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Snoring

Sleep noisily

Make noises when sleeping

About the Symptom

Snoring is the hoarse or harsh sound that occurs when air flows past relaxed tissues in the throat, causing the tissues to vibrate as one breathes. It can be just simple snoring (primary snoring) or be more significant due to diseases such as sleep apnea.

When to See a Doctor

Seek professional care if you experience any of the following symptoms

Possible Causes

Generally, Snoring can be related to:

Doctor's Diagnostic Questions

Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this symptom:

Reviewed By:

Eric A. Gantwerker, MD, MMSC

Eric A. Gantwerker, MD, MMSC (Otolaryngology (ENT))

Pediatric Otolaryngologist at Northwell Health and Associate Professor of Otolaryngology at Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell. He holds a Master of Medical Science (MMSc) in Medical Education with a special focus on educational technology, educational research, and game-based learning from Harvard Medical School and a Master of Science in Physiology and Biophysics from Georgetown University. He has a special interest in faculty development and has been a speaker or faculty at hundreds of local, national, and international courses and conferences. He is also an active blogger and podcaster for several organizations, including the Harvard Macy Institute (HMI), Harvard Medical School CME Online, and BackTable Innovations. He has been featured in the news and print for media outlets such as USA Today, Businesswire, The Washington Post, Nature Medicine, Fox News, and KevinMD. He was also the Vice President, Medical Director of a medical video game company, Level Ex from 2018 to 2023 that utilized game technology and psychology to create interactive experiences for healthcare professionals. | He is recognized as an expert on the implementation of educational technologies and gaming with a foundation in educational theory for health professions education. He was honored to be inducted as an Associate Member of the American College of Surgeons (ACS) Academy of Master Surgeon Educators and as an Associate Fellow of the Association for Medical Education in Europe (AMEE).

Rohini R, MD

Rohini R, MD (Otolaryngology (ENT))

Dr. Rohini R is an ENT, Head and Neck Surgeon, with a Fellowship in Advanced Endoscopic Sinus and Skull Base Surgery and a Fellowship in Aesthetic Medicine and Lasers. Besides clinical practice and working with Ubie, she is actively training and mentoring medical students and residents. She has functioned in various work settings - teaching hospitals, private and free health centers, and worked with patients from all socioeconomic backgrounds due to her experience in free hospitals and volunteering in India and Singapore.

Yoshinori Abe, MD

Yoshinori Abe, MD (Internal Medicine)

Dr. Abe graduated from The University of Tokyo School of Medicine in 2015. He completed his residency at the Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Longevity Medical Center. He co-founded Ubie, Inc. in May 2017, where he currently serves as CEO & product owner at Ubie. Since December 2019, he has been a member of the Special Committee for Activation of Research in Emergency AI of the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine. | | Dr. Abe has been elected in the 2020 Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia Healthcare & Science category.

From our team of 50+ doctors

Content updated on Feb 6, 2025

Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy

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FAQs

Q.

3 Foods That Help Seniors Fall Asleep (And 3 That Keep You Awake)

A.

For better sleep in seniors, tart cherries or tart cherry juice, Greek yogurt with nuts, and a small bowl of oatmeal can support melatonin, serotonin, muscle relaxation, and steadier nighttime blood sugar, while chocolate, spicy or fried foods, and sugary or refined carbs are more likely to disrupt sleep. There are several factors to consider, including late night hunger, reflux risk, and signs of sleep apnea that may need medical attention. See below for portion guidance, timing tips, smarter swaps, and when to speak to a doctor to choose the right next steps.

References:

* St-Onge, M. P., Mikic, A., & Pietrolungo, C. E. (2020). The relationship between diet and sleep quality: A systematic review. *Sleep Medicine Reviews*, 51, 101291.

* Ma, D., Xu, S., Fan, P., Zheng, Y., Zhang, Y., & Li, Y. (2022). Dietary factors and sleep problems in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. *Clinical Nutrition*, 41(5), 1018-1029.

* Hepsomali, P., & Venter, K. M. (2023). Food and sleep: An update on the role of nutrition on sleep. *Pharmacological Research - Modern Trends*, 100236.

* Drake, C., Roehrs, T., & Roth, T. (2020). Effects of Caffeine on Sleep in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. *Drugs & Aging*, 37(12), 899-909.

* Vitiello, M. V., Regev, R. D., & Cade, B. E. (2020). Alcohol and Sleep in Older Adults: A Systematic Review. *Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research*, 44(12), 2419-2431.

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

5 Healthy Late Night Snacks That Won’t Ruin Your Sleep

A.

The top five sleep friendly late night snacks are Greek yogurt with berries, a small banana with 1 tablespoon of nut butter, a small bowl of plain oatmeal, cottage cheese with a little pineapple or tart cherries, and whole grain crackers with lean turkey. Keep portions small under about 200 to 250 calories, choose protein and fiber, keep sugar and fat low, and avoid heavy, greasy, spicy, or sugary options that can cause reflux or wake-ups. There are several factors to consider, including persistent hunger, snoring, reflux, or signs of blood sugar problems; see the complete guidance below to understand more and know when to speak with a healthcare provider.

References:

* Reichenberger T, Stoppe C, Wirtz M, Bliwier K, Goetz M, Reber KC. The effect of late-night eating on sleep quality and next-day appetite regulation: a systematic review of the literature. Sleep Med Rev. 2022 Oct;65:101686. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101686. Epub 2022 Aug 4. PMID: 35926569.

* Lindseth G, Bjorvatn B, Grønli J. Diet and Sleep: The Impact of Food and Lifestyle Choices on Sleep Health. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022 May 15;18(5):1345-1354. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.10043. PMID: 35564883; PMCID: PMC9108169.

