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Obesity (overweight) results from a combination of factors such as overeating, insufficient exercise, and genetic factors.
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this disease:
The goal of treatment is to reach and maintain a healthy weight through a combination of diet changes and increased exercise. In severe cases, a doctor may recommend medication or surgery to assist with weight loss.
Reviewed By:
Scott Nass, MD, MPA, FAAFP, AAHIVS (Primary Care)
Dr. Nass received dual medical degrees from the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Charles R. Drew University in Medicine and Science. He completed Family Medicine residency at Ventura County Medical Center with subsequent fellowships at Ventura, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, George Washington University, and University of California-Irvine. He holds faculty appointments at Keck School of Medicine of USC, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, and Western University of Health Sciences.
Yoshinori Abe, MD (Internal Medicine)
Dr. Abe graduated from The University of Tokyo School of Medicine in 2015. He completed his residency at the Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Longevity Medical Center. He co-founded Ubie, Inc. in May 2017, where he currently serves as CEO & product owner at Ubie. Since December 2019, he has been a member of the Special Committee for Activation of Research in Emergency AI of the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine. | | Dr. Abe has been elected in the 2020 Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia Healthcare & Science category.
Content updated on Feb 19, 2025
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
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Q.
Always Heavy? Why Your Body is Stalled & Your Mediterranean Diet Action Plan
A.
There are several factors to consider. Feeling stuck at a heavier weight often comes from metabolic adaptation, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, hormones, and hidden calorie surplus, and a well-structured Mediterranean diet can help when paired with portion awareness, adequate protein, daily movement with strength training, quality sleep, and stress control. See below for your actionable plate formula, protein targets, what to limit, realistic timelines, and red flags that warrant doctor input or an obesity symptom check, since these details can change your best next steps.
References:
* Hall KD, et al. The problem of metabolic adaptation to weight loss. Obes Rev. 2017 Aug;18 Suppl 2:10-24. DOI: 10.1111/obr.12569.
* Schwingshackl L, et al. Impact of Mediterranean Diet on Weight Loss: An Evidence Map of a Systematic Review of Reviews. Adv Nutr. 2021 May 29;12(3):911-923. DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa144.
* Giosuè E, et al. Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2021 Apr 21;13(4):1391. DOI: 10.3390/nu13041391.
* Esposito K, et al. Mediterranean diet and the metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr. 2019 Feb 1;149(2):229-237. DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy243.
* MacLean PS, et al. Metabolic slowing with diet-induced weight loss: current evidence and future directions. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019 Jan;27(1):15-22. DOI: 10.1002/oby.22359.
Q.
Always Hungry? Why Your GLP-1 “Fullness Switch” Is Muted & Medical Next Steps
A.
Persistent hunger soon after meals often means your GLP-1 fullness signal is muted, commonly tied to insulin resistance, obesity-related hormone changes, ultra-processed diets low in protein and fiber, poor sleep, chronic stress, or conditions like diabetes, PCOS, or thyroid disease. There are several factors to consider; see below for important details that could change your next steps. Key steps include prioritizing protein and fiber, regular movement and sleep, stress management, and a medical evaluation for blood sugar, A1C, thyroid, and insulin resistance, with clinician-guided GLP-1 medicines considered when lifestyle changes are not enough, and urgent care if red flags like extreme thirst, rapid weight loss, chest pain, shortness of breath, or persistent vomiting occur.
References:
* Rutter AE, Kaelberer MM, Bohórquez DV. GLP-1 and satiety: from brain to gut. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Jun 1;316(6):E986-E994. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00030.2019. Epub 2019 Apr 23. PMID: 31013444; PMCID: PMC6669389.
* Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide 1: Actions and therapeutic potential. Diabetes Care. 2018 Dec;41(12):2655-2661. doi: 10.2337/dc18-0975. Epub 2018 Nov 14. PMID: 30432174; PMCID: PMC6244635.
* Müller TD, Finan B, Bloom SR, D'Alessio D, Drucker DJ, Flatt PR, Fritsche A, Gribble F, Holst JJ, Kahn SE, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and basal insulin in type 2 diabetes: a narrative review. Mol Metab. 2019 Dec;30:263-294. doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.09.011. Epub 2019 Oct 1. PMID: 31631024; PMCID: PMC6888463.
* Nauck MA, Meier JJ. The incretin concept: GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are not just 'another class' of drugs for treating type 2 diabetes. Endocr Rev. 2023 Mar 15;44(2):296-321. doi: 10.1210/endrev/bnad005. PMID: 36734133; PMCID: PMC10018599.
* Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Blickwede L, Frias JP, Kushner RF, Van Der Valk A. GLP-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity: a narrative review. J Clin Med. 2023 Mar 17;12(6):2349. doi: 10.3390/jcm12062349. PMID: 36983577; PMCID: PMC10057218.
Q.
BBL "Melting"? Why Results Shift & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
There are several factors to consider: what looks like BBL “melting” is usually normal fat reabsorption, weight changes, aging-related skin laxity, hormone shifts, or muscle loss, with less common causes like fat necrosis or surgical issues; see below for what is expected versus concerning. Medically approved next steps include stabilizing weight, strengthening glutes, supporting skin health, considering selective non surgical treatments, and, when appropriate, pursuing revision with a board certified surgeon, with urgent care needed for severe pain, fever, breathing trouble, or sudden swelling; full guidance on timing and choices is detailed below.
References:
* Cui D, Luo G, Gu B, Chen Z, Zhang X. Long-Term Results of Gluteal Augmentation With Autologous Fat Grafting: A Retrospective Analysis of 400 Cases. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2018 Dec;42(6):1540-1547. doi: 10.1007/s00266-018-1249-1. Epub 2018 Oct 31. PMID: 30382229.
* Khouri AN, Khouri RK Jr, Khouri RK. Quantifying Fat Graft Survival in Gluteal Augmentation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021 Jun 1;147(6):1347-1358. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007874. PMID: 33857091.
* Singh SA, Lee ES, Patel A, Vardanian AJ. Complications of Gluteal Fat Grafting: A Systematic Review. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021 Mar 1;147(3):616-625. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007671. PMID: 33620719.
* Cansancao AL, Fialho R, Costa LF, D'Souza N, Daher JC, Khouri RK, Cansancao AL Jr. Long-Term Patient Satisfaction and Quality of Life after Gluteal Fat Grafting: A Prospective Study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020 Jul;146(1):153-162. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000006900. PMID: 32584860.
