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Liver failure
Gained weight
Consuming excessive calories
My liver is losing its function
Fat
Abnormal liver function on the latest blood test
Plus-sized
Not seeing your symptoms? No worries!
What is Obesity?
Obesity (overweight) results from a combination of factors such as overeating, insufficient exercise, and genetic factors.
Typical Symptoms of Obesity
- I have been told my breathing stops for brief periods while sleeping
- My calorie intake exceeds my calorie usage
- Loud snoring
- Diet rich in meat and fat
- I am overweight
- Increased appetite
- Problems with liver function on the latest blood test
- Unbalanced diet
Diagnostic Questions for Obesity
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this disease:
- Have you been told that your breathing stops briefly during sleep?
- Do you think that you are eating more calories than you are burning?
- Do you snore loudly when you sleep?
- Is your diet high in meat and fat?
- Are you currently overweight?
Treatment of Obesity
The goal of treatment is to reach and maintain a healthy weight through a combination of diet changes and increased exercise. In severe cases, a doctor may recommend medication or surgery to assist with weight loss.
Reviewed By:
Scott Nass, MD, MPA, FAAFP, AAHIVS (Primary Care)
Dr. Nass received dual medical degrees from the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Charles R. Drew University in Medicine and Science. He completed Family Medicine residency at Ventura County Medical Center with subsequent fellowships at Ventura, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, George Washington University, and University of California-Irvine. He holds faculty appointments at Keck School of Medicine of USC, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, and Western University of Health Sciences.
Yoshinori Abe, MD (Internal Medicine)
Dr. Abe graduated from The University of Tokyo School of Medicine in 2015. He completed his residency at the Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Longevity Medical Center. He co-founded Ubie, Inc. in May 2017, where he currently serves as CEO & product owner at Ubie. Since December 2019, he has been a member of the Special Committee for Activation of Research in Emergency AI of the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine. | | Dr. Abe has been elected in the 2020 Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia Healthcare & Science category.
Content updated on Feb 19, 2025
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
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With a free 3-min Obesity quiz, powered by Ubie's AI and doctors, find possible causes of your symptoms.
This questionnaire is customized to your situation and symptoms, including the following personal information:
Biological Sex - helps us provide relevant suggestions for male vs. female conditions.
Age - adjusts our guidance based on any age-related health factors.
History - considers past illnesses, surgeries, family history, and lifestyle choices.
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Your personal report will tell you
✔ When to see a doctor
✔︎ What causes your symptoms
✔︎ Treatment information etc.
People with similar symptoms also use Ubie's symptom checker to find possible causes
- Restless sleep
- Sleep apnea
- Snoring
- Sleep problems
- Breathing stops during sleep
- Stops breathing suddenly while sleeping
- Sleep noisily
- Make noises when sleeping
- Overweight
- Fat stomach
- Eating too many calories
- Facial roundness
- Excessive fat in the abdominal or belly region
- Excessive fat accumulation around the abdominal area
- Increased fat
See full list
Symptoms Related to Obesity
Diseases Related to Obesity
FAQs
Q.
Always Hungry? Prader-Willi Syndrome & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Constant, unrelenting hunger can signal Prader-Willi syndrome, a rare genetic disorder on chromosome 15 that disrupts hypothalamic hunger and fullness signals, often starting in childhood; diagnosis is confirmed with genetic testing, and early, structured medical care improves outcomes. There are several factors to consider. See below to understand more, including medically approved next steps like growth hormone therapy, strict nutrition with supervised access to food, behavioral and hormone support, tailored physical activity, and when to seek medical or urgent care for rapid weight gain, sleep problems, or signs of diabetes.
References:
* Diener, P., Kistler, A., & Goldner, K. (2022). Pharmacological Treatments for Hyperphagia in Prader-Willi Syndrome: A Systematic Review. *Journal of Clinical Medicine*, *11*(15), 4443.
* Dussault, C., & McCormack, S. E. (2021). Current Guidelines for the Management of Prader-Willi Syndrome. *Pediatric Clinics of North America*, *68*(5), 999-1011.
* Marcello, A., Amodio, A., & Cella, L. (2022). Emerging Therapies in Prader-Willi Syndrome. *Brain Sciences*, *12*(2), 273.
* Butler, M. G., Kimonis, V., Dykens, E., Gold, J. A., Miller, J. L., Roof, E., & Driscoll, D. J. (2020). A New Therapeutic Paradigm for Prader-Willi Syndrome: Setmelanotide. *Genes*, *11*(11), 1269.
* Cassidy, S. B., Dykens, E., & McCandless, S. E. (2019). Prader-Willi syndrome: a practical review of its genetics, diagnosis, comorbidities, and management. *Translational Pediatrics*, *8*(1), 104-116.
Q.
Hanging Belly Skin? Why Your Midsection Won’t Tone & Tummy Tuck Medical Steps
A.
