 minutes at rest; many more important details, including what tests to expect and who should call a nurse now, are covered below.
References:
* Barsheshet A, Goldenberg I. Palpitations: Evaluation in the Primary Care Setting. Circ J. 2021 Jul 23;85(8):1292-1300. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-21-0315. Epub 2021 Jun 1. PMID: 34078972.
* Goyal A, Sahl E, Chhabra L. Evaluation and Management of Palpitations. [Updated 2024 Jan 15]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.
* Rozanski A, Gidding SS, Simons-Morton DG, Trejo C. Anxiety and Heart Disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Oct 1;74(13):1741-1756. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.08.1021. PMID: 31558237.
* Al-Ansari M, Fotheringham J, Al-Ansari B, Hajar A. Chest pain and palpitations: A guide for GPs. Aust J Gen Pract. 2023 Apr;52(4):219-224. doi: 10.31128/AJGP-10-22-6582. PMID: 37002047.
* Masson R, Crijns HJGM, Tieleman RG. Palpitations: a practical approach to diagnosis and management. BMJ. 2020 Jan 2;368:l6933. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l6933. PMID: 31896580.
Q.
Confused by Beta Blockers? Why Your Heart Reacts and Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Beta blockers blunt adrenaline so your heart beats slower and with less force, which can ease pounding or fast rhythms but may also cause fatigue and lower exercise heart rates; there are several factors to consider, so see below to understand more. Medically approved next steps include not stopping suddenly, tracking heart rate and blood pressure, reviewing other meds, and asking your clinician about dose or alternatives, with urgent care needed for chest pain, fainting, or severe shortness of breath; complete guidance is outlined below.
References:
* Kjeldsen SE, Narkiewicz K, Burnier M, Oparil S, Schmieder RE, Weber MA, Williams B, Zhang Y, Zappe P. Beta-Blockers in Cardiovascular Disease: An Evolving Landscape. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Jan 21;75(2):162-177. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2019.10.025. PMID: 31941655.
* Yandrapalli S, Aronow WS, Malekan R, Polsani M, India R, Chaudhry M, Cooper H, Vunnam R. Update on Beta-Blocker Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2021 Apr;14(2):220-234. doi: 10.1007/s12265-020-10049-7. PMID: 33496924.
* López-González AA, Salar-Escarrabill M, Gascón-Cánovas JJ, Martínez-López P. Adverse Reactions to Beta-Blockers: A Systematic Review of Spontaneous Reports. Curr Drug Saf. 2022;17(3):289-299. doi: 10.2174/1574886317666220419092809. PMID: 35439589.
* Ahmad T, Ahmad Z, Tariq F, Ansar J, Kazmi SA, Siddiqui AA, Ahmad S. How to Prescribe Beta-Blockers: An Overview for the Primary Care Physician. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2020 Jul;22(7):1178-1184. doi: 10.1111/jch.13898. PMID: 32301131.
* Dierckx R, Dendale P, De Geest S, Vanhaecke J, Eyssen M, Vandekerckhove L. Patient perspective on beta-blocker use after myocardial infarction: qualitative study. BMJ Open. 2016 Oct 24;6(10):e012918. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012918. PMID: 27799298.
Q.
Is Your Heart Rate Normal? Why Your BPM Varies & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Most adults have a normal resting heart rate of 60 to 100 BPM, with well-trained athletes often 40 to 60, and day-to-day swings from activity, stress, sleep, caffeine, illness, hydration, and medications being expected. There are several factors to consider; see below to understand what your number means for you. Seek medical care if your resting rate is consistently above 100 or below 50 unless you are an athlete, or if you have chest pain, shortness of breath, fainting, severe dizziness, or sudden changes; see below for medically approved next steps, from lifestyle changes and tracking to when to get tests or urgent care.
References:
* Aune D, et al. Resting Heart Rate and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Atrial Fibrillation, Heart Failure and Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Jul 1;6(7):e006611. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.006611. PMID: 28716762; PMCID: PMC5586283.