* Saadeh A, Zins J. Factors Influencing Fat Graft Survival in Gluteal Augmentation: A Critical Review of the Literature. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021 Jul 1;148(1):151e-159e. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000008064. PMID: 34160417.
Q.
Constant Food Noise? Why Mounjaro Resets Your Metabolic Signals + Next Steps
A.
Constant food noise has metabolic roots, and there are several factors to consider: Mounjaro (tirzepatide) activates GLP-1 and GIP receptors to rebalance hunger and fullness signals, slow stomach emptying, reduce cravings, and stabilize blood sugar, which can support meaningful weight loss. For safe next steps, including eligibility, dosing, side effects and warning signs, and how to pair the medication with nutrition, exercise, and monitoring, see the complete guidance below and discuss with your clinician.
References:
* Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jul 21;387(3):205-216. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206038. Epub 2022 Jun 4. PMID: 35658024.
* Nauck MA, D'Alessio DA. GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonists in the treatment of obesity: mechanisms of action and clinical implications. Endocr Rev. 2023 Mar 1;44(2):292-309. doi: 10.1210/endrev/bnad001. PMID: 36675545.
* Karagiannis T, Pappas K, Daskalopoulou SS. Tirzepatide: A GIP and GLP-1 Receptor Agonist for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity. J Clin Med. 2022 Jul 26;11(15):4350. doi: 10.3390/jcm11154350. PMID: 35914041.
* Cui J, Sun M, Wang H, Zhang Y, Zhao B, Li X, Liu B. Central Nervous System Mechanisms of Tirzepatide Action in Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024 Jan 5;14:1320492. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1320492. PMID: 38243685.
* Karapetyan A, Doshi N, El-Jawahri A, Quraishi F, El-Jawahri F, Yabrodi M, El-Jawahri A. Metabolic and Cardiovascular Effects of Tirzepatide: A Review of the SURPASS and SURMOUNT Clinical Trials. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2023 Oct 3. doi: 10.1007/s10557-023-07508-3. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37765176.
Q.
Hollowed Out? Why Ozempic Face Happens & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Ozempic face is the hollowed or sagging look that can appear after weight loss on GLP-1 medicines because facial fat pads shrink; it is a cosmetic effect of fat loss, not a dangerous side effect, and is more noticeable with rapid or large losses and with age. Medically approved options include adjusting your plan with your clinician, prioritizing gradual loss with protein and strength training plus sun-safe skincare, and considering expert treatments like fillers, collagen-stimulating procedures, or surgery once weight stabilizes; seek urgent care for severe symptoms. There are several factors to consider. See complete details below to guide your next steps.
References:
* Wilding JP, Batterham RL, Davies M, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021 Mar 18;384(11):989-1002.
* Blüher M, Montell C, Caimari F, et al. Changes in body composition with semaglutide 2.4 mg in adults with overweight or obesity: a post hoc analysis of the STEP 1, 3, and 5 trials. Obes Sci Pract. 2023 May;9(2):162-172.
* Swift A, Liew S, Remington K, et al. The Facial Aging Process From the Perspective of the Aesthetic Clinician. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021 May 1;147(5S Suppl 1):14S-27S.
* Gier P, Perakis L, Al-Niami F, Kienast E. Commentary: The 'Ozempic face' dilemma: aesthetic implications of GLP-1 receptor agonists. J Drugs Dermatol. 2024 Jan 1;23(1):17-18.
* Fagien S, Swift A, Liew S, et al. A Look at the Evolution of Facial Injectable Fillers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021 May 1;147(5S Suppl 1):3S-13S.
Q.
Tired of the Scale? Why Your BMI Is "Lying" to Your Metabolism and How to Fix It
A.
BMI is a quick screening tool, not a full picture of your metabolism, and it can mislead by missing body composition, fat distribution, and metabolic markers, so waist circumference, targeted blood tests, body composition scans, and fitness measures offer a more accurate view. There are several factors to consider; see below for step by step ways to improve metabolic health with strength training, higher quality nutrition, sleep and stress care, plus when a high BMI still signals risk and when to use a symptom check or see a clinician, which could change your next steps.
References:
* Gómez-Ambrosi J, Silva C, Galofré JC, Escalada J, Santos S, Millán D, Muñoz-Navas MA, Pastor E, Rodríguez A, Salvador J, Frühbeck G. Body mass index classification misses an important percentage of obese subjects with altered body composition, metabolic alterations and high cardiovascular risk. Int J Obes (Lond). 2012 Nov;36(11):1413-21. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2012.2. Epub 2012 Jan 31. PMID: 22290828.
* Wildman RP, Muntner P, Woodward K, Keenan NL, Wosje KS, Safford MM. Metabolically healthy but obese: the obesity paradox revisited. Prev Med. 2008 Feb;46(2):167-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.10.009. Epub 2007 Oct 20. PMID: 18036737.
* Müller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A. Metabolic health and BMI: a critical appraisal. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014 Nov;68(11):1199-204. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.212. Epub 2014 Oct 8. PMID: 25293630.
* Sniderman AD, Remedios C, Glavinovic T. The relationship of body mass index to the metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2016 May;41(5):184-219. doi: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2016.02.002. Epub 2016 Mar 1. PMID: 27013149.
* Ross R, Bradshaw AJ, Liu H, Katagiri E, Mian ZM. Body composition and body mass index as determinants of metabolic risk factors in men. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 May;19(5):984-90. doi: 10.1038/oby.2010.278. Epub 2010 Nov 4. PMID: 21052136.
Q.
Trapped by "Food Noise"? Why Your Hunger Switch is Stuck + How Tirzepatide Works and Your Next Steps
A.
Food noise and a stuck hunger switch are biologic, not willpower, and tirzepatide targets GLP-1 and GIP to reduce appetite, slow stomach emptying, improve blood sugar, and often quiet cravings, enabling about 15 to 20 percent weight loss when paired with healthy habits; there are several factors to consider, including who qualifies and important risks. See below for the complete guidance on eligibility, safety, red flags, and step-by-step next moves like tracking symptoms and speaking with a clinician to create a safe, sustainable plan.
References:
* Finlayson G, King N. Hedonic hunger: An overview of its definition, assessment, and neurobiological underpinnings. J Neuroendocrinol. 2018 Apr;30(4):e12564. PMID: 29559381.
* Münzberg H, Villanueva EC, Müller TD, Woods SC. The neurobiological basis of obesity. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2018 Nov;19(11):685-703. PMID: 30420721.