* Sutanto CN, Weng J, Xu S, Lim W, Loo SY. Effect of tryptophan on sleep in healthy subjects: a systematic review. Nutr Rev. 2019 Feb 1;77(2):77-87. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy058. PMID: 30396001.

* Gangwisch JE, Hale L, St-Onge MP, Choi L, Parekh N, Ruiz V, Zira A, Rist PM. Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and Risk of Insomnia in Older Women: The Women's Health Initiative. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020 Jan 1;111(1):152-160. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz253. PMID: 31934989; PMCID: PMC6935288.

* Majidi A, Zaree S, Alimohammadi P. The effect of food rich in tryptophan and melatonin on sleep disorders and quality of sleep: A systematic review. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2022 Nov;49:101666. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101666. Epub 2022 Oct 25. PMID: 36365415.

See more on Doctor's Note

Q.

Don't go to your appointment unprepared. Use this checklist of symptoms and data points to get an accurate sleep diagnosis faster.

A.

There are several factors to consider. To get an accurate sleep diagnosis faster, bring a 1 to 2 week sleep diary and a written list covering your main sleep complaint with specifics, when it started, your sleep schedule, snoring or breathing pauses, daytime symptoms, lifestyle habits, all medications and supplements, medical and family history, and any movements or unusual behaviors during sleep. See below for the complete checklist, urgent red flags to mention, and what your doctor might do next, including ordering tests like a home sleep apnea test or overnight study, adjusting medications, or referring you to a sleep specialist for treatments such as behavioral therapy, CPAP, medication, weight management, or schedule changes.

References:

* Kvederas L, Kushida CA. Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Sleep Medicine. Sleep Med Clin. 2021 Mar;16(1):1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.10.001. Epub 2020 Nov 25. PMID: 33549247.

* Rosen CL, Millman RP. Approach to the Patient With Sleep Complaints. Med Clin North Am. 2023 May;107(3):525-539. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2022.12.001. Epub 2023 Feb 15. PMID: 36967000.

* Carney CE, Buysse DJ. The clinical utility of sleep diaries. Sleep Med Rev. 2021 Jun;57:101472. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101472. Epub 2021 Mar 10. PMID: 33756304.

* Malhotra A, et al. Updates in the Diagnostic Approach to Sleep-Disordered Breathing. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020 Nov 15;16(11):1989-2007. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.8809. PMID: 33176985; PMCID: PMC7917711.

* Miller MA. The Initial Clinical Assessment of Sleep-Wake Disorders. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2022 Oct;24(10):393-408. doi: 10.1007/s11940-022-00755-z. Epub 2022 Sep 27. PMID: 36166164.

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Q.

Feeling Like You're Choking at Night? When to See a Doctor

A.

Feeling like you are choking at night is often due to obstructive sleep apnea, acid reflux, or postnasal drip, and can also relate to anxiety, with rarer heart or neurological causes; there are several factors to consider. See below to understand more and how to tell these apart. See a doctor if it happens repeatedly, you snore or have breathing pauses, morning headaches, or daytime fatigue, or if you have high blood pressure, heart disease, or diabetes; seek urgent care for chest pain, blue or gray lips, severe shortness of breath, confusion, fainting, or stroke symptoms. Proven treatments exist once the cause is identified, with next steps and details below.

References:

* Siddique MS, Shah U, Kothari M, Gami AS. Nocturnal choking: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Sleep Sci. 2023 Jan-Mar;16(1):61-68. doi: 10.5935/1984-0063.20230005. Epub 2023 Mar 10. PMID: 37096058; PMCID: PMC10123547.

* Lechien JR, Finck C, Marique L, Horoi M, Muls V, Ducrotte P. Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease: a review of the current perspectives. World J Gastroenterol. 2019 Jul 14;25(26):3384-3392. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i26.3384. PMID: 31346294; PMCID: PMC6641618.

* Blair T, Rando H, Ghadge A. Laryngospasm. 2023 Apr 10. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. PMID: 30020610.

* Molina C, Amodio L, Del Re A, Costantini L, Scardicchio C, Lanza GA. Nocturnal Panic Attacks: Prevalence, Clinical Features, and Management. J Clin Med. 2023 May 16;12(10):3481. doi: 10.3390/jcm12103481. PMID: 37240685; PMCID: PMC10218768.

* Malhotra A, Pathak P. Globus Sensation. 2023 Aug 8. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. PMID: 32310574.

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Q.

How to Sleep When Your Partner Snores: Survival Guide

A.

Practical ways to sleep through a snoring partner include earplugs or white noise, encouraging side sleeping with the head elevated, cutting evening alcohol, managing weight and nasal congestion, considering an oral appliance, and if needed using separate sleep spaces. Frequent, loud snoring with gasping or breathing pauses may indicate sleep apnea and warrants a medical evaluation to guide safe next steps. There are several factors to consider; see below to understand more, including warning signs, when to use a symptom check, and how to decide when to involve a doctor.

References:

* Chai-Coetzer CL, et al. Impact of Snoring on Bed Partner and Relationship Quality: A Systematic Review. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021 Feb 1;17(2):331-344. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.9042. PMID: 32912444; PMCID: PMC7853110.

* Sloyan ME, et al. The Effect of Snoring and Its Treatment on Bed Partners and Intimate Relationships. Clin Chest Med. 2017 Sep;38(3):571-578. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2017.04.010. PMID: 28797491.

* Herman J, et al. Bed partner experience of snoring: a qualitative study. J Sleep Res. 2018 Aug;27(4):e12663. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12663. Epub 2018 Mar 8. PMID: 29520849.

* Al-Jumaily M, et al. Snoring and its consequences on the bed partner: A review. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2019 Jan;47(1):164-168. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2018.10.027. Epub 2018 Nov 1. PMID: 30463870.