A lower belly that hangs or will not tone is often due to loose skin after weight loss or pregnancy, diastasis recti, aging and hormonal shifts, genetics with stubborn fat pockets, or untreated obesity, and workouts cannot tighten excess skin. There are several factors to consider; see below to understand the causes and how they affect your options. A tummy tuck is a body contouring surgery that can remove extra skin, repair separated muscles, and improve shape but it is not a weight loss procedure, and the details below cover candidacy, the surgical steps, types of procedures, recovery, risks, and medical prep that could change your next steps.
References:
* Stevens WG, et al. Abdominoplasty: A Systematic Review of Techniques, Outcomes, and Complications. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017 Aug;140(2):285-296. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000003507. PMID: 28742795.
* Van Henten R, et al. Abdominal wall laxity: an overview of anatomy, causes, and treatment. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2018 Sep;34(7):494-499. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1639598. Epub 2018 Apr 11. PMID: 29642398.
* Aly AS, et al. Abdominoplasty: Current Surgical Techniques. Clin Plast Surg. 2017 Jul;44(3):477-487. doi: 10.1016/j.cps.2017.02.001. Epub 2017 Apr 10. PMID: 28577626.
* Beer GM, et al. Abdominoplasty with Rectus Diastasis Repair: A 10-Year Experience with a Focus on Outcomes. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2016 Feb;40(1):14-20. doi: 10.1007/s00266-015-0588-0. Epub 2015 Nov 12. PMID: 26563604.
* Swanson E, et al. Abdominoplasty in the Massive Weight Loss Patient: An Outcomes Analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2017 Sep 28;5(9):e1509. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000001509. PMID: 29082005; PMCID: PMC5630325.
Q.
Is Hanging Skin Causing Pain? Why a Panniculectomy is Vital + Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Yes, hanging abdominal skin can absolutely cause pain through posture strain, recurrent skin rashes and infections, and mobility or hygiene problems, and for some people a panniculectomy is medically necessary to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. There are several factors to consider. Medically approved next steps include documenting symptoms, trying conservative care, and consulting a board-certified plastic surgeon to assess candidacy, insurance criteria, and risks, with urgent care needed for fever, rapidly spreading redness, chest pain, or shortness of breath; see full details below.
References:
* Al-Qattan MM, Zafarullah RM, El-Feky M, Al-Mutairi K. Impact of panniculectomy on quality of life and functional status in patients with massive weight loss. *Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open*. 2017 Apr 14;5(4):e1337. PMID: 28416035.
* Modarressi A, Bretin C, de Buys Roessingh A, Vlastos G, Pittet B. Medical and psychological impact of excess skin after massive weight loss. *Plast Reconstr Surg*. 2014 Apr;133(4):815-22. PMID: 24707833.
* Schiavon F, Dalla Venezia E, Mañero M, Paccagnella D, Politi A. Indications and outcomes of panniculectomy. *Ann Plast Surg*. 2014 Jun;72(6):629-33. PMID: 24755674.
* Montes J, Spivack B, Gusev V, Matesic D, Del Toro J, Khan U. Improvement of Medical Complications after Body Contouring Surgery in Massive Weight Loss Patients. *Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open*. 2016 Nov 16;4(11):e1150. PMID: 27909068.
* Van Der Beek N, Aydin M, Hesselink MK, van der Lei B, Sijbrandij T, Boer T. Impact of Post-Bariatric Surgery Body Contouring on Functional Impairment and Quality of Life. *Obes Surg*. 2018 Sep;28(9):2775-2781. PMID: 29807577.
Q.
Struggling with Obesity? Why Your Body Fights & Medical Next Steps
A.
Obesity is a chronic medical condition where the body resists weight loss through metabolic slowdown, shifts in hunger and fullness hormones, brain set-point defenses, and genetic factors. Next steps often include a medical evaluation, sustainable nutrition and physical activity, and when appropriate FDA-approved medications (typically BMI 30+ or 27+ with related conditions) or bariatric surgery (often BMI 40+ or 35+ with complications); there are several factors to consider, including red-flag symptoms and emotional support, so see the complete details below.
References:
* MacLean PS, Higgins JA, Jackman MR, Jackman MR. The biological basis of weight regain: a review of the mechanisms and a proposed framework. Obes Rev. 2018 Nov;19(11):1481-1498. doi: 10.1111/obr.12743. Epub 2018 Aug 1. PMID: 30066914.
* Kushner RF, Blatner IR. The medical management of obesity: an update on pharmacotherapy and treatment algorithms. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021 Mar;23 Suppl 1:3-14. doi: 10.1111/dom.14256. PMID: 33501655.
* Blüher M. Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019 Oct;15(10):576-589. doi: 10.1038/s41574-019-0232-9. PMID: 31346296.
* Sumithran P, Proietto J. The defence of body weight: a physiological basis for weight regain after weight loss. Clin Sci (Lond). 2013 Feb;124(4):231-41. doi: 10.1042/CS20120281. PMID: 23240866.
* Mechanick JI, Apovian C, Brethauer J, Garvey WT, Joffe D, Kim J, Kushner RF, Lindor KD, McMahon MM, Murad MH, Still CD. Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutritional, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of patients undergoing bariatric procedures—2019 update: cosponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists/American College of Endocrinology and American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. Endocr Pract. 2017 May;23(8):868-931. doi: 10.4158/EP171804.GL. Epub 2017 May 30. PMID: 28552173.
