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I have a bad memory
Memory problems
I forget things easily
Memory loss
Forgetful
Forgetfulness
Forgetting things
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What is Mild Cognitive Impairment?
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is also known as mild or "pre-dementia" in which patients experience forgetfulness or other cognitive problems (such as issues with language or thinking) that do not prevent them from daily functioning. A small proportion of patients have MCI due to depression, medication side effects, sleep disturbances such as sleep apnea, low vitamin B12 levels or low thyroid function. Some controllable risk factors include excessive alcohol intake, high blood pressure, lack of exercise, as well as lack of mental stimulation. Patients with MCI have a high risk for developing dementia, which occurs in about 14% of cases.
Typical Symptoms of Mild Cognitive Impairment
- Poor memory
- Difficulty speaking, performing tasks, or recognizing things
- I have noticed or been told that I repeat the same questions over and over
- Difficulty concentrating
- Patient unable to recall or speak his/her name and birthday
- History of dementia
- Loss of interest in hobbies or leaving the house
- History of stroke
Diagnostic Questions for Mild Cognitive Impairment
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this disease:
- Have you been experiencing memory problems recently?
- Have you been experiencing difficulty speaking, performing tasks, or recognizing things?
- Have you noticed or been told that you repeat the same questions over and over?
- Do you have difficulty concentrating?
- Can the patient remember their name and birthday?
Treatment of Mild Cognitive Impairment
There are no medications available for MCI. Lifestyle measures such as regular exercise may be helpful. A doctor can also review medications that can worsen MCI symptoms, evaluate for sleep problems, evaluate for depression, or perform bloodwork to rule out low thyroid function or B12 levels .
Reviewed By:
Benjamin Kummer, MD (Neurology)
Dr Kummer is Assistant Professor of Neurology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), with joint appointment in Digital and Technology Partners (DTP) at the Mount Sinai Health System (MSHS) as Director of Clinical Informatics in Neurology. As a triple-board certified practicing stroke neurologist and informaticist, he has successfully improved clinical operations at the point of care by acting as a central liaison between clinical neurology faculty and DTP teams to implement targeted EHR configuration changes and workflows, as well as providing subject matter expertise on health information technology projects across MSHS. | Dr Kummer also has several years’ experience building and implementing several informatics tools, presenting scientific posters, and generating a body of peer-reviewed work in “clinical neuro-informatics” – i.e., the intersection of clinical neurology, digital health, and informatics – much of which is centered on digital/tele-health, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. He has spearheaded the Clinical Neuro-Informatics Center in the Department of Neurology at ISMMS, a new research institute that seeks to establish the field of clinical neuro-informatics and disseminate knowledge to the neurological community on the effects and benefits of clinical informatics tools at the point of care.
Shohei Harase, MD (Neurology)
Dr. Harase spent his junior and senior high school years in Finland and the U.S. After graduating from the University of Washington (Bachelor of Science, Molecular and Cellular Biology), he worked for Apple Japan Inc. before entering the University of the Ryukyus School of Medicine. He completed his residency at Okinawa Prefectural Chubu Hospital, where he received the Best Resident Award in 2016 and 2017. In 2021, he joined the Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine at the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, specializing in hyperacute stroke.
Content updated on Feb 19, 2025
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People with similar symptoms also use Ubie's symptom checker to find possible causes
- Antisocial behavior and language difficulty
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- Can't read words like I used to
- I can not concentrate on my work
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See full list
Symptoms Related to Mild Cognitive Impairment
Diseases Related to Mild Cognitive Impairment
FAQs
Q.
Brain Health for Women 30-45: Spot Symptoms & Take Action Now
A.
Women 30 to 45 commonly experience brain fog, memory slips, mood changes, headaches, and sleep disruption that are often caused by stress, hormonal shifts including perimenopause, poor sleep, or nutrient gaps, and many of these changes are reversible when addressed early. There are several factors to consider; see below for the key symptoms to watch, urgent red flags, medical causes to rule out, an action plan for sleep, movement, nutrition, and stress, and guidance on when to seek care or screening so you can choose the right next steps.
References:
* Leeners B, et al. Brain health in midlife women: a narrative review. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2023 Nov;32(11):1199-1216. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2023.0135. Epub 2023 Sep 1. PMID: 37626998.
* Maki PM. Brain Fog in Perimenopause: An Evidence-Based Approach. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2024 Feb 21. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2024.0041. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38380386.
* Braden BB, et al. Effects of Reproductive Hormones on Cognition and Brain Health in Women Across the Lifespan. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2021 Jul;62:100913. doi: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100913. Epub 2021 Apr 22. PMID: 33917822; PMCID: PMC8513524.