* Ayas NT, et al. Impact of obstructive sleep apnea and snoring on the sleep quality of the bed partner: a review. Sleep Med. 2020 Jul;71:15-20. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2020.03.011. Epub 2020 Mar 27. PMID: 32334063.

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Q.

How to Stop Loud Snoring: Remedies That Actually Work

A.

Effective ways to reduce loud snoring include sleeping on your side, avoiding alcohol 3 to 4 hours before bed, treating nasal congestion, losing excess weight, doing targeted throat exercises, and using proven devices like a dentist-fitted mandibular advancement appliance or CPAP if sleep apnea is diagnosed. There are several factors to consider, including warning signs of obstructive sleep apnea and when surgery or a medical evaluation is needed; see below for the complete guidance that can affect your next steps.

References:

* Chen Z, Li Y, Sun H, Zou J, Li Z, Yu D, Huang Y, Huang B. Interventions for Snoring in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2019 Aug;46:1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.05.003. Epub 2019 May 17. PMID: 31331899.

* Lim J, Lasserson TJ, Lee YP. Oral appliances for snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 14;7(7):CD004435. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004435.pub4. PMID: 28704505; PMCID: PMC6483546.

* Randerath WJ, Verbraecken J, de Raaff CAL, Hedner J, Herkenrath S, Nopmaneejumruslers C, Penzel T, Sanner B, Schöbel C, Schwartz AR, Suguio G, Wijkstra PJ, Wiener S, Young P, Grote L. S2K guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of snoring. Sleep Breath. 2017 Sep;21(3):597-606. doi: 10.1007/s11325-017-1512-x. Epub 2017 Jun 7. PMID: 27271441.

* Valipour A, Karimi S, Salari S, Mohammadian M, Laki Z, Laki A, Farokhi F, Mohsenin V. Impact of lifestyle modification on obstructive sleep apnea and snoring severity: A meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis. 2019 Nov;11(Suppl 14):S1754-S1765. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2019.09.43. PMID: 31839999; PMCID: PMC6898822.

* Ledesma-Castillo B, García-Martín R, De La Fuente-Lira M, Hernández-Martínez L, García-Mendoza M, Martínez-Rojo J. Effectiveness of Nasal Dilators for Snoring: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Laryngoscope. 2023 Nov;133(11):3100-3108. doi: 10.1002/lary.30901. Epub 2023 Aug 24. PMID: 37626359.

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Q.

Is your child cranky, snoring, or wet the bed? These could be signs of pediatric sleep issues. Learn what to look for and when to act.

A.

Crankiness, loud snoring, or bedwetting beyond age 5 to 7 or returning after dryness can be red flags for pediatric sleep disorders; patterns matter, especially alongside pauses in breathing, frequent night wakings, mouth breathing, difficulty waking, daytime sleepiness, school or behavior changes, or restless legs. There are several factors to consider for next steps, including contacting a pediatrician when symptoms are regular or affect daytime function and seeking urgent care for breathing pauses or color changes; see below for critical details that can guide your decisions and what evaluation and treatments may involve.

References:

* Meltzer LJ, Mindell JA. Sleep disorders in children and adolescents: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;27(6):431-40. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000104. PMID: 25251347.

* Kaditis AG, Alonso Alvarez ML, Boudewyns A, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in children: an update. Eur Respir J. 2016 Oct;48(4):1199-1215. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00392-2016. PMID: 27516597.

* Alexopoulos EI. Nocturnal enuresis and sleep disorders in children. Minerva Pediatr. 2012 Oct;64(5):489-94. PMID: 23079633.

* Marcus CL, Brooks LJ, Draper KL, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2012 Sep;130(3):e714-55. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-1940. PMID: 22926176.

* Paruthi S, Brooks LJ, D'Ambrosio WH, et al. Recommended Amount of Sleep for Pediatric Populations: A Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016 Jun 15;12(6):785-6. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.5866. PMID: 27208945.

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Q.

Is Your Snoring a Sign of a Blocked Airway? What to Check Now

A.

Heavy snoring can signal a narrowed or blocked airway, especially if it is persistent and comes with breathing pauses, gasping or choking at night, excessive daytime sleepiness, morning headaches, or hard to control blood pressure. There are several factors to consider, from partner observations and daytime red flags to risk factors like excess weight, neck size, nasal issues, alcohol before bed, and age, plus simple positional fixes and when to get a sleep study and treatment such as CPAP or dental devices; see below for the full checklist and next steps that could shape your healthcare plan.

References:

* Patel SR, Strohl KP. Association of Snoring with Health Outcomes: A Narrative Review. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021 Dec 1;17(12):2477-2485. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.9583. PMID: 34383177; PMCID: PMC8750807.

* Ramar K, et al. Screening for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Primary Care: A Systematic Review. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017 Dec 15;13(12):1417-1428. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.6853. PMID: 29212554; PMCID: PMC5726880.

* Sateia MJ, et al. Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Snoring: Prevalence, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Implications. Int J Gen Med. 2019 Feb 26;12:93-107. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S184766. PMID: 30881096; PMCID: PMC6404987.

* Randerath WJ, et al. Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Breathe (Sheff). 2021 Mar;17(1):200388. doi: 10.1183/20734735.0038-2020. PMID: 33717596; PMCID: PMC8041040.

* Kapur VK, et al. Home Sleep Apnea Testing: A Review. Chest. 2017 Dec;152(6):1314-1327. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.03.003. Epub 2017 Mar 10. PMID: 28292816; PMCID: PMC5812773.

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Q.

Positioning matters! Find out how a wedge pillow can open your airways and provide a non-invasive solution for mild snoring.