Q.
Weight Won’t Budge? Bariatric Surgery Science and Your Medical Next Steps
A.
If diet, exercise, and medications have not worked, bariatric surgery is a science-backed metabolic treatment that changes gut hormones and energy balance, often improving diabetes and heart risks; there are several factors to consider, and the complete details are below. Typical candidacy is BMI 40 or BMI 35 with related conditions, options like sleeve or bypass can lead to about 50 to 70 percent excess weight loss but require lifelong vitamins and follow-up, and alternatives like GLP-1 medications or multidisciplinary programs may fit some people; for next steps, talk with your primary care doctor about medications and a referral to a bariatric team, then review the risks, benefits, and urgent warning signs below.
References:
* Fagundes FS, de Quadros APP, da Silva JBS. Bariatric Surgery: An Updated Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Aug 27;24(17):13327. doi: 10.3390/ijms241713327. PMID: 37686529; PMCID: PMC10487955.
* Allemann P, Al-Shaar L, Annamalai A, Apovian CM, Arterburn DE, Buse JB, Caplan J, Cefalu WT, Craig L, El-Azab S, Fruh S, Gastaldelli A, Gribshik J, Hazen N, Hivert MF, Jhaveri K, Khera A, Kothari S, Kushner RF, Magun R, Mechanick JI, Milanaik R, Mitka M, Nadolsky K, Ng DK, Patel T, Pi-Sunyer X, Rubino F, Schauer PR, Shah M, Skuby MM, Tsang SW, Wadden TA, Young P, Ziyadeh FN. Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022 Jul 12;146(2):e14-e33. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001083. Epub 2022 Jun 21. PMID: 35730303.
* Ryan PM, Pories WJ, Buse JB. Mechanisms of weight loss and metabolic improvement after bariatric surgery. Obes Rev. 2022 Jan;23(1):e13361. doi: 10.1111/obr.13361. Epub 2021 Sep 22. PMID: 34553422; PMCID: PMC8672008.
* Fried M, Mahawar V, Rubino F, Angrisani L, Cohen RV, Prager G, Shikora S, Sorbara EE, Weiner R, Scopinaro N, Himpens J, Schauer PR, Shikora S, Weiner R, Scopinaro N, Himpens J, Buchwald H, Dixon JB, Pories WJ, Biron S, Deitel M, Fabbrini R, Fobi MAL, Gagner M, Higa K, O'Brien PE, Ren CJ, Schauer PR, Segato G, Sjöström L, Sorbara E, Stern E, Tang B, Tichansky D, Van de Perre S. ASMBS and IFSO: Indications for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg. 2022 Apr;32(4):1047-1052. doi: 10.1007/s00733-022-05459-w. PMID: 35226279.
* Chen J, Pan Z, Cheng X, Wang P, Chen G, Li S. Long-term efficacy and safety of bariatric surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Surg. 2023 Jul;33(7):2138-2150. doi: 10.1007/s00733-023-05423-2. Epub 2023 May 17. PMID: 37198275.
Q.
Searching McDonald's Near Me? Why Your Brain Is Driving Cravings + Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
That fast food urge is largely brain driven, powered by dopamine reward pathways, stress hormones, poor sleep, and habit cues, so the pull is biology more than willpower. There are several factors to consider; see below for how these triggers work and what they mean for long term health. Medically approved next steps include a 60 second pause before ordering, portion and drink swaps, adding protein and fiber earlier in the day, improving sleep and stress care, and getting medical support if weight or symptoms point to a deeper issue. Full guidance, red flag signs, and a free obesity symptom check link are provided below to help you choose the right next move.
References:
* Schienle, A., & Schöngassner, F. (2018). Neural Mechanisms of Food Caving: A Systematic Review. *Nutrients*, *10*(11), 1601.
* Fazzino, T. L., & Hayes, J. F. (2019). Ultra-processed foods and food addiction. *Current Addiction Reports*, *6*(2), 164–171.
* Ryan, D. H., & Ravussin, E. (2019). The Neurobiology of Obesity. *The Medical Clinics of North America*, *103*(1), 1–13.
* Mayr, A., Gerkens, T., & Klöckner, C. A. (2020). Mindfulness-based interventions for food cravings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. *Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity*, *25*(1), 1–14.
* Gearhardt, A. N., White, M. A., & Pearson, C. M. (2018). Cognitive behavioral therapy for food addiction: A narrative review. *Current Addiction Reports*, *5*(2), 177–183.
Q.
Tired of Stubborn Fat? Why Your Body is Resisting and Medical Liposuction Next Steps
A.
Stubborn fat often persists due to genetics, hormone shifts such as insulin or cortisol effects, aging related metabolic slowdown, and how past weight gain leaves long lasting fat cells, even when you are doing everything right. There are several factors to consider, and the complete explanation below can help you decide whether to check for metabolic or hormonal issues first. Liposuction can contour specific, diet resistant areas when you are near your goal weight and healthy, but it is not a weight loss treatment and it carries surgical risks and recovery steps. See below for candidacy criteria, technique choices, realistic timelines, safety questions to ask a board certified surgeon, and when medical weight management may be the better next step.