* Holst JJ. The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1. Physiol Rev. 2007 Oct;87(4):1409-39. PMID: 17928728.
* Thomas MK, Fernandez L, Mazza A. Tirzepatide: A Novel GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonist for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. Ann Pharmacother. 2022 Mar;56(3):374-381. PMID: 35226488.
* Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jul 21;387(3):205-216. PMID: 35658024.
Q.
Metabolic & Nutritional Factors: A 40-50 Woman’s Health Action Plan
A.
There are several metabolic and nutritional factors to consider in your 40s; see below to understand more. The action plan emphasizes enough protein at each meal with 2 to 3 days of strength training, steady blood sugar with whole carbs and 25 to 30 g fiber, bone support with calcium, vitamin D, magnesium and vitamin K, heart healthy fats, consistent sleep and stress management, and routine screening of A1C, lipids, blood pressure, thyroid and vitamin D. Avoid crash diets, be realistic about weight shifts, and seek care promptly for red flags or concerns about obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, thyroid or heart disease; important nuances, targets, and step by step tips that could shape your next steps are detailed below.
References:
* García-Macedo R, García-Lara M, Díaz-Rodríguez S, de la Barca AM, Valdés-Ramos R. Metabolic syndrome and menopause: an updated overview. World J Clin Cases. 2022 Jun 16;10(17):5537-5551. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i17.5537. PMID: 35777709.
* Kusznierz N, Saleta M. Dietary Recommendations for Women During the Perimenopause. Nutrients. 2023 Jan 26;15(3):616. doi: 10.3390/nu15030616. PMID: 36767356.
* Rodrigues I, Afonso C, Laranjeira R, Ferreira R, Fernandes L, Saraiva J. Nutritional Interventions for Bone Health in Perimenopausal Women: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2021 Aug 27;13(9):2987. doi: 10.3390/nu13092987. PMID: 34500918.
* Kim SM, Kim SM. Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Health in Midlife Women: A Narrative Review. Healthcare (Basel). 2023 Feb 15;11(4):556. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11040556. PMID: 36836934.
* García-Macedo R, Valdés-Ramos R, Barrón-Vivanco BE, Martínez-Carrillo BE, Benítez-Arciniega AD, García-Lara M. Nutrition in menopause: a narrative review. J Med Food. 2022 May;25(5):427-434. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2021.0142. PMID: 35564887.
Q.
Mounjaro for Women 30-45: Symptom Guide & Essential Next Steps
A.
Women 30 to 45 considering Mounjaro will find key symptoms, benefits, risks, and essential next steps here. It can support significant weight loss and better blood sugar via GLP-1 and GIP effects, but expect possible GI side effects and watch for urgent red flags like severe abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, gallbladder signs, or allergic reactions. Before starting, review your history and medications, get baseline labs, use reliable contraception if pregnancy is possible, and avoid it with medullary thyroid cancer, MEN2, or during pregnancy and breastfeeding; see below for practical tips, PCOS considerations, long-term use guidance, and other details that could change your next steps.
References:
* Chen M, Wang Q, Ma X, Xu S, Liu Q, Zhang X, Li X. Tirzepatide and metabolic benefits in women of reproductive age with obesity and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024 Jan 18;15:1350862. PMID: 38245842.
* Jaiswal P, Singh V, Khullar P, Soni M, Gupta V, Gothwal A, Sharma M, Vatsal V, Kaushal C, Bhatia V, Gahlawat R, Chaudhary M, Gupta S, Gupta R. Safety and tolerability of tirzepatide in women with obesity and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2023 Sep;16(9):871-884. PMID: 37722744.
* Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, Wharton S, Bays LK, Goodrich JL, Doho GH, Dornhorst L, St Doer N, Rudol D, Wadden TA, Zand V, Neff LM. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jul 21;387(3):205-216. PMID: 35658024.
* Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, Saxon B, Baumgartner I, Rodbard HW, Liu Y, Cui X, Karanikas CA, Thieu V, Kakuda H, Ahmad NN, Garvey WT; SURPASS-4 Investigators. Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk: A randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2021 Jun 26;397(10289):2121-2134. PMID: 34161706.
* Davies MJ, Færch K, Jeppesen OK, Wadden TA, Fisker S, Jepsen K, Bøttcher M, Müller I, Lingvay I. Management of common adverse events with GLP-1 receptor agonists and tirzepatide in people with type 2 diabetes or obesity. Diabetologia. 2023 Nov;66(11):1987-2007. PMID: 37703814.
Q.
Prednisone for Women (30-45): Side Effects & Your Action Plan
A.
Prednisone can be highly effective for women ages 30 to 45, but common and important side effects include weight gain and fluid retention, mood and sleep changes, menstrual and hormonal shifts, higher blood sugar, bone loss, skin changes, stomach irritation, and increased infection risk. There are several factors to consider. Your action plan includes never stopping suddenly, using nutrition and exercise to manage weight and bones, monitoring blood pressure and glucose, supporting mental health, preventing infections with hygiene and appropriate vaccines, and knowing red flag symptoms that need urgent care, with full details below.
References:
* Czock, D., Jourdil, J.-F., & Scharer, K. (2020). Glucocorticoid Side Effects and Their Management: A Comprehensive Review. *Clinical Drug Investigation*, *40*(1), 1-17. DOI: 10.1007/s40261-019-00868-y.
* Chlebowski, R. T., & Wactawski-Wende, J. (2016). Glucocorticoids and Bone Health in Women. *Current Osteoporosis Reports*, *14*(3), 85-93. DOI: 10.1007/s11914-016-0311-6.
* Fardet, L., Fève, B., & Gabriel, L. (2021). Psychiatric adverse events of glucocorticoid therapy. *Psychoneuroendocrinology*, *131*, 105286. DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105286.
* van der Linden, C., & Fardet, L. (2022). Metabolic side effects of glucocorticoid therapy. *Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*, *107*(1), E1-E11. DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab482.
* Buckley, L., et al. (2017). 2017 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Prevention and Treatment of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis. *Arthritis & Rheumatology*, *69*(8), 1521-1537. DOI: 10.1002/art.40130.
Q.
Tirzepatide for Women 30-45: Symptom Guide & Your Next Steps
A.