A.

A wedge pillow is a non-invasive, drug-free option that elevates your upper body 30 to 45 degrees so gravity keeps the tongue and soft palate away from the throat, helping open the airway and reduce mild, position-related snoring. There are several factors to consider; correct placement under the upper back, neutral neck alignment, and sometimes combining with side sleeping improve results, while red flags like loud nightly snoring, gasping, or severe daytime sleepiness may signal sleep apnea that needs medical care. See complete details below to guide your next steps.

References:

* Al-Qassim, A., & Badr, M. S. (2018). The Effect of Positional Therapy on Mild Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Snoring. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 13(2), 277-283. PMID: 29778263.

* Joosten, S. A., de Jongh, F. H. C., Van den Broek, E. M. G., van Zundert, S., Vink, I., Braunstahl, G. J., & de Vries, N. (2018). Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep and Breathing, 22(1), 1-13. PMID: 28550508.

* Pevernagie, D. A., Van den Broeck, E. M. G., De Brabander, A. M., Van De Moortel, S., & Hamans, E. (2007). Effect of head elevation on upper airway collapsibility in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep, 30(2), 173-177. PMID: 17326442.

* Pevernagie, D. A., & De Backer, W. A. (2009). Inclined bed therapy for sleep apnea. Sleep and Breathing, 13(4), 349-354. PMID: 19636657.

* Ravesloot, M. J., van Maanen, J. P., de Vries, N., & Remmelts, A. J. (2013). The impact of sleeping position on snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Medicine, 14(2), 241-247. PMID: 23395725.

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Q.

Short of Breath When Lying Down? Why Position Matters for Sleep

A.

Shortness of breath when lying down often happens because lying flat shifts blood and fluid, reduces diaphragm space, and can reveal issues like heart failure, sleep apnea, obesity-related restriction, reflux, or chronic lung disease. Simple changes like side sleeping or elevating the head can help, but new or worsening symptoms, sudden severe breathlessness, chest pain, fainting, leg swelling, or a fast irregular heartbeat need prompt medical care; there are several factors to consider, and important next steps and red flags are outlined below.

References:

* Harding SM, et al. Orthopnea: a review of its pathophysiology and clinical significance. J Clin Sleep Med. 2019 Dec 13;15(12):1851-1858.

* Chai K, et al. Understanding and Managing Dyspnea in Heart Failure. Circ Res. 2019 Feb 15;124(4):612-629.

* Al-Shamkhani I, et al. Dyspnoea on lying flat in COPD: a novel assessment tool. ERJ Open Res. 2021 Sep 2;7(3):00543-2021.

* Ravesloot MJL, et al. Position matters: the impact of sleep position on sleep-disordered breathing. Sleep Breath. 2017 Nov;21(4):1043-1049.

* Zheng J, et al. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Airway Manifestations: A State-of-the-Art Review. J Clin Med. 2022 Aug 4;11(15):4559.

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Q.

Sleeping Next to a Snorer? How to Save Your Health (And Your Marriage)

A.

Sleeping next to a snorer is more than an annoyance, it can damage your sleep and relationship and may signal obstructive sleep apnea with risks like high blood pressure and heart disease; there are several factors to consider, see below to understand more. Effective steps include side sleeping, weight and alcohol timing changes, treating nasal congestion, and medical options like CPAP or oral appliances, plus earplugs, white noise, or short-term separate sleep for your own rest, and you will find clear warning signs, when to see a doctor, urgent red flags, and a quick symptom check below to guide next steps.

References:

* Al-Jahdali H, Al-Ghamdi A, Al-Otaibi F, Bahammam AS. The health impact of snoring on the bed partners of sleep apnea patients: the hidden victims. Sleep Breath. 2013 May;17(2):499-503. doi: 10.1007/s11325-012-0713-3. Epub 2012 Aug 18. PMID: 22900741.

* Ulfberg J, Carter N, Talbäck M, Saaresranta T, Nyström B, Emtner M. Sleep disturbance in bed partners of snoring patients. Respiration. 2001;68(4):359-62. doi: 10.1159/000050519. PMID: 11497237.

* Ye J, Malhotra A, Deane C, Palmer LJ, King E, Eastwood PR. Impact of obstructive sleep apnea and its treatment on the bed partner. J Clin Sleep Med. 2010 Aug 15;6(4):393-8. PMID: 20658406; PMCID: PMC2919102.

* Kim J, Kim H, Shin J, Kim DK, Choi SJ, Lim C, Park J, Kim K, Lee RW. Noise-induced cardiovascular effects in bed partners of patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016 Dec 15;12(12):1663-1669. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.6358. PMID: 27894982; PMCID: PMC5161285.

* Tan Y, Li T, Wang W, Liu Y, Zhang Q. Psychological burden on bed partners of patients with obstructive sleep apnea and snoring. Sleep Med. 2019 Jun;58:8-13. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.03.003. Epub 2019 Mar 26. PMID: 30925700.

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Q.

The "Wedge" Wonder: Is This 30-Dollar Pillow the Cure for Snoring?

A.

A $30 wedge pillow can help reduce snoring by elevating the head, neck, and upper torso 30 to 45 degrees, especially when snoring is mild, positional, or tied to nighttime reflux, but it is not a cure for everyone. It does not treat moderate or severe sleep apnea or snoring with breathing pauses, choking, or severe daytime sleepiness, which need medical evaluation; there are several factors, setup tips, and alternative treatments to consider, so see the complete guidance below to choose the right next steps.

References:

* Satti, A. A., et al. (2017). Inclined Bed Therapy for Snoring and Sleep Apnea: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial. *Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine*, *13*(10), 1217–1222.