References:
* Karpe F, Frayn KN. Regional Adipose Tissue Metabolism: Differences, Regulation, and Susceptibility to Dysfunction. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2017 Aug 14;10:311-322. doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S120221. PMID: 28848325; PMCID: PMC5560416.
* Arner P, Bernard S. Mechanisms of regional fat deposition and body fat distribution. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2010 Sep;13(5):548-52. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32833d7d42. PMID: 20647963.
* Talathi NP, Agrawal S, Parajuli B, Bhattacharya S. Safety and efficacy of liposuction: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021 Jan 1;147(1):66-74. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007505. PMID: 33177309.
* Rohrich RJ, Smith PD, Adams WP Jr. Liposuction in the 21st Century: A Review. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2017 Oct;140(4):790-801. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000003714. PMID: 28957805.
* Herbst KL, Kahn LA, Salti H, Casanova V, Wright TF. Lipedema: A genetic disease and adipose tissue disorder. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2021 Mar;187(1):173-183. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31881. Epub 2020 Nov 23. PMID: 33226162.
Q.
Always Heavy? Why Your Body is Stalled & Your Mediterranean Diet Action Plan
A.
There are several factors to consider. Feeling stuck at a heavier weight often comes from metabolic adaptation, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, hormones, and hidden calorie surplus, and a well-structured Mediterranean diet can help when paired with portion awareness, adequate protein, daily movement with strength training, quality sleep, and stress control. See below for your actionable plate formula, protein targets, what to limit, realistic timelines, and red flags that warrant doctor input or an obesity symptom check, since these details can change your best next steps.
References:
* Hall KD, et al. The problem of metabolic adaptation to weight loss. Obes Rev. 2017 Aug;18 Suppl 2:10-24. DOI: 10.1111/obr.12569.
* Schwingshackl L, et al. Impact of Mediterranean Diet on Weight Loss: An Evidence Map of a Systematic Review of Reviews. Adv Nutr. 2021 May 29;12(3):911-923. DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmaa144.
* Giosuè E, et al. Mediterranean Diet and Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2021 Apr 21;13(4):1391. DOI: 10.3390/nu13041391.
* Esposito K, et al. Mediterranean diet and the metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr. 2019 Feb 1;149(2):229-237. DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy243.
* MacLean PS, et al. Metabolic slowing with diet-induced weight loss: current evidence and future directions. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019 Jan;27(1):15-22. DOI: 10.1002/oby.22359.
Q.
BBL "Melting"? Why Results Shift & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
There are several factors to consider: what looks like BBL “melting” is usually normal fat reabsorption, weight changes, aging-related skin laxity, hormone shifts, or muscle loss, with less common causes like fat necrosis or surgical issues; see below for what is expected versus concerning. Medically approved next steps include stabilizing weight, strengthening glutes, supporting skin health, considering selective non surgical treatments, and, when appropriate, pursuing revision with a board certified surgeon, with urgent care needed for severe pain, fever, breathing trouble, or sudden swelling; full guidance on timing and choices is detailed below.
References:
* Cui D, Luo G, Gu B, Chen Z, Zhang X. Long-Term Results of Gluteal Augmentation With Autologous Fat Grafting: A Retrospective Analysis of 400 Cases. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2018 Dec;42(6):1540-1547. doi: 10.1007/s00266-018-1249-1. Epub 2018 Oct 31. PMID: 30382229.
* Khouri AN, Khouri RK Jr, Khouri RK. Quantifying Fat Graft Survival in Gluteal Augmentation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021 Jun 1;147(6):1347-1358. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007874. PMID: 33857091.
* Singh SA, Lee ES, Patel A, Vardanian AJ. Complications of Gluteal Fat Grafting: A Systematic Review. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021 Mar 1;147(3):616-625. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000007671. PMID: 33620719.
* Cansancao AL, Fialho R, Costa LF, D'Souza N, Daher JC, Khouri RK, Cansancao AL Jr. Long-Term Patient Satisfaction and Quality of Life after Gluteal Fat Grafting: A Prospective Study. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020 Jul;146(1):153-162. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000006900. PMID: 32584860.
* Saadeh A, Zins J. Factors Influencing Fat Graft Survival in Gluteal Augmentation: A Critical Review of the Literature. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021 Jul 1;148(1):151e-159e. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000008064. PMID: 34160417.
Q.
Tired of the Scale? Why Your BMI Is "Lying" to Your Metabolism and How to Fix It
A.
BMI is a quick screening tool, not a full picture of your metabolism, and it can mislead by missing body composition, fat distribution, and metabolic markers, so waist circumference, targeted blood tests, body composition scans, and fitness measures offer a more accurate view. There are several factors to consider; see below for step by step ways to improve metabolic health with strength training, higher quality nutrition, sleep and stress care, plus when a high BMI still signals risk and when to use a symptom check or see a clinician, which could change your next steps.