* Kim M, et al. Sleep disturbances and their management in perimenopausal women: A review. Climacteric. 2022 Dec;25(6):549-556. doi: 10.1080/13697137.2022.2104523. Epub 2022 Aug 3. PMID: 35926710.
* Kuchta AM, et al. Vascular risk factors and cognitive function in middle-aged women: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) cardiovascular study. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2020 Sep 29;12(1):e12108. doi: 10.1002/dad2.12108. PMID: 33054170; PMCID: PMC7530467.
Q.
Blueberries for Women 65+: Support Brain, Heart & Joint Health
A.
Blueberries can help women 65+ support brain, heart, and joint health, but there are several factors to consider. See below to understand more. Evidence suggests 1/2 to 1 cup, 3 to 5 times weekly, fresh or frozen and unsweetened, may modestly support memory, blood pressure, vessel flexibility, and inflammation, but they are not a treatment. Key details on medication considerations like blood thinners, digestive sensitivity, when to talk to a doctor, and a free memory symptom check are below.
References:
* Krikorian R, Shidler MD, Kalt W, Vinqvist-Tymchuk AM, Shukitt-Hale B, Prior RL. Blueberry Supplementation Improves Cognitive Performance and Reduces Blood Pressure in Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2022 Apr 20;77(5):e101-e109. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glac059. PMID: 35445213.
* Cassidy A, Rogers G, Singleton L, Peterson J, Rimm EB. Frequent Consumption of Berries Is Associated With a Lower Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Women. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Jul 10;6(7):e005959. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.005959. PMID: 28694228; PMCID: PMC5586326.
* Al-Faris NA, Khan MA, Al-Musharaf S, Al-Faris SF. Anti-inflammatory effects of berries on cytokine expression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res. 2022 Apr;36(4):1604-1621. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7408. PMID: 35146816.
* Johnson SA, Arjmandi BH. Evidence for the Effect of Berries on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: An Umbrella Review. Nutrients. 2021 Jul 15;13(7):2400. doi: 10.3390/nu13072400. PMID: 34371970; PMCID: PMC8308418.
* Kalt W, Cassidy A, Howard LR, Lajolo FM, Skog K, Trejo-Mares OA, Walser M, Watzl B, Wilms E. The Health Benefits of Berries-Asking if More Is Better: An Integrated Review of the Science. Adv Nutr. 2020 Jan 1;11(1):21-51. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmz071. PMID: 31504128; PMCID: PMC7015509.
Q.
Brain Fog & Sleepiness: Is It Normal Aging or a Health Concern?
A.
Brain fog and daytime sleepiness can be part of normal aging when mild and gradual, but if they are persistent, worsening, or limit daily life they may signal treatable issues like poor sleep quality including sleep apnea, mood disorders, medication side effects, hormonal shifts, vitamin deficiencies, or chronic medical conditions. There are several factors to consider. See below for key red flags that need prompt care, practical steps that often help, a tool to screen for mild cognitive impairment, and clear guidance on when to talk with a doctor.
References:
* Mander BA, Winer JR, Jagust WJ. Sleep, Circadian Rhythms, and Brain Aging: A Review. JAMA Neurol. 2022 Mar 1;79(3):284-293. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.5034. PMID: 35165435.
* Potvin S, Duhamel S, Pilon M. Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: Is Sleep the Key? Front Med (Lausanne). 2020 Jun 25;7:317. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00317. PMID: 32677271; PMCID: PMC7330752.
* Gooneratne NS, Patel NP, Vitiello MV. Daytime Sleepiness in Older Adults: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Consequences, and Treatment. Clin Geriatr Med. 2018 Aug;34(3):363-380. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2018.04.004. Epub 2018 May 26. PMID: 30045136.
* Vitiello MV, Poceta JS, Mignot E. Sleep-Wake Disturbances in Older Adults: A Review of the Differential Diagnosis of Primary Sleep Disorders Versus Other Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Feb;77(2):206-216. doi: 10.4088/JCP.14098. PMID: 26868516.
* Scullin MK, Baskin Z, Chu S. Sleep and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Narrative Review. Curr Sleep Med Rep. 2019 Jun;5(2):98-109. doi: 10.1007/s40675-019-00148-3. Epub 2019 May 13. PMID: 31086438; PMCID: PMC6510619.
Q.
As a senior, how do I know if prevagen is right?
A.