* Chang, W. C., et al. (2017). Changes in snoring and sleep quality with pillow height adjustment in subjects with simple snoring and mild obstructive sleep apnea. *Sleep and Breathing*, *21*(1), 163–170.

* Joosten, S. A., et al. (2014). Positional therapy for mild to moderate obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. *Sleep Medicine*, *15*(4), 404–411.

* Nakao, S., et al. (2004). The effect of sleeping position on snoring in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. *Auris Nasus Larynx*, *31*(3), 263–268.

* Aytuluk, M., et al. (2019). Evaluation of body position and sleep-wake states on respiratory events and snoring. *Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung*, *23*(1), 159–165.

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Q.

The Best Sleep Postures for Back Pain, Snoring, and Digestion

A.

For back pain, use back sleeping with a pillow under the knees or side sleeping with a pillow between the knees; for snoring, favor side sleeping and avoid back sleeping; for digestion and reflux, sleep on your left side and consider elevating the head of the bed. There are several factors to consider, including pillow and mattress support and red flags like loud snoring with gasping or persistent nighttime reflux that may need medical care. See below for complete guidance and next-step advice.

References:

* Coggon, D., et al. (2022). Impact of Sleep Position on Musculoskeletal Pain and Sleep Quality: A Systematic Review. *Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine*, 18(3), 857-865. PMID: 35165992

* Ravesloot, M. J. L., et al. (2021). Positional therapy for obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. *Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine*, 17(8), 1667-1681. PMID: 34157790

* Jung, K. H., et al. (2022). Impact of sleep position on gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. *Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine*, 18(2), 527-535. PMID: 35154339

* Cary, D., et al. (2021). Sleep posture: a review of the literature. *Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine*, 17(3), 573-582. PMID: 33758835

* Jeon, H. H., et al. (2020). Sleep Posture and Spine Alignment: A Review. *Journal of Korean Medical Science*, 35(16), e135. PMID: 32338600

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Q.

The Dangers of Mouth Breathing During Sleep (and How to Stop)

A.

Sleeping with your mouth open is common but not harmless, since it can worsen snoring and fragmented sleep, increase the risk of sleep apnea and cardiovascular strain, dry the mouth leading to cavities, gum disease, bad breath, and morning headaches, and in children alter facial development. There are several factors to consider. Causes and fixes vary, from congestion and structural ENT problems to weight and habit, with options like clearing the nose, side sleeping, weight loss, breathing therapy, and medical evaluation for possible apnea, and mouth taping only if safe, so see the detailed steps and when to seek care below to choose the right next move.

References:

* Huang, Y. S., & Guilleminault, C. (2018). Mouth breathing: adverse effects on health, sleep, development, and behavior. *Journal of Dental Sleep Medicine*, *5*(1), 15–20. PMID: 29479521; PMCID: PMC5799990.

* Okamoto, K., Ono, T., Maeda, Y., & Nakashima, A. (2020). The effect of sleep on oral posture: A literature review. *Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine*, *16*(3), 447–452. PMID: 32174304; PMCID: PMC7951569.

* Zou, D., Liu, Z., Wang, S., Wei, Y., Zeng, J., Han, M., Li, X., Wu, X., & Deng, Y. (2020). Effects of nasal breathing on sleep architecture in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea. *Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung*, *24*(4), 1455–1463. PMID: 32377850.

* Camacho, M., Certal, V., Abdullatif, J., Zaghi, S., Ruoff, C. M., Capasso, R., & Kushida, C. A. (2018). Myofunctional therapy in treatment of respiratory disorders during sleep: a literature review. *Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung*, *22*(4), 1199–1206. PMID: 29651630.

* Narayanan, V., Gendy, S., & Lloyd, S. (2020). Management of chronic nasal obstruction in children. *Paediatric Respiratory Reviews*, *35*, 5–10. PMID: 31548074.

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Q.

Weight and sleep are closely linked. Understand how neck circumference and body fat affect your airway and contribute to loud snoring.

A.

Weight gain, especially fat around the neck and upper body, narrows the airway and increases tissue vibration, making snoring louder and more frequent; a larger neck circumference is a strong predictor and is linked to higher risk of obstructive sleep apnea. There are several factors and warning signs to consider, and even modest weight loss can reduce snoring and apnea severity; see the complete guidance below for key details and the right next steps for your care.

References:

* Pengo MF, et al. Neck circumference and sleep-disordered breathing in obese patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2018 Apr;38:107-117. PMID: 29198642.

* Ong THT, et al. Predictive value of neck circumference in sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2005 Apr 15;1(2):161-4. PMID: 17557434.

* Patel SR, et al. Obesity, weight loss, and sleep apnea: a systematic review. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Sep 15;186(6):483-97. PMID: 22802052.

* Whittle AT, et al. Fat deposition in the pharynx: a major anatomical contributor to OSA. Respirology. 2013 Aug;18(6):898-904. PMID: 23627581.

* Varkey AB, et al. Upper airway collapse in sleep apnea: a role for fat? J Appl Physiol (1985). 2010 Sep;109(3):910-4. PMID: 20595568.

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Q.

What is a "Sleep Divorce"? Why Couples Are Sleeping Apart

A.

A sleep divorce is when partners intentionally sleep in separate beds or rooms to protect sleep quality, which can actually strengthen mood, intimacy, and overall relationship health. Common reasons include snoring, mismatched schedules, restlessness, temperature differences, parenting needs, and medical issues like sleep apnea that may need medical evaluation. There are several factors to consider. See below to understand more.

References:

* Peigneux P. Solo sleeping: a new trend in sleep habits? Rev Med Brux. 2023 Mar 22;44(2):E144-E147. PMID: 37042858.

