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Insect bites

Swelling

Itchy skin

Red spots on skin

Skin rashes

Itchy bumps on skin

Skin painful to touch

Sudden sting on skin

Unexplained burning sensation on skin

Bug bites that blister

Itchy skin at night

Erythema

Not seeing your symptoms? No worries!

What is Insect Bite?

Irritation and inflammation of the skin caused by mosquito bites, bee stings, and other insects.

Typical Symptoms of Insect Bite

Diagnostic Questions for Insect Bite

Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this disease:

  • Have you been bitten or stung by bugs or animals?
  • Do you have itchy skin?
  • Is the affected area hot to touch?
  • Do you have a skin rash with tiny bumps?
  • Do you have a fever but feel relatively well?

Treatment of Insect Bite

This condition is typically mild and improves on its own. However, medications may help relieve pain and itching. Rarely, some patients may develop a severe allergy, requiring emergency medical care.

Reviewed By:

Unnati Patel, MD, MSc

Unnati Patel, MD, MSc (Family Medicine)

Dr.Patel serves as Center Medical Director and a Primary Care Physician at Oak Street Health in Arizona. She graduated from the Zhejiang University School of Medicine prior to working in clinical research focused on preventive medicine at the University of Illinois and the University of Nevada. Dr. Patel earned her MSc in Global Health from Georgetown University, during which she worked with the WHO in Sierra Leone and Save the Children in Washington, D.C. She went on to complete her Family Medicine residency in Chicago at Norwegian American Hospital before completing a fellowship in Leadership in Value-based Care in conjunction with the Northwestern University Kellogg School of Management, where she earned her MBA. Dr. Patel’s interests include health tech and teaching medical students and she currently serves as Clinical Associate Professor at the University of Arizona School of Medicine.

Yukiko Ueda, MD

Yukiko Ueda, MD (Dermatology)

Dr. Ueda graduated from the Niigata University School of Medicine and trained at the University of Tokyo Medical School. She is currently a clinical assistant professor at the Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical University, and holds several posts in the dermatology departments at Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Komagome Hospital, University of Tokyo, and the Medical Center of Japan Red Cross Society.

From our team of 50+ doctors

Content updated on Mar 27, 2025

Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy

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Symptoms Related to Insect Bite

Diseases Related to Insect Bite

FAQs

Q.

Incessant Itch? Why Your Skin Reacts to Chiggers and Medical Next Steps

A.

Chigger bites trigger an intense, delayed itch because your immune system reacts to enzymes the larvae inject, causing clusters of red welts where clothing is tight; most cases are not dangerous and improve within 1 to 2 weeks with prompt washing, hydrocortisone or calamine, antihistamines, cool compresses, and avoiding scratching. There are several factors to consider and key red flags that change next steps, including spreading redness, warmth, pus, fever, severe pain, trouble breathing or facial swelling, or itch lasting beyond two weeks; prevention tips and how to tell chiggers from other causes are explained below.

References:

* Trave A, Lencastre A, Soares A, Mugeiro P, Sotto-Maior R. Trombiculiasis: A literature review of clinical and therapeutic aspects. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022 Jul;87(1):153-157.

* Geller J, Hsieh T. Trombiculiasis (chigger bites) in travelers. J Travel Med. 2021 Jan 29;28(1):taaa206.

* Dourado KCB, de Castro MS, de Lacerda JSR, Guedes-da-Silva H, Santos ACC, Cavalcanti MG, de Luna JVS. Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Trombiculiasis in the Population of a University Hospital in Brazil. J Parasitol. 2021 Jun;107(3):474-478.

* Katz RA, Krukiel JG. Insect and Tick Repellents: An Update for the Clinician. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2020 Sep;36(9):e538-e544.

* Fivenson D, Nagamizu C. Trombiculiasis (Chigger Bites). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.

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Q.

Bed Bug Bites? Why Your Skin is Reacting & Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

Bed bug bites typically show up as itchy red welts in lines or clusters on exposed skin because your immune system reacts to proteins in the bug’s saliva; they rarely spread disease and usually improve with gentle washing, hydrocortisone or antihistamines, avoiding scratching, and eliminating the infestation source. There are several factors to consider, including how to confirm an infestation, what signs point to infection or an allergic reaction that need urgent care, and the medically approved home and professional treatments, so see the complete guidance below to choose the safest next steps.

References:

* Zouboulis CC, Katsarou A, Dimopoulou A. Bed Bugs (Cimex lectularius) as a Cause of Skin Lesions: A Narrative Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2023 Apr;13(4):815-827. doi: 10.1007/s13555-023-00898-3. Epub 2023 Mar 10. PMID: 36897255; PMCID: PMC10022425.

* Masetti M, Cioli L. Bed Bugs: Clinical, Dermatological and Public Health Implications. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2022 Dec 15;7(12):409. doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed7120409. PMID: 36549040; PMCID: PMC9782508.

* Campbell F, Miller J, Mwandama L, Kunkel G, Dube J, Mkwanda S, Phiri N, St Peter D, Zink EJ. Bed bugs in the 21st century: a systematic review of the global threat, burden of disease, and public health control. Parasit Vectors. 2023 Apr 1;16(1):123. doi: 10.1186/s13071-023-05658-9. PMID: 37002444; PMCID: PMC10065091.

* Reinhardt K, Roth S, Naylor R. Hypersensitivity reactions to bed bug bites: a review of the literature. Parasitol Res. 2013 Dec;112(12):4209-17. doi: 10.1007/s00436-013-3635-y. Epub 2013 Oct 23. PMID: 24151044.