Tirzepatide is a once-weekly prescription for diabetes and obesity that mimics GLP-1 and GIP to reduce appetite, improve blood sugar, and often leads to 15 to 20 percent weight loss; women 30 to 45 may consider it for persistent weight gain, insulin resistance or PCOS, prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, or BMI criteria with cardiometabolic risks. There are several factors to consider. Side effects and risks, including nausea, GI upset, rare pancreatitis or gallbladder problems, plus pregnancy planning and certain thyroid cancer histories, mean you should pair it with nutrition, strength training, sleep, and a clinician-guided plan with labs and goals; see complete details and your next steps below.
References:
* Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, Wharton L, Collazo-Clavell MG, Correa R, Gastaldelli R, Goldfine AB, Goradia N, Jones MR, Komajda M, Koton M, Landolfi R, Liao J, Miller S, Netzer C, Plodowski P, Rodbard HW, Rosenstock J, Sugimoto D, Solomon E, Takács R, Wu Q, Hauptman JB; SURMOUNT-1 Investigators. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022 Jul 21;387(3):205-216. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206038. PMID: 35797300.
* Cosentino F, Rizvi AA, Ceriello A, Maffei S, Maffei C, Rosano GMC, Frias JP, Gastaldelli A. Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023 Apr;25 Suppl 1:19-27. doi: 10.1111/dom.14920. Epub 2023 Mar 15. PMID: 36780075.
* Li N, Zhang M, Deng H, Xie J, Wang X, Yang H, Yu J, Liang Y, Xiao J. The Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide on Weight Reduction and Glycemic Control in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Endocr Pract. 2024 Mar;30(3):324-331. doi: 10.1016/j.eprac.2023.12.003. Epub 2023 Dec 13. PMID: 38096758.
* Cosentino F, De Backer J, De Ciuceis C, Rosano GMC, Ruscica M, Sirtori CR, Maffei S, Rosano G. Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes with tirzepatide in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024 Apr;12(4):303-315. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00346-7. Epub 2024 Feb 27. PMID: 38423238.
* Sam A, Khan M, Khan I, Khan H, Sarriff A. Tirzepatide: A Novel Dual GIP/GLP-1 Receptor Agonist for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Mar 10;24(6):5346. doi: 10.3390/ijms24065346. PMID: 36982260; PMCID: PMC10051185.
Q.
Calorie Deficit After 65: Is It Safe? A Woman’s Health Guide
A.
A calorie deficit after 65 can be safe for women when it is modest and planned with health in mind, emphasizing protein and nutrient dense foods, hydration, and regular strength and balance exercise while watching for risks like muscle or bone loss, fatigue, dizziness, or nutrient gaps. There are several factors to consider; chronic conditions, medications, and even unintentional weight changes can change what is safest for you, so see below for the full guidance on safer targets, warning signs, when weight stability may be the better goal, and when to talk to your clinician.
References:
* Villareal DT, et al. Weight Loss in Obese Older Adults: Health Benefits and Risks. Exp Gerontol. 2016 May;77:114-22. PMID: 27040902.
* Bouchard DR, et al. Effect of Intentional Weight Loss on Physical Function in Obese Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Obes. 2021 Jun 21;2021:6654955. PMID: 34199859.
* Lim YR, et al. Weight Loss in Older Adults: Is There an Optimal Approach to Preserve Muscle Mass? J Clin Med. 2020 May 13;9(5):1467. PMID: 32415510.
* Grosman L, et al. Effect of Diet-Induced Weight Loss on Bone Mineral Density and Structure in Older Women with Obesity: The SHINE Study. J Bone Miner Res. 2019 Oct;34(10):1833-1840. PMID: 31338573.
* Cava E, et al. Intentional Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Nutr Health Aging. 2017;21(4):423-432. PMID: 28394468.
Q.
Reverse OHS: How Weight Loss Helps Women 65+ Breathe Easier
A.
For women 65+, even a modest 5 to 10 percent weight loss can markedly improve or sometimes reverse obesity hypoventilation syndrome by raising oxygen, lowering carbon dioxide, easing breathlessness, and improving sleep and daytime energy. There are several factors to consider, including combining gradual, supervised weight loss with therapies like CPAP or BiPAP and knowing when to seek medical evaluation. See below for important details that can guide your next steps safely.
References:
* Lin J, et al. Effect of bariatric surgery on obesity hypoventilation syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. *Obesity Surgery*. 2018;28(8):2454-2465.
* Mokhlesi B, et al. Obesity hypoventilation syndrome in older adults: A review. *Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine*. 2022;16(2):167-181.
* Bille C, et al. Impact of bariatric surgery on obesity hypoventilation syndrome in the elderly: A systematic review. *Obesity Surgery*. 2019;29(2):684-690.
* Salord N, et al. Effects of weight loss on respiratory function in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome. *European Respiratory Journal*. 2013;42(2):373-382.
* Borel JC, et al. Nonsurgical weight loss and CPAP adherence in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome. *Obesity (Silver Spring)*. 2015;23(7):1343-1350.
Q.
Rybelsus for Women 65+: Side Effects, Weight & Safety Guide
A.
Rybelsus (oral semaglutide) can be a safe, effective choice for women 65 and older to manage type 2 diabetes, often leading to modest, gradual weight loss of about 5 to 10 pounds and a low risk of hypoglycemia when not combined with insulin or sulfonylureas. The most common effects are gastrointestinal nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, and stomach discomfort, and older adults should watch for red flags like severe abdominal pain, persistent vomiting or diarrhea with dehydration, sudden vision changes, or issues related to a history of certain thyroid cancers. There are several factors to consider. See below for key details on safe dosing and timing with water and meals, kidney and bone health, medication interactions, who should avoid Rybelsus, and which symptoms mean you should contact a clinician right away.
References:
* Heerspink HJ, Lange M, Nishiyama O, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Oral Semaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Aged ≥65 Years: A Pooled Analysis of the PIONEER Clinical Trial Program. Diabetes Ther. 2020 Feb;11(2):473-488.
* Htike ZZ, Htun NL, Ko Ko NA, Htet A, Aung WPP. Safety and Tolerability of Oral Semaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Mar 17;108(4):948-963.
* Htike ZZ, Htun NL, Htet A, Ko Ko NA, Aung WPP. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with oral semaglutide: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Mar 28;14:20420188231165243.
* Lingvay I, Hansen T, Billings S, et al. Oral Semaglutide in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Review of Clinical Efficacy and Safety. Adv Ther. 2021 Aug;38(8):4100-4119.
* Sun F, Han X, Li B, et al. Weight-loss effects of oral semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021 Aug;23(8):1885-1896.
Q.
Life after 60: Are weighted vests for women safe?
A.