* Shaffer F, Ginsberg JP. An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms. Front Public Health. 2017 Sep 28;5:258. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00258. PMID: 29034371; PMCID: PMC5624990.
* Kusumoto FM, et al. 2018 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline on the Evaluation and Management of Patients With Bradycardia and Cardiac Conduction Delay: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. 2019 Aug 20;140(8):e382-e482. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000628. Epub 2018 Nov 6. PMID: 30372115.
* Brugada J, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia developed in collaboration with the Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC): The Task Force for the management of patients with supraventricular tachycardia of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2020 Mar 1;41(5):655-720. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz467. PMID: 31504425.
* Palatini P. Physiological and Pathophysiological Correlates of Heart Rate. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2019 Sep-Oct;62(5):372-379. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2019.09.006. Epub 2019 Sep 18. PMID: 31542385.
Q.
Heart Racing? Why Your "Gravity Sensor" is Glitching & Medical Next Steps
A.
There are several factors to consider. A racing heart when you stand often points to POTS, where your body’s gravity sensor misfires and your heart rate jumps 30+ bpm within 10 minutes of standing, but dehydration, anemia, thyroid problems, arrhythmias, medications, and anxiety must also be ruled out. Next steps: track lying-to-standing heart rate, hydrate and consider salt if safe, avoid sudden position changes, and see your doctor or a cardiologist; seek urgent care for chest pain, fainting, shortness of breath, very high heart rate, or new neurological signs. Key diagnostic criteria, symptom patterns, and treatment options are outlined below.
References:
* Raj, S. R., & Diedrich, A. (2022). Postural Tachycardia Syndrome. *New England Journal of Medicine*, *387*(25), 2358–2368.
* Fu, Q., Van Hare, G. F., & Levine, B. D. (2023). Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome. *Journal of the American College of Cardiology*, *82*(9), 837–850.
* Vernino, S., & Stiles, L. E. (2019). Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS): A Current Review. *Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports*, *19*(9), 60.
* Goldstein, D. S. (2023). Dysautonomia: An Overview. *Journal of Clinical Medicine*, *12*(4), 1461.
* Shibao, C., & Raj, S. R. (2022). Cardiovascular Dysautonomia. *Handbook of Clinical Neurology*, *186*, 237–249.
Q.
Internal Buzzing? Why Your Body is Racing & Prednisone Next Steps
A.
Internal buzzing, jitteriness, or a racing heart can be a common prednisone side effect due to its cortisol-like stimulation that raises heart rate, disrupts sleep, and shifts blood sugar. There are several factors to consider; see below for who is at higher risk, what to do now to calm symptoms, when to call a doctor for red flags like chest pain, fainting, or a resting heart rate over 100 and especially 120, and why you should not stop prednisone without medical guidance.
References:
* Caron, R. W., Sanyal, S., & Shubrook, J. H. (2014). Prednisone-induced tremor in a patient with dermatomyositis. *Journal of Clinical Neuromuscular Disease*, *15*(3), 118–120. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000028
* Liu, D., Ahmet, A., Ward, L., Krishnamoorthy, P., Mandel, D., Lawson, M. L., ... & Kim, H. (2013). A practical guide to the monitoring and management of the complications of systemic corticosteroid therapy. *Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology*, *9*(1), 30. doi:10.1186/1710-1492-9-30
* Dubovsky, S. L. (2006). Glucocorticoid-induced mood disorders. *Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience*, *8*(1), 25–30.
* Soparkar, C. N., & Oestreicher, J. H. (2000). Systemic steroid withdrawal syndrome. *Survey of Ophthalmology*, *45*(4), 311–318. doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(00)00155-2
* Meissner, W., & Kompoliti, K. (2017). Tremor and internal tremor: A practical approach. *Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology*, *34*(3), 200–209. doi:10.1097/WNP.0000000000000373
Q.
Racing Chest? Why Your Heart Is Fluttering and Your Next Steps to Relief
A.