There are several factors to consider; see below to understand more. As a supplement rather than a prescription drug, Prevagen has mixed, limited evidence and any benefit for mild forgetfulness is likely small, so weigh expectations and cost alongside the FTC’s challenge to its claims. If you try it, review your meds and health with your clinician, then do an 8 to 12 week trial with a symptom journal, prioritize proven habits like exercise, sleep, and a Mediterranean-style diet, and seek care promptly for rapidly worsening memory or new trouble with daily tasks.
References:
Castera L, & Foucher J. (2005). Prospective comparison of transient elastography, FibroTest, APRI,… Gut, 15980060.
de Lédinghen V, & Vergniol J. (2019). Transient elastography predicts decompensation and mortality… Journal of Hepatology, 31596412.
European Association for the Study of the Liver. (2016). EASL clinical practice guidelines on non-invasive tests for evaluation… Journal of Hepatology, 25979654.
Q.
Is prevagen safe for seniors?
A.
Short-term, Prevagen appears generally safe for many healthy older adults: a 90-day randomized, placebo-controlled study found no increase in serious side effects and only mild complaints similar to placebo. But long-term and real-world safety are less certain, especially for seniors with chronic conditions, liver disease, or those taking multiple medications, so discuss it with your clinician first. There are several factors to consider, including possible medication interactions, product quality and third-party testing, dosing, and what symptoms should prompt medical care. See below for important details that could affect your next steps.
References:
Katsnelson J, Hair C, Legendre G, Radzevich S, Wang ZQ. (2017). A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial assessing safety and efficacy of apoaequorin (Prevagen) supplementation on memory performance in healthy older adults… J Nutr Health Aging, 28742810.
Tsochatzis EA, Bosch J, Burroughs AK. (2014). Liver cirrhosis… Lancet, 25220294.
D'Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, Pagliaro L. (2006). Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studies… J Hepatol, 16470243.
Q.
Life after 60: Does prevagen really work?
A.
Evidence that Prevagen improves memory is limited and mostly from small, company-funded studies without independent replication; the FTC has challenged its advertising claims, and no large, high-quality trials show clear benefit. For adults over 60, it appears generally safe but can be costly, while lifestyle steps like regular exercise, quality sleep, social engagement, and managing health conditions have stronger proof; there are several factors to consider, including side effects, alternatives, costs, and when to see a doctor, so see below to understand more and find next steps such as a symptom check.
References:
Shimomura O. (2005). Green fluorescent protein and the molecular mechanisms of calcium-triggered luminescence of aequorin… Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 15813521.
Sandrin L, Fourquet B, Hasquenoph JM, et al. (2003). Transient elastography: a new noninvasive method for assessment of hepatic fibrosis… Ultrasound Med Biol, 12971146.
Castéra L, Vergniol J, Foucher J, et al. (2005). Prospective comparison of transient elastography, FibroTest, APRI, and liver biopsy for the assessment of fibrosis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis C… Gastroenterology, 16083780.
Q.
What are some of the best health and safety monitoring devices for seniors?
A.
Top options include smartwatches and other wearables with ECG, fall detection and SOS alerts; wearable or in-home fall detectors; smart medication dispensers; at-home vital sign monitors like blood pressure cuffs, pulse oximeters and portable ECGs; remote monitoring hubs or telehealth apps; and GPS trackers for those at risk of wandering. Choosing the right setup depends on ease of use, clinical accuracy, privacy and data sharing, battery life and maintenance, cost or insurance coverage, and integration with caregivers or clinicians. There are several factors to consider, and the complete details below on trials, setup support, and when to involve your doctor can influence your best next steps.
References:
Patel S, Park H, Bonato P, Chan L, & Rodgers M. (2012). A review of wearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilita… J Neuroeng Rehabil, 22475235.
Castera L, Forns X, & Alberti A. (2008). Non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis using transient… J Hepatol, 18673117.
Wong GL, Chan HL, Hui AY, et al. (2015). Liver stiffness measurement is independently associated with clinical… J Hepatol, 25725537.
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Link to full study:
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.24312810v1References
Gauthier S, Reisberg B, Zaudig M, Petersen RC, Ritchie K, Broich K, Belleville S, Brodaty H, Bennett D, Chertkow H, Cummings JL, de Leon M, Feldman H, Ganguli M, Hampel H, Scheltens P, Tierney MC, Whitehouse P, Winblad B (2006). Mild cognitive impairment. Lancet (London, England).
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16631882/Mariani E, Monastero R, Mecocci P (2007). Mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review. Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17851192/Petersen RC, Negash S (2008). Mild cognitive impairment: an overview. CNS spectrums.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18204414/