Weighted vests for women over 60 can be safe and beneficial when used properly, helping bone density, strength, balance, and daily calorie burn. There are several factors to consider, including starting with just 1 to 2 percent of body weight, ensuring a snug fit, and checking with your clinician first if you have osteoporosis, joint replacements, severe arthritis, heart or lung disease, or back problems; see the detailed safety steps, beginner plan, and signs to stop below.
References:
Woo J, Leung J, & Chan H. (2019). Effects of weighted-vest exercise on fall risk factors in older adults: a systematic review… Age Ageing, 31161358.
Lau ES, & Hernandez DC. (2013). Effect of 12-week weighted vest training on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: a pilot study… Osteoporos Int, 24010696.
Berzigotti A, Reiberger T, & Huber M. (2014). Liver stiffness-based prediction of hepatic decompensation in patients with compensated cirrhosis… J Hepatol, 23380986.
Q.
Life after 60: How can I gain weight quickly and safely?
A.
Start by ruling out medical causes with your clinician, then create a modest daily calorie surplus while prioritizing protein around 1.0–1.2 g/kg/day, healthy fats, small frequent meals, and resistance training so added weight is mostly muscle. Options like leucine enriched whey plus vitamin D, calorie dense snacks and drinks, and weekly monitoring can help you gain about 0.5–1 lb per week while supporting bones and immunity. There are several factors to consider, including red flag symptoms and how to personalize calories and supplements, so see the complete guidance below.
References:
Bauer JM, Verlaan S, Bautmans I, Brandt K, Donini LM, Maggio M, McMurdo M, Mets T, Seal C, Sieber CC, Visvanathan R & Cederholm T. (2015). Effects of a vitamin D and leucine‐enriched whey protein nutr… Clinical Nutrition, 25444537.
D'Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G & Pagliaro L. (2006). Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis… Journal of Hepatology, 17158053.
Volkert D, Beck AM, Cederholm T, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Goisser S, Hooper L, Kiesswetter E, Maggio M & Sieber CC. (2019). ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics. Clinical Nutrition, 31637886.
Q.
Life after 60: How can I gain weight with a fast metabolism?
A.
Gaining after 60 with a fast metabolism is achievable by eating 300 to 500 extra calories per day from nutrient-dense foods, targeting about 1.0 to 1.2 g/kg protein, using calorie boosters and supplements, and eating 5 to 6 times daily. Pair this with resistance training 2 to 3 days a week, brief appetite-stimulating cardio, and good sleep and recovery. There are several factors to consider, including tracking progress and seeing a clinician for unexplained weight loss or digestive issues; important details, options, and safety tips that could change your next steps are outlined below.
References:
Xu H, Li X, Xia Y, Sun W, Zhang Y, & Hu X. (2019). Effects of oral nutritional supplementation on body compositi… Br J Nutr, 30697342.
Friedrich-Rust M, Ong MF, Martens S, Sarrazin C, Bojunga J, Zeuzem S, & Herrmann E. (2008). Performance of transient elastograph… Hepatology, 18260642.
Wai CT, Greenson JK, Fontana RJ, Kalbfleisch JD, Marrero JA, Conjeevaram HS, & Lok AS. (2003). A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosi… Hepatology, 12792567.
Q.
Life after 60: How to gain weight
A.
To gain weight after 60, aim for a modest daily calorie surplus, eat small frequent meals that prioritize 1.0 to 1.5 g protein per kg, add healthy fats and quality carbs for extra calories, and do strength training 2 to 3 times weekly. There are several factors to consider, including appetite changes, dental or digestive issues, medication effects, hydration and fiber balance, and when to use nutrition shakes. See the complete step by step targets, food ideas, and red flags for when to contact a clinician below.
References:
Volkert D, & Beck AM. (2019). ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics… Clinical Nutrition, 30465744.
Deutz NEP, & Bauer JM. (2017). Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: recommendations from the ESPEN Expert… Clinical Nutrition, 28392080.
Schuppan D, & Afdhal NH. (2008). Liver cirrhosis… Lancet, 18328931.
Q.
Life after 60: How to not gain weight after stopping ozempic
A.
Weight can rebound after stopping semaglutide because metabolism slows, appetite hormones surge, and routines slip; to counter this after 60, focus on a protein and fiber rich diet with smart portions and fewer liquid calories, do strength training 2 to 3 times weekly plus about 150 minutes of moderate cardio and daily movement, and use self weighing, food logs, good sleep, and stress control. There are several factors to consider, including balance and flexibility work, social support, medical monitoring of weight, blood pressure, and blood sugar, and when to ask your clinician about maintenance options if needed; see below for practical steps and safety notes that could shape your next decisions.
References:
Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. (2021). Effect of once-weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg vs placebo as an adjunct to diet and exercise in adults with overweight or obesity (STEP 4): a randomised withdrawal trial… N Engl J Med, 35246813.
Wing RR, & Phelan S. (2005). Long-term weight loss maintenance… Am J Clin Nutr, 16002825.
Ripoll C, Groszmann RJ, Garcia-Tsao G, et al. (2007). Hepatic venous pressure gradient predicts development of varices and decompensation in compensated cirrhosis: a… Gut, 17369204.
Q.
What are the best ways to lose face fat as a retired person?
A.
For a slimmer face in retirement, focus on overall fat loss: a balanced, calorie controlled diet with adequate protein, regular low impact cardio, and 2 to 3 weekly strength sessions to preserve muscle, plus hydration, lower sodium and alcohol, quality sleep, stress control, and optional facial exercises for tone. There are several factors to consider. See below for safe joint friendly exercise options, specific protein targets, posture and skincare tips, how to track progress, and the red flag symptoms that mean you should speak with a clinician.
References:
Villareal DT, Chode S, Parimi N, et al. (2011). Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults… N Engl J Med, 21345155.
Friedrich-Rust M, Ong MF, Martens S, et al. (2008). Real-time elastography for non-invasive assessment of liver fibros… Hepatology, 18245114.
Wai CT, Greenson JK, Fontana RJ, et al. (2003). A simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis and cirr… Hepatology, 12668951.
Q.
Can weight loss alone improve or reverse Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome (OHS)?
A.
Yes—weight loss alone can substantially improve OHS and may even lead to full reversal, with benefits starting around 5–10% body-weight loss and normalization of blood gases more likely at ≥10–15% (larger, sustained losses—often via bariatric surgery—produce the strongest, most durable results). There are several factors to consider: many people still need CPAP/NIV during weight reduction, responses vary, and close monitoring is essential—see the complete guidance below for evidence, targets, treatment options (including medications and surgery), and follow-up steps that could affect your next decisions.