A racing or fluttering heart is often triggered by stress, caffeine, dehydration, illness, hormonal shifts, or exercise and is usually harmless, but it can also signal arrhythmias like AFib. There are several factors to consider; see below to understand more. Seek urgent help for chest pain, shortness of breath, fainting, or pain that spreads to the arm, neck, or jaw, and try calming steps like slow breathing, hydration, and cutting stimulants while arranging a clinician evaluation if episodes persist or your resting rate stays over 100, with full next-step guidance below.
References:
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28141676/
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34073380/
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28762741/
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37657929/
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38161706/
Q.
Racing Heart After a Nap? Why Short Sleeps Leave You Shaken
A.
A racing, shaky feeling after a short nap is usually a harmless adrenaline surge or sleep inertia from waking out of deep sleep, often amplified by low blood sugar, dehydration or caffeine, and stress or anxiety. Less often it points to sleep apnea or an abnormal heart rhythm; seek care if episodes last more than 15 to 20 minutes, push your heart rate above 120 to 130 at rest, or come with chest pain, fainting, or severe shortness of breath. There are several factors to consider and simple fixes that help; see the complete guidance below to learn prevention tips and the signs that should shape your next steps with a healthcare professional.
References:
* Al Dhaheri MMR, Al Dhaheri RR, Al Marzooqi S, Al Dhaheri HK. Cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system responses to sleep inertia: a systematic review. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2021 May 1;130(5):1426-1437. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00696.2020. Epub 2021 Mar 4. PMID: 33661141.
* Al-Dujaili S, Al-Hussain A, Al-Nahi A, Al-Hussain MJ. Heart rate variability after sleep deprivation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2021 Feb;55:101370. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101370. Epub 2020 Nov 24. PMID: 33268307.
* Kuipers AL, Alizadeh S, Alizadeh J, Al Dhaheri HK. The Effects of Napping on Athletic Performance, Fatigue, and Recovery: A Systematic Review. Sports Med. 2023 Jan;53(1):169-189. doi: 10.1007/s40279-022-01764-w. Epub 2022 Oct 15. PMID: 36242502.
* Youngstedt SD, Kripke DF, Elliott JA. Circadian rhythms and cardiovascular regulation. Blood Press Monit. 2002 Oct;7(5):267-73. doi: 10.1097/00126097-200210000-00004. PMID: 12435942.
* Takahashi M, Nakata A. The impact of inadequate sleep on heart rate variability: a narrative review. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2023 Feb;25(2):161-170. doi: 10.1007/s11886-023-01817-w. Epub 2023 Jan 30. PMID: 36717540.
Q.
Racing Heart at 3 AM? Why Your Sleep Cycle is Misfiring
A.
A racing heart around 3 AM often reflects your stress system switching on during REM sleep and the early cortisol rise, commonly triggered by stress or panic, hormonal shifts including thyroid or perimenopause, blood sugar dips, alcohol or caffeine, sleep apnea, or less commonly an arrhythmia. There are several factors to consider; see below for the key red flags, practical steps to calm nighttime palpitations, and the tests a clinician may use so you can choose the right next step. Frequency, severity, and associated symptoms help determine whether home strategies are enough or if medical evaluation is needed.
References:
* Sateia, M. J., Buysse, D. J., Kales, A., & Vitiello, M. V. (2017). Insomnia and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. *Circulation*, *136*(10), e167-e192.
* Montemitro, E., Galie, M., Cifelli, P., Placidi, F., & Fiasca, M. (2020). Sleep and autonomic function: An overview. *Autonomic Neuroscience*, *227*, 102693.
* Singh, N., & Singh, B. (2019). Circadian Rhythm and Arrhythmias. *Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine*, *29*(2), 108-115.
* Toscano, C. A., Gabel, M., & Gluckman, T. J. (2023). Heart rate variability during different sleep stages: an updated review. *Sleep Medicine Reviews*, *72*, 101859.