References:
* Gómez-Ambrosi J, Silva C, Galofré JC, Escalada J, Santos S, Millán D, Muñoz-Navas MA, Pastor E, Rodríguez A, Salvador J, Frühbeck G. Body mass index classification misses an important percentage of obese subjects with altered body composition, metabolic alterations and high cardiovascular risk. Int J Obes (Lond). 2012 Nov;36(11):1413-21. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2012.2. Epub 2012 Jan 31. PMID: 22290828.
* Wildman RP, Muntner P, Woodward K, Keenan NL, Wosje KS, Safford MM. Metabolically healthy but obese: the obesity paradox revisited. Prev Med. 2008 Feb;46(2):167-73. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.10.009. Epub 2007 Oct 20. PMID: 18036737.
* Müller MJ, Bosy-Westphal A. Metabolic health and BMI: a critical appraisal. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014 Nov;68(11):1199-204. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.212. Epub 2014 Oct 8. PMID: 25293630.
* Sniderman AD, Remedios C, Glavinovic T. The relationship of body mass index to the metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2016 May;41(5):184-219. doi: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2016.02.002. Epub 2016 Mar 1. PMID: 27013149.
* Ross R, Bradshaw AJ, Liu H, Katagiri E, Mian ZM. Body composition and body mass index as determinants of metabolic risk factors in men. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 May;19(5):984-90. doi: 10.1038/oby.2010.278. Epub 2010 Nov 4. PMID: 21052136.
Q.
Are we eating too much or the wrong foods for obesity?
A.
Eating too much and choosing unhealthy foods are key reasons why people become obese. Marketing unhealthy foods to kids and using artificial additives in food also contribute to obesity.
References:
Kuźbicka K, & Rachoń D. (2013). Bad eating habits as the main cause of obesity among .... Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism, 25577898.
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Elliott C. (2012). Marketing foods to children: are we asking the right .... Childhood obesity (Print), 22799544.
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Warner JO. (2024). Artificial food additives: hazardous to long-term health?. Archives of disease in childhood, 38423749.
Q.
Can obesity affect bone health and reproduction?
A.
Obesity can affect bone health and reproduction by influencing bone metabolism and conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It can also impact bone development in children if the mother has a high-fat diet during pregnancy.
References:
Gkastaris K, Goulis DG, Potoupnis M, Anastasilakis AD, & Kapetanos G. (2020). Obesity, osteoporosis and bone metabolism. Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions, 32877973.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32877973/
Buckels EJ, Bolam SM, Tay ML, & Matthews BG. (2021). The Impact of Maternal High-Fat Diet on Bone .... Frontiers in nutrition, 34527691.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34527691/
Noroozzadeh M, Amiri M, Farhadi-Azar M, & Ramezani Tehrani F. (2022). Bone Health in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Journal of clinical densitometry : the official journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry, 35430131.
Q.
Does diet or physical activity contribute more to obesity?
A.
Both diet and physical activity are important for managing obesity, but combining them is most effective.
References:
Olateju IV, Opaleye-Enakhimion T, Udeogu JE, Asuquo J, Olaleye KT, Osa E, & Oladunjoye AF. (2023). A systematic review on the effectiveness of diet and .... Diabetes & metabolic syndrome, 37084486.
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Johns DJ, Hartmann-Boyce J, Jebb SA, Aveyard P, & Behavioural Weight Management Review Group. (2014). Diet or exercise interventions vs combined behavioral .... Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 25257365.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25257365/
Wu T, Gao X, Chen M, & van Dam RM. (2009). Long-term effectiveness of diet-plus-exercise interventions .... Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 19175510.
Q.
Does more exercise significantly reduce obesity?
A.
Exercise can help reduce obesity, but it works best when combined with other lifestyle changes like diet.
References:
Oppert JM, Ciangura C, & Bellicha A. (2023). Physical activity and exercise for weight loss and .... Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders, 37142892.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37142892/
Petridou A, Siopi A, & Mougios V. (2019). Exercise in the management of obesity. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 30385379.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30385379/
Bellicha A, van Baak MA, Battista F, Beaulieu K, Blundell JE, Busetto L, et al. (2021). Effect of exercise training on weight loss, body composition .... Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 33955140.
Q.
How can individuals prevent obesity?
A.
To prevent obesity, individuals should focus on healthy eating and regular physical activity.
References:
Wadden TA, Tronieri JS, & Butryn ML. (2020). Lifestyle modification approaches for the treatment of .... The American psychologist, 32052997.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32052997/
Romon M. (2010). [Obesity prevention, how?]. Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983), 20621435.
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Hilbert A, Ried J, Schneider D, Juttner C, Sosna M, Dabrock P, et al. (2007). [Primary prevention of adult obesity. an interdisciplinary .... Herz, 17972027.
Q.
How common is obesity worldwide?
A.
Obesity is a common health issue worldwide, affecting a large number of people in many countries.
References:
Sørensen TIA, Martinez AR, & Jørgensen TSH. (2022). Epidemiology of Obesity. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 35419622.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35419622/
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). (2024). Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to .... Lancet (London, England), 38432237.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38432237/
Chooi YC, Ding C, & Magkos F. (2019). The epidemiology of obesity. Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 30253139.