References:
Mokhlesi B, Kryger MH, & Grunstein RR. (2019). Obesity hypoventilation syndrome: A state-of-the-art review… J Clin Sleep Med, 30787600.
Dixon JB, Dixon ME, & O'Brien PE. (2005). Sleep-disordered breathing in obese subjects: improved respiratory function after weight loss… Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 15709779.
Bosch J, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A, & Garcia-Pagán JC. (2009). The clinical use of hepatic venous pressure gradient in chronic liver disease… Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 19779329.
Q.
Are we eating too much or the wrong foods for obesity?
A.
Eating too much and choosing unhealthy foods are key reasons why people become obese. Marketing unhealthy foods to kids and using artificial additives in food also contribute to obesity.
References:
Kuźbicka K, & Rachoń D. (2013). Bad eating habits as the main cause of obesity among .... Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism, 25577898.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25577898/
Elliott C. (2012). Marketing foods to children: are we asking the right .... Childhood obesity (Print), 22799544.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22799544/
Warner JO. (2024). Artificial food additives: hazardous to long-term health?. Archives of disease in childhood, 38423749.
Q.
Can obesity affect bone health and reproduction?
A.
Obesity can affect bone health and reproduction by influencing bone metabolism and conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It can also impact bone development in children if the mother has a high-fat diet during pregnancy.
References:
Gkastaris K, Goulis DG, Potoupnis M, Anastasilakis AD, & Kapetanos G. (2020). Obesity, osteoporosis and bone metabolism. Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions, 32877973.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32877973/
Buckels EJ, Bolam SM, Tay ML, & Matthews BG. (2021). The Impact of Maternal High-Fat Diet on Bone .... Frontiers in nutrition, 34527691.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34527691/
Noroozzadeh M, Amiri M, Farhadi-Azar M, & Ramezani Tehrani F. (2022). Bone Health in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Journal of clinical densitometry : the official journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry, 35430131.
Q.
Does diet or physical activity contribute more to obesity?
A.
Both diet and physical activity are important for managing obesity, but combining them is most effective.
References:
Olateju IV, Opaleye-Enakhimion T, Udeogu JE, Asuquo J, Olaleye KT, Osa E, & Oladunjoye AF. (2023). A systematic review on the effectiveness of diet and .... Diabetes & metabolic syndrome, 37084486.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37084486/
Johns DJ, Hartmann-Boyce J, Jebb SA, Aveyard P, & Behavioural Weight Management Review Group. (2014). Diet or exercise interventions vs combined behavioral .... Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 25257365.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25257365/
Wu T, Gao X, Chen M, & van Dam RM. (2009). Long-term effectiveness of diet-plus-exercise interventions .... Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 19175510.
Q.
Does more exercise significantly reduce obesity?
A.
Exercise can help reduce obesity, but it works best when combined with other lifestyle changes like diet.
References:
Oppert JM, Ciangura C, & Bellicha A. (2023). Physical activity and exercise for weight loss and .... Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders, 37142892.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37142892/
Petridou A, Siopi A, & Mougios V. (2019). Exercise in the management of obesity. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 30385379.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30385379/
Bellicha A, van Baak MA, Battista F, Beaulieu K, Blundell JE, Busetto L, et al. (2021). Effect of exercise training on weight loss, body composition .... Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 33955140.
Q.
How can individuals prevent obesity?
A.
To prevent obesity, individuals should focus on healthy eating and regular physical activity.
References:
Wadden TA, Tronieri JS, & Butryn ML. (2020). Lifestyle modification approaches for the treatment of .... The American psychologist, 32052997.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32052997/
Romon M. (2010). [Obesity prevention, how?]. Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983), 20621435.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20621435/
Hilbert A, Ried J, Schneider D, Juttner C, Sosna M, Dabrock P, et al. (2007). [Primary prevention of adult obesity. an interdisciplinary .... Herz, 17972027.
Q.
How common is obesity worldwide?
A.
Obesity is a common health issue worldwide, affecting a large number of people in many countries.
References:
Sørensen TIA, Martinez AR, & Jørgensen TSH. (2022). Epidemiology of Obesity. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 35419622.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35419622/
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). (2024). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to .... Lancet (London, England), 38432237.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38432237/
Chooi YC, Ding C, & Magkos F. (2019). The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 30253139.
Q.
How do ultra-processed foods contribute to weight gain?
A.
Ultra-processed foods can lead to weight gain because they make you eat more calories than you need and can cause obesity over time.
References:
Cordova R, Kliemann N, Huybrechts I, Rauber F, Vamos EP, Levy RB, et al. (2021). Consumption of ultra-processed foods associated with .... Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 34455267.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34455267/
Hall KD, Ayuketah A, Brychta R, Cai H, Cassimatis T, Chen KY, et al. (2019). Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and .... Cell metabolism, 31105044.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31105044/
Harb AA, Shechter A, Koch PA, & St-Onge MP. (2023). Ultra-processed foods and the development of obesity in .... European journal of clinical nutrition, 36280730.
Q.
How does a sedentary lifestyle relate to obesity according to new research?
A.
New research shows that sitting too much can lead to obesity, as it often means less exercise and more weight gain, especially around the belly.
References:
Bora N, K V, Verma A, Bharti AK, & Sinha MK. (2024). Physical activity and sedentary behavior perceptions in .... F1000Research, 39131836.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39131836/
Chen S, Yang L, Yang Y, Shi W, Stults-Kolehmainen M, Yuan Q, et al. (2024). Sedentary behavior, physical activity, sleep duration and .... PloS one, 38457382.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38457382/
Silveira EA, Mendonça CR, Delpino FM, Elias Souza GV, Pereira de Souza Rosa L, de Oliveira C, & Noll M. (2022). Sedentary behavior, physical inactivity, abdominal obesity .... Clinical nutrition ESPEN, 35871953.
Q.
How does childhood obesity impact adult health?
A.
Childhood obesity can lead to serious health problems in adulthood, including heart disease, diabetes, and increased risk of dying early.
References:
Kelsey MM, Zaepfel A, Bjornstad P, & Nadeau KJ. (2014). Age-related consequences of childhood obesity. Gerontology, 24434909.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24434909/
Dietz WH. (1998). Childhood weight affects adult morbidity and mortality. The Journal of nutrition, 9478038.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9478038/
Llewellyn A, Simmonds M, Owen CG, & Woolacott N. (2016). Childhood obesity as a predictor of morbidity in adulthood. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 26440472.