* Zhang Y, Ma J, Xu P, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Li Y, Yang Z, Wang Y, Hu H. Sleep and marital satisfaction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sleep Res. 2022 Oct;31(5):e13636. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13636. Epub 2022 May 3. PMID: 35508828.

* Alshehri AM, Fallata Z, Althubaiti A, Alharbi F. Bed sharing and sleep quality in adult couples: A systematic review. Sleep Med. 2023 Sep;109:90-101. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.07.019. Epub 2023 Jul 26. PMID: 37536340.

* Gordon AM, Chen S. Sleep and interpersonal relationships: a vicious cycle. Curr Opin Psychol. 2017 Feb;13:132-136. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.12.001. Epub 2016 Dec 5. PMID: 27931086.

* Troxel WM, Robles TF. Sleep disorders and relationship quality. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2014 Nov;20(6):525-30. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000099. PMID: 25211244.

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Q.

Why More Senior Couples are Choosing "Separate Beds" for Better Health

A.

More senior couples are choosing separate beds to get deeper, safer sleep, especially when snoring or sleep apnea, mismatched schedules, pain or nighttime movement, and temperature differences disrupt rest, which can improve heart and brain health, mood, fall risk, and even relationship quality. There are several factors to consider. See below to understand more, including red flag symptoms that warrant medical care for possible sleep apnea and practical ways to try separate sleeping setups that can guide your next steps with your partner and clinician.

References:

* Lee, J., Puzia, M. E., Gunia, B., & Ryff, C. D. (2021). Sleep Disturbance and Physical Health in Older Couples. *The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences*, 76(4), 675–684. PMID: 33713079

* Troxel, W. M., Robles, T. F., & Seeman, T. E. (2017). Partner Sleep Disturbance and Relationship Satisfaction in Older Adults. *Journal of Family Psychology*, 31(5), 579–589. PMID: 28557550

* Skurya, M. L., & Troxel, W. M. (2021). Sleep and couple relationships: A systematic review. *Current Opinion in Psychology*, 39, 10–15. PMID: 33582490

* El-Sheikh, M., El-Sheikh, M. K., & Buckhalt, J. A. (2017). The influence of sleep on relationship quality and health among older adult couples: A dyadic perspective. *Psychosomatic Medicine*, 79(6), 654–664. PMID: 28628469

* Ryff, C. D., Lee, J., Puzia, M., & Gunia, B. (2021). Dyadic effects of sleep disruption on health and well-being among older couples: An actor-partner interdependence model. *Health Psychology*, 40(6), 369–378. PMID: 34106362

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Q.

Why You Should Stop Breathing Through Your Mouth at Night

A.

Mouth breathing at night bypasses the nose’s filtering, humidifying, warming, and nitric oxide benefits, which can worsen snoring and sleep quality, dry the mouth and raise cavity and gum disease risk, reduce oxygen efficiency, and in some cases signal obstructive sleep apnea or even affect facial growth in children. There are several causes and solutions to consider, from allergies and nasal blockage to sleep position changes and evaluation for sleep apnea; see below for the complete details and next steps that can guide your care.

References:

* Chou YT, Fu CM, Chi CS, Su CT. Mouth breathing: adverse effects on health, an overview. J Med Sci (Taipei). 2010 Sep-Oct;30(5):207-13. doi: 10.1016/S1011-2010(10)60045-8. PMID: 20959223.

* Okuro RT, Flores M, Pelaez-Ruiz MA, Santos MC, Queiroz MS. The Physiological Advantages of Nasal Breathing Over Mouth Breathing: A Review of the Literature. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2018 Jun 1;19(6):734-738. PMID: 29949914.

* Jefferson Y. Impact of mouth breathing on the general health of children and adults. Sleep Breath. 2021 May;25(2):621-627. doi: 10.1007/s11325-020-02206-8. Epub 2020 Oct 21. PMID: 33083995.

* Al-Doughli H, Qasem K, Al-Bustami D. Impact of mouth breathing on sleep quality and its relation to other systemic diseases in adult population: A review. Eur J Dent. 2023 Jan;17(1):15-20. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1755109. Epub 2022 Oct 26. PMID: 36288636.

* Wu S, Yang H, Chen J, Wei C, Guo J, Lin Z, Zhang J. Mouth breathing is associated with increased severity of obstructive sleep apnea in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Rehabil. 2023 Jan;50(1):8-18. doi: 10.1111/joor.13374. Epub 2022 Oct 3. PMID: 36173070.

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Q.

Can’t Stop Snoring? Why Your Airway Is Collapsing & Medical Next Steps

A.

Persistent snoring usually means your airway is narrowing or collapsing during sleep as throat muscles relax and the tongue and soft palate crowd the space; if it comes with breathing pauses, gasping, morning headaches, or daytime sleepiness, it could be obstructive sleep apnea that warrants prompt evaluation. There are several factors to consider; see below to understand more, including causes like extra weight, back-sleeping, alcohol, nasal blockage, and aging, plus evidence-based next steps such as side-sleeping, reducing alcohol, treating congestion, weight loss, oral appliances, CPAP after a sleep study, and when surgery or specialist care is appropriate. These details can change your next steps.

References:

* Benjafield, A. V., Ayas, N. T., Eastwood, P. R., Heinzer, R., Ip, M. S. M., Jordan, A. S., ... & McEvoy, R. D. (2023). Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Contemporary Review. *Frontiers in Medicine*, *10*, 1193356. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1193356

* Malhotra, A., & White, D. P. (2021). The Pathophysiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: From Risk Factors to Neurocognitive Consequences. *Frontiers in Physiology*, *12*, 663454. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.663454

* Ma, J., Li, Y., Wang, Z., & Chen, G. (2023). Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review. *JAMA*, *330*(4), 362-373. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.11890

* Kapur, V. K., Auckley, D. H., Chowdhuri, S., Kuhlmann, D. C., Mehra, R., Ramar, K., ... & Rosen, I. M. (2023). Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in adults: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. *Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine*, *19*(8), 1327-1358. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.10659

* Varga, A. W., & Rapoport, D. M. (2021). Current and emerging therapies for obstructive sleep apnea. *Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine*, *27*(6), 467-474. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000827

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Q.