Q.
How do ultra-processed foods contribute to weight gain?
A.
Ultra-processed foods can lead to weight gain because they make you eat more calories than you need and can cause obesity over time.
References:
Cordova R, Kliemann N, Huybrechts I, Rauber F, Vamos EP, Levy RB, et al. (2021). Consumption of ultra-processed foods associated with .... Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 34455267.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34455267/
Hall KD, Ayuketah A, Brychta R, Cai H, Cassimatis T, Chen KY, et al. (2019). Ultra-Processed Diets Cause Excess Calorie Intake and .... Cell metabolism, 31105044.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31105044/
Harb AA, Shechter A, Koch PA, & St-Onge MP. (2023). Ultra-processed foods and the development of obesity in .... European journal of clinical nutrition, 36280730.
Q.
How does a sedentary lifestyle relate to obesity according to new research?
A.
New research shows that sitting too much can lead to obesity, as it often means less exercise and more weight gain, especially around the belly.
References:
Bora N, K V, Verma A, Bharti AK, & Sinha MK. (2024). Physical activity and sedentary behavior perceptions in .... F1000Research, 39131836.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39131836/
Chen S, Yang L, Yang Y, Shi W, Stults-Kolehmainen M, Yuan Q, et al. (2024). Sedentary behavior, physical activity, sleep duration and .... PloS one, 38457382.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38457382/
Silveira EA, Mendonça CR, Delpino FM, Elias Souza GV, Pereira de Souza Rosa L, de Oliveira C, & Noll M. (2022). Sedentary behavior, physical inactivity, abdominal obesity .... Clinical nutrition ESPEN, 35871953.
Q.
How does childhood obesity impact adult health?
A.
Childhood obesity can lead to serious health problems in adulthood, including heart disease, diabetes, and increased risk of dying early.
References:
Kelsey MM, Zaepfel A, Bjornstad P, & Nadeau KJ. (2014). Age-related consequences of childhood obesity. Gerontology, 24434909.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24434909/
Dietz WH. (1998). Childhood weight affects adult morbidity and mortality. The Journal of nutrition, 9478038.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9478038/
Llewellyn A, Simmonds M, Owen CG, & Woolacott N. (2016). Childhood obesity as a predictor of morbidity in adulthood. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 26440472.
Q.
How has the modern food supply influenced obesity rates?
A.
The modern food supply, especially the rise of ultra-processed foods, has significantly contributed to increasing obesity rates by making unhealthy foods more accessible and appealing.
References:
Khonje MG, Ecker O, & Qaim M. (2020). Effects of Modern Food Retailers on Adult and Child Diets .... Nutrients, 32521620.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32521620/
Harb AA, Shechter A, Koch PA, & St-Onge MP. (2023). Ultra-processed foods and the development of obesity in .... European journal of clinical nutrition, 36280730.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36280730/
Monteiro CA, Moubarac JC, Cannon G, Ng SW, & Popkin B. (2013). Ultra-processed products are becoming dominant in the .... Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 24102801.
Q.
How is obesity diagnosed using BMI?
A.
Obesity is diagnosed using BMI by calculating a person's weight and height, with a BMI of 30 or higher indicating obesity.
References:
Romero-Corral A, Somers VK, Sierra-Johnson J, Thomas RJ, Collazo-Clavell ML, Korinek J, et al. (2008). Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the .... International journal of obesity (2005), 18283284.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18283284/
Orzano AJ, & Scott JG. (2004). Diagnosis and treatment of obesity in adults. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 15355950.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15355950/
Batsis JA, Mackenzie TA, Bartels SJ, Sahakyan KR, Somers VK, & Lopez-Jimenez F. (2016). Diagnostic accuracy of body mass index to identify obesity .... International journal of obesity (2005), 26620887.
Q.
Is calorie expenditure the main factor in obesity prevention?
A.
Calorie expenditure is important in preventing obesity, but it's not the only factor; balancing calories consumed with calories burned is key.
References:
Hill JO, Wyatt HR, & Peters JC. (2012). Energy balance and obesity. Circulation, 22753534.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22753534/
Dulloo AG, Miles-Chan J, Schutz Y, & Montani JP. (2018). Targeting lifestyle energy expenditure in the management .... Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 30511502.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30511502/
Hill JO, Wyatt HR, & Peters JC. (2013). The Importance of Energy Balance. European endocrinology, 29922364.
Q.
Is exercise still important for health if not for obesity?
A.
Exercise is important for health beyond just managing weight; it helps your heart, bones, and mood.
References:
Brukner PD, & Brown WJ. (2005). 3. Is exercise good for you?. The Medical journal of Australia, 16296971.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16296971/
Blair SN, Kohl HW, Gordon NF, & Paffenbarger RS Jr. (1992). How much physical activity is good for health?. Annual review of public health, 1599603.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1599603/
Warburton DE, Nicol CW, & Bredin SS. (2006). Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 16534088.
Q.
Is it true you can't outrun a bad diet?
A.
You can't out-exercise a bad diet because eating healthy is important for overall well-being, even if you are active.