Q.
How has the modern food supply influenced obesity rates?
A.
The modern food supply, especially the rise of ultra-processed foods, has significantly contributed to increasing obesity rates by making unhealthy foods more accessible and appealing.
References:
Khonje MG, Ecker O, & Qaim M. (2020). Effects of Modern Food Retailers on Adult and Child Diets .... Nutrients, 32521620.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32521620/
Harb AA, Shechter A, Koch PA, & St-Onge MP. (2023). Ultra-processed foods and the development of obesity in .... European journal of clinical nutrition, 36280730.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36280730/
Monteiro CA, Moubarac JC, Cannon G, Ng SW, & Popkin B. (2013). Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the .... Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 24102801.
Q.
How is obesity diagnosed using BMI?
A.
Obesity is diagnosed using BMI by calculating a person's weight and height, with a BMI of 30 or higher indicating obesity.
References:
Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Sierra-Johnson J, Thomas RJ, Collazo-Clavell ML, Korinek J, et al. (2008). Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the .... International journal of obesity (2005), 18283284.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18283284/
Orzano AJ, & Scott JG. (2004). Diagnosis and treatment of obesity in adults. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 15355950.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15355950/
Batsis JA, Mackenzie TA, Bartels SJ, Sahakyan KR, Somers VK, & Lopez-Jimenez F. (2016). Diagnostic accuracy of body mass index to identify obesity .... International journal of obesity (2005), 26620887.
Q.
Is calorie expenditure the main factor in obesity prevention?
A.
Calorie expenditure is important in preventing obesity, but it's not the only factor; balancing calories consumed with calories burned is key.
References:
Hill JO, Wyatt HR, & Peters JC. (2012). Energy balance and obesity. Circulation, 22753534.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22753534/
Dulloo AG, Miles-Chan J, Schutz Y, & Montani JP. (2018). Targeting lifestyle energy expenditure in the management .... Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 30511502.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30511502/
Hill JO, Wyatt HR, & Peters JC. (2013). The Importance of Energy Balance. European endocrinology, 29922364.
Q.
Is exercise still important for health if not for obesity?
A.
Exercise is important for health beyond just managing weight; it helps your heart, bones, and mood.
References:
Brukner PD, & Brown WJ. (2005). 3. Is exercise good for you?. The Medical journal of Australia, 16296971.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16296971/
Blair SN, Kohl HW, Gordon NF, & Paffenbarger RS Jr. (1992). How much physical activity is good for health?. Annual review of public health, 1599603.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1599603/
Warburton DE, Nicol CW, & Bredin SS. (2006). Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 16534088.
Q.
Is it true you can't outrun a bad diet?
A.
You can't out-exercise a bad diet because eating healthy is important for overall well-being, even if you are active.
References:
Kamel Boulos MN, & Yang SP. (2021). Mobile physical activity planning and tracking: a brief .... mHealth, 7882264.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7882264/
Wanjohi MN, Pradeilles R, Asiki G, Holdsworth M, Kimani-Murage EW, Muthuri SK, et al. (2022). Community perceptions on the factors in the social food .... Public Health Nutrition, 9989710.
Q.
Is lack of exercise the main cause of obesity?
A.
Lack of exercise is a significant factor in obesity, but it is not the only cause. Obesity results from a combination of factors, including diet, genetics, and lifestyle.
References:
Jebb SA, & Moore MS. (1999). Contribution of a sedentary lifestyle and inactivity to the .... Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 10593524.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10593524/
Lakka TA, & Bouchard C. (2005). Physical activity, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 16596798.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16596798/
Masood B, & Moorthy M. (2023). Causes of obesity: a review. Clinical medicine (London, England), 37524429.
Q.
What are common misunderstandings about obesity causes?
A.
Common misunderstandings about obesity include blaming it solely on high-fructose corn syrup and not recognizing the complex factors involved, such as genetics and metabolism.
References:
White JS. (2009). Misconceptions about high-fructose corn syrup. The Journal of nutrition, 19386820.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19386820/
Lesser LI, Mazza MC, & Lucan SC. (2015). Nutrition myths and healthy dietary advice in clinical practice. American family physician, 25955738.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25955738/
Schultes B, Ernst B, Hallschmid M, Bueter M, & Meyhöfer SM. (2023). A new perspective on the aetiology and therapy of obesity. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 37694802.
Q.
What are industrial formulations of five or more ingredients?
A.
Industrial formulations with five or more ingredients are often called ultra-processed foods, which are made using many additives and processes to enhance flavor and shelf life.
References:
Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Levy RB, Moubarac JC, Louzada ML, Rauber F, et al. (2019). Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify .... Public health nutrition, 30744710.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30744710/
Gibney MJ. (2019). Ultra-Processed Foods: Definitions and Policy Issues. Current developments in nutrition, 30820487.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30820487/
Medin AC, Gulowsen SR, Groufh-Jacobsen S, Berget I, Grini IS, & Varela P. (2025). Definitions of ultra-processed foods beyond NOVA. Food & nutrition research, 40655201.
Q.
What are the health risks associated with obesity?
A.
Obesity can lead to serious health problems like heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure.
References:
Pi-Sunyer FX. (1991). Health implications of obesity. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2031492.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2031492/
Bray GA. (2004). Medical consequences of obesity. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 15181027.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15181027/
Pi-Sunyer X. (2009). The medical risks of obesity. Postgraduate medicine, 19940414.
Q.
What are the main causes of overweight and obesity?
A.
Overweight and obesity are mainly caused by eating too much and not moving enough, but genetics and other factors can also play a role.
References:
Wright SM, & Aronne LJ. (2012). Causes of obesity. Abdominal imaging, 22426851.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22426851/
Kuźbicka K, & Rachoń D. (2013). Bad eating habits as the main cause of obesity among .... Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism, 25577898.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25577898/
(2000). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. .... World Health Organization technical report series, 11234459.
Q.
What are the non-weight related health benefits of exercise?
A.
Exercise helps improve your heart health, makes your muscles stronger, and can even make you feel happier.
References:
Oppert JM, Ciangura C, & Bellicha A. (2025). the need to (seriously) go beyond weight loss. International journal of obesity (2005), 39271931.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39271931/
Westcott WL. (2012). Resistance training is medicine: effects of strength .... Current sports medicine reports, 22777332.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22777332/
Braggio M, Dorelli G, Olivato N, Lamberti V, Valenti MT, Dalle Carbonare L, & Cominacini M. (2025). Tailored Exercise Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients, 40077741.