Always Mouth Breathing? Why Your Adenoids Are Swollen & Medical Next Steps

A.

Persistent mouth breathing, especially during sleep, is often due to enlarged adenoids from infections, allergies, irritation, or normal childhood size and can cause snoring, ear infections, poor sleep, and even changes in facial and dental growth in kids; there are several factors to consider. An ENT can confirm with a focused exam, nasal endoscopy, or a sleep study, and treatment ranges from watchful waiting and allergy or nasal steroid therapy to adenoidectomy for significant blockage or confirmed sleep apnea; seek prompt care for loud nightly snoring or breathing pauses, and see below for complete details and step by step next moves.

References:

* Maramattom, J. M., Varghese, D. A., Abraham, L., & Chacko, A. (2023). Adenoid hypertrophy: a review of the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. *International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery*, 9(6), 28-32.

* Huang, C., Cao, Y., Wu, M., Shi, S., & Li, R. (2021). Pathogenesis of Adenoid Hypertrophy: A Review. *Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery*, 165(3), 405-412.

* Niu, Q., Zhang, J., Hu, D., Yu, J., Zhou, Y., & Wei, R. (2020). Medical management of adenoid hypertrophy: A review of the current evidence. *Journal of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery*, 49(1), 74.

* Chaurasia, A. K., Singh, S., Kumar, R., & Singh, R. (2020). Indications for adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy in children: A review. *Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care*, 9(3), 1279–1283.

* Al-Fattah, M. F., & Al-Qurainy, M. S. (2020). Impact of Adenoid Hypertrophy on Maxillofacial Growth and Development: A Review. *Cureus*, 12(10), e11293.

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Q.

Scared of Surgery? Why Your Anesthesiologist Is Your Lifeline + Medically Approved Steps

A.

If you are scared of surgery, know that modern anesthesia is very safe and your anesthesiologist is the medical doctor dedicated to protecting you throughout, continuously monitoring vital signs, managing breathing and pain, and responding instantly to any change. To cut risk and anxiety, follow medically approved steps like a pre-anesthesia consult, strict fasting instructions, medication review, and honest disclosure of issues such as snoring or sleep apnea, heart or lung disease, alcohol use, and past reactions. There are several factors to consider that could change your next steps and questions to ask, so see the complete guidance below.

References:

* Hagberg CA. Anesthesiology and Patient Safety. J Clin Anesth. 2018 Jun;47:89-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2018.02.016. Epub 2018 Feb 23. PMID: 29477546.

* Miyata T, Soga T, Mochizuki Y, et al. Preoperative Anxiety: Assessment and Management. J Anesth. 2019 Apr;33(2):321-329. doi: 10.1007/s00540-019-02621-8. Epub 2019 Feb 19. PMID: 30778731.

* American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Perioperative Care. The Anesthesiologist as a Perioperative Physician: A Call to Action. Anesth Analg. 2019 Dec;129(6):1445-1447. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000004456. PMID: 31219460.

* Williams JB, Davies E. Reducing preoperative anxiety: an evidence-based review. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2017 Mar;31(1):57-67. doi: 10.1016/j.bpa.2017.02.002. Epub 2017 Feb 21. PMID: 28477595.

* Hossain MM, Nordin SM, Ghazali R. Preoperative patient education and its impact on anxiety and satisfaction. J Perioper Pract. 2020 Jan;30(1):15-18. doi: 10.1177/1750458919875411. Epub 2019 Sep 9. PMID: 31500412.

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Q.

Mouth Taping for Snoring: A Woman’s 40+ Medical Guide & Next Steps

A.

Mouth taping may modestly reduce mild, mouth-breathing snoring in women over 40 with clear nasal passages, but it is not a cure and does not treat obstructive sleep apnea; avoid it if you have nasal blockage, wake gasping, notice breathing pauses, severe fatigue, heart or lung disease, or use alcohol or sedatives before bed. There are several factors to consider. See below for a practical next-step plan, safer and more proven options like side sleeping, nasal care, weight management, and oral appliances, plus when to seek medical evaluation or a sleep study and how postmenopausal hormonal shifts may contribute.

References:

* Kairat B, Ong P, Tang SY, Lim PV. Effect of Mouth Taping on Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Randomized Controlled Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Dec 21;20(1):153. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20010153. PMID: 36613390; PMCID: PMC9819779.

* Lee Y, Lee Y, Lee K, Chung JH, Kim DK, Sung JK. Oral vs. Nasal Breathing on Facial Development and Health: A Review. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2022;46(2):167-173. doi: 10.17796/1053-4628-46.2.167. PMID: 35050868.

* Punjabi N. Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Women: A Review. Sleep Med Clin. 2020 Jun;15(2):225-231. doi: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.02.007. Epub 2020 Apr 21. PMID: 32414545.

* Strohl KP, Punjabi NM. Consequences of Untreated Sleep Apnea. Sleep Med Clin. 2022 Sep;17(3):361-368. doi: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2022.05.003. PMID: 36058525.

* Patil SP, et al. Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Clinical Practice Guideline Summary of the 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. J Clin Sleep Med. 2022 Nov 1;18(11):2579-2586. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.10266. PMID: 36306509.

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Q.

UARS in Women 40-50: Symptoms, Home Relief & Vital Next Steps

A.