References:
Kamel Boulos MN, & Yang SP. (2021). Mobile physical activity planning and tracking: a brief .... mHealth, 7882264.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7882264/
Wanjohi MN, Pradeilles R, Asiki G, Holdsworth M, Kimani-Murage EW, Muthuri SK, et al. (2022). Community perceptions on the factors in the social food .... Public Health Nutrition, 9989710.
Q.
Is lack of exercise the main cause of obesity?
A.
Lack of exercise is a significant factor in obesity, but it is not the only cause. Obesity results from a combination of factors, including diet, genetics, and lifestyle.
References:
Jebb SA, & Moore MS. (1999). Contribution of a sedentary lifestyle and inactivity to the .... Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 10593524.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10593524/
Lakka TA, & Bouchard C. (2005). Physical activity, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 16596798.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16596798/
Masood B, & Moorthy M. (2023). Causes of obesity: a review. Clinical medicine (London, England), 37524429.
Q.
What are common misunderstandings about obesity causes?
A.
Common misunderstandings about obesity include blaming it solely on high-fructose corn syrup and not recognizing the complex factors involved, such as genetics and metabolism.
References:
White JS. (2009). Misconceptions about high-fructose corn syrup. The Journal of nutrition, 19386820.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19386820/
Lesser LI, Mazza MC, & Lucan SC. (2015). Nutrition myths and healthy dietary advice in clinical practice. American family physician, 25955738.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25955738/
Schultes B, Ernst B, Hallschmid M, Bueter M, & Meyhöfer SM. (2023). A new perspective on the aetiology and therapy of obesity. Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 37694802.
Q.
What are industrial formulations of five or more ingredients?
A.
Industrial formulations with five or more ingredients are often called ultra-processed foods, which are made using many additives and processes to enhance flavor and shelf life.
References:
Monteiro CA, Cannon G, Levy RB, Moubarac JC, Louzada ML, Rauber F, et al. (2019). Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify .... Public health nutrition, 30744710.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30744710/
Gibney MJ. (2019). Ultra-Processed Foods: Definitions and Policy Issues. Current developments in nutrition, 30820487.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30820487/
Medin AC, Gulowsen SR, Groufh-Jacobsen S, Berget I, Grini IS, & Varela P. (2025). Definitions of ultra-processed foods beyond NOVA. Food & nutrition research, 40655201.
Q.
What are the health risks associated with obesity?
A.
Obesity can lead to serious health problems like heart disease, diabetes, and high blood pressure.
References:
Pi-Sunyer FX. (1991). Health implications of obesity. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2031492.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2031492/
Bray GA. (2004). Medical consequences of obesity. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 15181027.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15181027/
Pi-Sunyer X. (2009). The medical risks of obesity. Postgraduate medicine, 19940414.
Q.
What are the main causes of overweight and obesity?
A.
Overweight and obesity are mainly caused by eating too much and not moving enough, but genetics and other factors can also play a role.
References:
Wright SM, & Aronne LJ. (2012). Causes of obesity. Abdominal imaging, 22426851.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22426851/
Kuźbicka K, & Rachoń D. (2013). Bad eating habits as the main cause of obesity among .... Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism, 25577898.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25577898/
(2000). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. .... World Health Organization technical report series, 11234459.
Q.
What are the non-weight related health benefits of exercise?
A.
Exercise helps improve your heart health, makes your muscles stronger, and can even make you feel happier.
References:
Oppert JM, Ciangura C, & Bellicha A. (2025). the need to (seriously) go beyond weight loss. International journal of obesity (2005), 39271931.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39271931/
Westcott WL. (2012). Resistance training is medicine: effects of strength .... Current sports medicine reports, 22777332.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22777332/
Braggio M, Dorelli G, Olivato N, Lamberti V, Valenti MT, Dalle Carbonare L, & Cominacini M. (2025). Tailored Exercise Intervention in Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients, 40077741.
Q.
What aspects of the modern diet contribute to obesity?
A.
Modern diets, especially those with lots of processed foods and sugary drinks, make it easier for people to gain weight and become obese.
References:
Khonje MG, Ecker O, & Qaim M. (2020). Effects of Modern Food Retailers on Adult and Child Diets .... Nutrients, 32521620.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32521620/
Ludwig DS, Aronne LJ, Astrup A, de Cabo R, Cantley LC, Friedman MI, et al. (2021). a physiological perspective on the obesity pandemic. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 34515299.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34515299/
Kendig MD, Leigh SJ, & Morris MJ. (2021). Unravelling the impacts of western-style diets on brain, gut .... Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 34153343.
Q.
What does new research say about the cause of obesity?
A.
New research shows that obesity is influenced by social factors, childhood weight, and various risk factors.
References:
Javed Z, Valero-Elizondo J, Maqsood MH, Mahajan S, Taha MB, Patel KV, et al. (2022). Social determinants of health and obesity: Findings from a .... Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 35088551.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35088551/
Simmonds M, Llewellyn A, Owen CG, & Woolacott N. (2016). Predicting adult obesity from childhood obesity. Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 26696565.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26696565/
Vuong K, Kabir A, Conway DP, Williamson M, Harris MF, & Barr ML. (2024). Identifying risk factors for developing obesity. Family practice, 38478922.