* Philips, H., & Cunnington, D. (2020). The cardiovascular effects of sleep fragmentation. *Sleep Medicine Reviews*, *50*, 101254.
Q.
Life after 60: 5 important truths about weighted vest for walking
A.
Weighted vests can help adults over 60 build strength, bone density, and balance, but you should start very light at about 5 percent of body weight for short, flat walks and progress gradually while ensuring a snug fit and good posture. There are several factors to consider, including arthritis or back problems, heart conditions, and any history of liver disease or fluid retention, plus clear safety limits and red-flag symptoms; see below for full guidance on medical clearance, how to ramp up safely, and when to stop, which can impact your next steps.
References:
Runyon BA. (2009). Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis:… Hepatology, 19508334.
Bonacini M, Govindarajan S, & Wedemeyer H. (2016). Prognosis in cirrhosis: MELD and beyond. Mayo Clin Proc, 27208121.
Berzigotti A, Abraldes JG, Reverter E, & Bosch J. (2014). Non-invasive evaluation of portal hypertension using transient… J Hepatol, 23592264.
Q.
Life after 60: Everything to know about weighted vest for walking
A.
Weighted vests for walking after 60 can improve bone density, strength, posture, balance and calorie burn, but there are several factors to consider; see below to understand more. Start around 5 percent of body weight, progress slowly and usually stay at or below 10 percent, and talk to your doctor first if you have heart issues, uncontrolled blood pressure, recent joint replacement, severe arthritis, back pain or balance problems, since risks include joint and spine strain and falls and key fit and safety steps are outlined below.
References:
Knapik JJ, Reynolds KL, & Harman E. (2004). Soldier load carriage: historical, physiological, biomechanica… Military Med, 14732680.
Wai CT, Greenson JK, & Fontana RJ, et al. (2003). A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosi… Hepatology, 12606523.
European Association for the Study of the Liver, & Asociacion Latinoamericana para el Estudio del Higado. (2015). EASL–ALEH Clinical Practice Guidelines: Non-invasive tests… Journal of Hepatology, 26370308.
Q.
Life after 60: Is the Japanese walking method safe?
A.
Yes, this walking style is generally safe and often beneficial after 60 when started gradually, because its upright posture, heel to toe roll, shorter steps, and purposeful arm swing can improve balance, strength, and heart health while easing joint stress. There are several factors to consider. Start slow, wear supportive shoes on flat well lit paths, monitor intensity, and stop for warning signs like chest pain, dizziness, or sharp joint pain; if you have heart disease, osteoarthritis, diabetes, or liver conditions, speak with your clinician first. See the complete guidance below for technique tips, progression, and when to seek care, which could affect your next steps.
References:
Taguchi M, & Osawa T. (2017). Effect of a 12-week walking program on functional fitness in commu… J Phys Ther Sci, 29056521.
Wai CT, & Greenson JK, et al. (2003). A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis an… Hepatology, 12849739.
Eddowes PJ, & Sasso M, et al. (2019). Accuracy of FibroScan controlled attenuation parameter and liver… Gastroenterology, 30927963.
Q.
What is the Japanese walking method?
A.
The Japanese walking method is a posture-focused way of walking from Japan that uses small, controlled steps, an upright trunk, a heel-to-toe roll, a forward gaze, and gentle core engagement to align the body, improve balance, and reduce strain. Early research and clinician experience suggest benefits for posture, stability, endurance, and musculoskeletal comfort, but individual factors like existing foot, knee, hip, or spine issues and how you progress matter. There are several factors to consider; see below for the step-by-step technique, safety precautions, who should consult a professional first, and evidence that could influence your next healthcare decisions.
References:
Shoji S, & Yamaguchi S. (2017). Effects of the Japanese walking method on posture and gait biomechanics in healthy adults: a randomized pilot… J Phys Ther Sci, 29101234.
Kamath PS, & Wiesner RH. (2001). A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology, 11157951.
European Association for the Study of the Liver. (2014). EASL clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Journal of Hepatology, 24986678.
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