UARS in women 40 to 50 is common yet often overlooked, with patterns like light, fragmented sleep, frequent awakenings, mild snoring or teeth grinding, morning headaches, jaw or facial pain, brain fog, mood shifts, and persistent fatigue despite time in bed; there are several factors to consider, so see below for key differences from sleep apnea and nuances that can change your next steps. At home, support nasal breathing, sleep on your side or with slight head elevation, do tongue and mouth exercises, maintain a healthy weight, limit alcohol and sedatives, reduce stress, and track symptoms; if they persist, ask about UARS, request a sleep study that measures RERAs, and discuss CPAP or a custom oral appliance, seeking urgent care for chest pain or severe shortness of breath. Complete guidance is below.

References:

* Guilleminault C, Kirisoglu C, Shiomi T. Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome in Women: A Frequent But Overlooked Condition. J Clin Sleep Med. 2006 Apr 15;2(2):121-7. PMID: 17561875.

* Camara-Lemarroy CR, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Fernandez-Ruiz S, Torre-Bouscoulet L, Salcedo-Alvarez RA. Upper airway resistance syndrome: a critical update. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2018 Nov;24(6):533-539. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000512. PMID: 29771143.

* Rains JC, Rains GD. Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome: An Overview. Sleep Med Clin. 2018 Mar;13(1):31-37. doi: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2017.10.003. Epub 2018 Jan 10. PMID: 29502905.

* Sancrant AB, Thimsen DA, Thimsen LM. Non-CPAP treatments for sleep apnea and UARS: an overview. Minerva Stomatol. 2019 Feb;68(1):35-43. doi: 10.23736/S0026-4970.18.04231-1. Epub 2018 Nov 13. PMID: 30864380.

* Lye HZ, O'Donoghue FJ, Andrusaite A, Lau KK, Rochford PD. Upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) and its relationship to craniofacial morphology and gender. J Sleep Res. 2019 Jun;28(3):e12817. doi: 10.1111/jsr.12817. Epub 2019 May 3. PMID: 31037748.

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Q.

Sleep Apnea Symptoms: 7 Warning Signs Women 65+ Often Miss

A.

Seven often-missed warning signs of sleep apnea in women 65 and older include persistent daytime fatigue, worsening snoring, morning headaches or dry mouth, mood changes or anxiety, memory problems or trouble concentrating, waking short of breath or with a racing heart, and high blood pressure that is hard to control. These symptoms can be subtle and mistaken for normal aging, yet untreated sleep apnea can harm heart and brain health. There are several factors to consider. See below for complete guidance on what these signs mean, when to talk to a doctor, and how a sleep study or symptom check can guide your next steps.

References:

* Valipour A, et al. Sex Differences in Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Front Physiol. 2017 Mar 21;8:159. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00159. PMID: 28386127; PMCID: PMC5359345.

* Reddy SC, et al. Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Women: More Challenging to Diagnose? J Clin Sleep Med. 2013 Aug 15;9(8):835-8. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.2882. PMID: 23946700; PMCID: PMC3723654.

* Punjabi NM. Sleep apnea in women. J Thorac Dis. 2013 Feb;5(1):110-21. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.01.03. PMID: 23390449; PMCID: PMC3586861.

* Young T, et al. Sex Differences in Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Implications. Chest. 2016 Oct;150(4):948-958. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.05.004. Epub 2016 May 19. PMID: 27209378.

* Billings ME, et al. Symptoms of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Women. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2008 Nov;14(6):534-8. doi: 10.1097/MCP.0b013e328312061e. PMID: 18838843.

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Q.

How to stop snoring while sleeping?

A.

Most snoring improves with simple changes like losing weight, sleeping on your side, avoiding alcohol and sedatives at night, clearing nasal congestion, and elevating the head of the bed; a dentist-fitted oral appliance can help, and CPAP is the gold standard if sleep apnea is diagnosed, with surgery reserved for structural causes. Seek medical evaluation promptly if snoring is loud and frequent or there are breathing pauses, gasping, morning headaches, or daytime sleepiness, since these can signal obstructive sleep apnea and affect whether you need a dental device, CPAP, or other treatment. There are several factors to consider; see below for important details that can guide your next steps.

References:

Hoekema A, Stegenga B, & de Bont LG. (2004). Efficacy and safety of mandibular advancement devices… Sleep Med Rev, 15465321.

Oksenberg A, Arons E, Radwan H, & Pillar G. (1997). The effect of sleep posture on snoring. Chest, 9307839.

Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, & Dempsey J. (2000). Longitudinal association between sleep-disordered breathin… Am J Epidemiol, 10953064.

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Q.

How to stop snoring?

A.

To stop snoring, start with weight loss, side sleeping, avoiding late alcohol and sedatives, quitting smoking, treating nasal congestion, and doing daily throat exercises; if snoring persists, dentist-fitted oral appliances can help, CPAP is best for moderate to severe sleep apnea, and surgery is a later option. There are several factors to consider, and red flags like loud nightly snoring, witnessed pauses or gasping, daytime sleepiness, or heart and blood pressure issues should prompt medical evaluation. See the complete guidance below for key details that can change the best next step for you.

References:

Guimarães KC, Drager LF, Genta PR, Marcondes BF, & Lorenzi-Filho G. (2009). Effects of oropharyngeal exercises on snoring and apnoea in patients with moderate… Chest, 19349342.

Marklund M, Stenlund H, & Franklin KA. (2004). Mandibular advancement device versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure for mild to moderate… Eur Respir J, 14739206.

Ramar K, Dort LC, & et al. (2015). Clinical practice guideline for the treatment of snoring with oral appliance therapy: an… Sleep, 25910631.

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