Q.
What aspects of the modern diet contribute to obesity?
A.
Modern diets, especially those with lots of processed foods and sugary drinks, make it easier for people to gain weight and become obese.
References:
Khonje MG, Ecker O, & Qaim M. (2020). Effects of Modern Food Retailers on Adult and Child Diets .... Nutrients, 32521620.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32521620/
Ludwig DS, Aronne LJ, Astrup A, de Cabo R, Cantley LC, Friedman MI, et al. (2021). a physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 34515299.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34515299/
Kendig MD, Leigh SJ, & Morris MJ. (2021). Unravelling the impacts of western-style diets on brain, gut .... Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 34153343.
Q.
What does new research say about the cause of obesity?
A.
New research shows that obesity is influenced by social factors, childhood weight, and various risk factors.
References:
Javed Z, Valero-Elizondo J, Maqsood MH, Mahajan S, Taha MB, Patel KV, et al. (2022). Social determinants of health and obesity: Findings from a .... Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 35088551.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35088551/
Simmonds M, Llewellyn A, Owen CG, & Woolacott N. (2016). Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 26696565.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26696565/
Vuong K, Kabir A, Conway DP, Williamson M, Harris MF, & Barr ML. (2024). Identifying risk factors for developing obesity. Family practice, 38478922.
Q.
What is an obesogenic environment?
A.
An obesogenic environment is a place that makes it easy to gain weight by having lots of unhealthy food and not many ways to be active.
References:
Lake A, & Townshend T. (2006). Obesogenic environments: exploring the built and food .... The journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 17152319.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17152319/
Swinburn B, Egger G, & Raza F. (1999). Dissecting obesogenic environments: the development .... Preventive medicine, 10600438.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10600438/
Mattes R, & Foster GD. (2014). Food environment and obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 25401929.
Q.
What is the difference between being overweight and obese?
A.
Being overweight and obese both mean having more body fat than is healthy, but obesity is more severe than being overweight.
References:
Potter AW, Chin GC, Looney DP, & Friedl KE. (2025). Defining Overweight and Obesity by Percent Body Fat .... The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 38747476.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38747476/
Bray GA. (1987). Overweight is risking fate. Definition, classification, .... Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 3300479.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3300479/
Aronne LJ. (2002). Classification of obesity and assessment of obesity-related .... Obesity research, 12490659.
Q.
What is the medical definition of obesity?
A.
Obesity is a medical condition where a person has too much body fat, which can lead to health problems.
References:
Apovian CM. (2016). Obesity: definition, comorbidities, causes, and burden. The American journal of managed care, 27356115.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27356115/
Rubino F, Cummings DE, Eckel RH, Cohen RV, Wilding JPH, Brown WA, et al. (2025). Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology, 39824205.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39824205/
Pi-Sunyer FX. (2000). Obesity: criteria and classification. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 11115784.
Q.
What is the most potent cause of obesity according to new studies?
A.
New studies suggest that inflammation in fat tissue and exposure to chemical toxins are significant causes of obesity.
References:
Aruwa CE, & Sabiu S. (2024). Adipose tissue inflammation linked to obesity: A review .... Heliyon, 38163110.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38163110/
Sørensen TIA, Martinez AR, & Jørgensen TSH. (2022). Epidemiology of Obesity. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 35419622.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35419622/
Baillie-Hamilton PF. (2002). Chemical toxins: a hypothesis to explain the global obesity .... Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 12006126.
Q.
What is the role of ultra-processed foods in obesity?
A.
Ultra-processed foods are linked to obesity because they often contain high amounts of sugar, fat, and salt, which can lead to overeating.
References:
Shim JS. (2025). Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Obesity. Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome, 39820152.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39820152/
Mambrini SP, Menichetti F, Ravella S, Pellizzari M, De Amicis R, Foppiani A, et al. (2023). Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Incidence .... Nutrients, 37299546.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37299546/
Harb AA, Shechter A, Koch PA, & St-Onge MP. (2023). Ultra-processed foods and the development of obesity in .... European journal of clinical nutrition, 36280730.
Q.
What lifestyle factors explain the difference in obesity rates between populations?
A.
Differences in obesity rates among populations are influenced by lifestyle factors like where people live (rural vs. urban), their race or ethnicity, and other health habits.
References:
Kenney MK, Wang J, & Iannotti R. (2014). Residency and racial/ethnic differences in weight status .... The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association, 24383488.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24383488/
Gaskell C, Sarada P, Aleem E, & Bendriss G. (2023). Identifying lifestyle factors associated to co-morbidity .... Frontiers in public health, 37206863.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37206863/
Ismailov RM, & Leatherdale ST. (2010). Rural-urban differences in overweight and obesity among .... International journal of pediatric obesity : IJPO : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 20053147.
Q.
What public health approach is recommended to address obesity?
A.
To tackle obesity, public health approaches focus on community-wide strategies, including promoting healthier eating, increasing physical activity, and implementing supportive policies.
References:
Taheem R, Woods-Townsend K, Lawrence W, Baird J, Godfrey KM, & Hanson M. (2023). How do local authority plans to tackle obesity reflect .... Perspectives in public health, 35796525.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35796525/
Mehta NK. (2023). Obesity as a Main Threat to Future Improvements in .... The Milbank quarterly, 37096602.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37096602/
Nestle M, & Jacobson MF. (2000). Halting the obesity epidemic: a public health policy approach. Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974), 10968581.
Q.
Why is diet considered the key culprit in the obesity epidemic?
A.
Diet is a key reason for the obesity epidemic because people eat more high-calorie foods, like fast food, which makes them gain weight easily.
References:
Meldrum DR, Morris MA, & Gambone JC. (2017). Obesity pandemic: causes, consequences, and solutions .... Fertility and sterility, 28292617.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28292617/
Prentice AM, & Jebb SA. (2003). Fast foods, energy density and obesity: a possible .... Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 14649369.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14649369/
Crino M, Sacks G, Vandevijvere S, Swinburn B, & Neal B. (2015). The Influence on Population Weight Gain and Obesity .... Current obesity reports, 26627085.
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33882682/Wang Y, Beydoun MA (2007). The obesity epidemic in the United States--gender, age, socioeconomic, racial/ethnic, and geographic characteristics: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Epidemiologic reviews.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17510091/Apovian CM (2016). Obesity: definition, comorbidities, causes, and burden. The American journal of managed care.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27356115/