Q.
What is an obesogenic environment?
A.
An obesogenic environment is a place that makes it easy to gain weight by having lots of unhealthy food and not many ways to be active.
References:
Lake A, & Townshend T. (2006). Obesogenic environments: exploring the built and food .... The journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 17152319.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17152319/
Swinburn B, Egger G, & Raza F. (1999). Dissecting obesogenic environments: the development .... Preventive medicine, 10600438.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10600438/
Mattes R, & Foster GD. (2014). Food environment and obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 25401929.
Q.
What is the difference between being overweight and obese?
A.
Being overweight and obese both mean having more body fat than is healthy, but obesity is more severe than being overweight.
References:
Potter AW, Chin GC, Looney DP, & Friedl KE. (2025). Defining Overweight and Obesity by Percent Body Fat .... The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 38747476.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38747476/
Bray GA. (1987). Overweight is risking fate. Definition, classification, .... Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 3300479.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3300479/
Aronne LJ. (2002). Classification of obesity and assessment of obesity-related .... Obesity research, 12490659.
Q.
What is the medical definition of obesity?
A.
Obesity is a medical condition where a person has too much body fat, which can lead to health problems.
References:
Apovian CM. (2016). Obesity: definition, comorbidities, causes, and burden. The American journal of managed care, 27356115.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27356115/
Rubino F, Cummings DE, Eckel RH, Cohen RV, Wilding JPH, Brown WA, et al. (2025). Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity. The lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology, 39824205.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39824205/
Pi-Sunyer FX. (2000). Obesity: criteria and classification. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 11115784.
Q.
What is the most potent cause of obesity according to new studies?
A.
New studies suggest that inflammation in fat tissue and exposure to chemical toxins are significant causes of obesity.
References:
Aruwa CE, & Sabiu S. (2024). Adipose tissue inflammation linked to obesity: A review .... Heliyon, 38163110.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38163110/
Sørensen TIA, Martinez AR, & Jørgensen TSH. (2022). Epidemiology of Obesity. Handbook of experimental pharmacology, 35419622.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35419622/
Baillie-Hamilton PF. (2002). Chemical toxins: a hypothesis to explain the global obesity .... Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.), 12006126.
Q.
What is the role of ultra-processed foods in obesity?
A.
Ultra-processed foods are linked to obesity because they often contain high amounts of sugar, fat, and salt, which can lead to overeating.
References:
Shim JS. (2025). Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Obesity. Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome, 39820152.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39820152/
Mambrini SP, Menichetti F, Ravella S, Pellizzari M, De Amicis R, Foppiani A, et al. (2023). Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Incidence .... Nutrients, 37299546.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37299546/
Harb AA, Shechter A, Koch PA, & St-Onge MP. (2023). Ultra-processed foods and the development of obesity in .... European journal of clinical nutrition, 36280730.
Q.
What lifestyle factors explain the difference in obesity rates between populations?
A.
Differences in obesity rates among populations are influenced by lifestyle factors like where people live (rural vs. urban), their race or ethnicity, and other health habits.
References:
Kenney MK, Wang J, & Iannotti R. (2014). Residency and racial/ethnic differences in weight status .... The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association, 24383488.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24383488/
Gaskell C, Sarada P, Aleem E, & Bendriss G. (2023). Identifying lifestyle factors associated to co-morbidity .... Frontiers in public health, 37206863.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37206863/
Ismailov RM, & Leatherdale ST. (2010). Rural-urban differences in overweight and obesity among .... International journal of pediatric obesity : IJPO : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 20053147.
Q.
What public health approach is recommended to address obesity?
A.
To tackle obesity, public health approaches focus on community-wide strategies, including promoting healthier eating, increasing physical activity, and implementing supportive policies.
References:
Taheem R, Woods-Townsend K, Lawrence W, Baird J, Godfrey KM, & Hanson M. (2023). How do local authority plans to tackle obesity reflect .... Perspectives in public health, 35796525.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35796525/
Mehta NK. (2023). Obesity as a Main Threat to Future Improvements in .... The Milbank quarterly, 37096602.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37096602/
Nestle M, & Jacobson MF. (2000). Halting the obesity epidemic: a public health policy approach. Public health reports (Washington, D.C. : 1974), 10968581.
Q.
Why is diet considered the key culprit in the obesity epidemic?
A.
Diet is a key reason for the obesity epidemic because people eat more high-calorie foods, like fast food, which makes them gain weight easily.
References:
Meldrum DR, Morris MA, & Gambone JC. (2017). Obesity pandemic: causes, consequences, and solutions .... Fertility and sterility, 28292617.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28292617/
Prentice AM, & Jebb SA. (2003). Fast foods, energy density and obesity: a possible .... Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, 14649369.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14649369/
Crino M, Sacks G, Vandevijvere S, Swinburn B, & Neal B. (2015). The Influence on Population Weight Gain and Obesity .... Current obesity reports, 26627085.
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17510091/Apovian CM (2016). Obesity: definition, comorbidities, causes, and burden. The American journal of managed care.
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