* Goddard J, deShazo R. Medical Management of Bed Bug Bites: What Every Clinician Should Know. J Miss State Med Assoc. 2012 May;53(5):137-40. PMID: 22779149.

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Q.

Is it a Spider Bite? Why Your Skin is Reacting + Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

There are several factors to consider: most skin bumps blamed on spiders are actually insect bites, allergies, or infections, and true spider bites are uncommon and usually mild, with more serious reactions mainly linked to black widow or brown recluse exposures. For mild symptoms, clean the area, use a cold compress, and consider antihistamines or pain relievers; get urgent care for trouble breathing, severe cramps, fast-spreading redness, pus, fever, or wounds that worsen or do not improve in a few days. For important details that can change your next steps, including how to tell look-alikes apart and when to see a doctor, see below.

References:

* Stoecker, W. V., & Stoecker, A. D. (2018). The Misdiagnosis of Spider Bites: An Expert Panel's Opinion. *Missouri medicine*, *115*(1), 68–73.

* Bressan, V., Lupi, S. M., Veraldi, S., & Bencini, P. L. (2020). Bites and Stings: A Review of Common Dermatological Manifestations. *Journal of Clinical Medicine*, *9*(10), 3290.

* Isbister, G. K., & Fan, H. W. (2011). Spider bite. *The Lancet*, *378*(9809), 2039–2047.

* Miller, M. H., & Krivda, S. J. (2020). Insect Bites and Stings. *Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice*, *47*(4), 601–615.

* Stoecker, W. V. (2017). Dermatologic Conditions Mistaken for Spider Bites. *Clinics in Plastic Surgery*, *44*(4), 723–730.

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Q.

Stung by a Yellow Jacket? Why Your Skin Is Swelling & Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

Yellow jacket stings often cause quick redness and swelling as your immune system reacts to venom, and most cases can be managed at home with cleaning, cold compresses, antihistamines, elevation, and pain relief. There are several factors to consider, including red flag symptoms like trouble breathing, facial or tongue swelling, many stings, signs of infection, or swelling that worsens after 48 hours; see the complete, medically approved next steps and when to call a doctor below.

References:

* Ruëff F, Dugas-Breit S. Reactions to Hymenoptera stings. Allergo J Int. 2017;26(1):15-22. doi: 10.1007/s40629-017-0004-9. PMID: 28243452.

* Moreno-Aguilar C, et al. Hymenoptera sting allergy: An update on epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021 Mar;9(3):1160-1172.e4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.10.027. PMID: 33160087.

* Golden DB. Insect sting reactions. Natural history and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2013 May-Jun;1(3):214-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2013.01.006. PMID: 24238536.

* Shaker M, et al. Emergency treatment of anaphylaxis with epinephrine auto-injectors: A review of current issues. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020 Feb;8(2):490-501. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.09.026. PMID: 31580854.

* Bonadonna P, et al. Hymenoptera venom allergy: Position paper of the Italian Society of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology (SIAAIC). Ital J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;24(2):64-82. PMID: 25161309.

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Q.

Brown Recluse Bite? Why Skin Necroses and Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

Brown recluse bites can cause skin necrosis from a venom enzyme that injures blood vessels, usually appearing over 2 to 5 days; most suspected bites are mild or due to other causes, but watch for a growing dark center, blistering, severe pain, fever, or dark urine. There are several factors to consider, and medically approved next steps include gentle cleaning, cool compresses, elevation, not cutting or applying heat, and seeking prompt care if symptoms worsen or become systemic; there is no widely available antivenom in the U.S., treatment is supportive, and surgery is typically delayed until the wound stabilizes. See below to understand more.

References:

* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29882297/

* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30458661/

* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21677242/

* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23642323/

* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15309071/

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Q.

Is it Flea Bites? Why Your Skin is Itching & Medically Approved Steps

A.

Small, intensely itchy red bumps in clusters or lines, especially on the ankles and lower legs, strongly suggest flea bites; medically approved steps include gently washing, using a cold compress, applying 1 percent hydrocortisone or calamine, taking an oral antihistamine, avoiding scratching, and eliminating fleas on pets and in the home. See below for key warnings like signs of infection or severe allergy that need urgent care, when to call a doctor if bites do not improve in a week, and how to tell flea bites from bed bugs, mosquitoes, scabies, or contact dermatitis, as there are several factors to consider.

References:

* Elmariah, S. B. (2023). Diagnosis and Management of Pruritus. The Medical Clinics of North America, 107(4), 675-693.

* Ständer, S., & Bockenheimer, J. K. (2021). Itch (Pruritus). Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 85(1), e1-e12.

* Stocker, B. L., & Khachemoune, A. (2020). Insect bite reactions: Clinical spectrum and management. Clinics in Dermatology, 38(3), 329-338.

* Smit, R. J., & Meiswinkel, R. (2018). Flea-associated dermatoses. Clinics in Dermatology, 36(6), 723-730.

* Twycross, R., & Greaves, M. W. (2018). Pruritus: A review of current management. Clinical & Experimental Dermatology, 43(8), 849-855.

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Q.

Flea Bites? Why Your Skin Won't Stop Itching & Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

Flea bites usually appear as clusters of small, very itchy red bumps on the ankles, legs, or waist and are typically harmless, improving in a few days. Relief steps include washing with soap and water, cold compresses, calamine or 1% hydrocortisone, oral antihistamines, not scratching, and eliminating fleas from pets, bedding, carpets, and furniture. There are several factors to consider, including warning signs that need medical care like spreading redness, pus, fever, hives, or breathing trouble, and how to tell fleas from bed bugs or scabies; see below for complete guidance that could affect your next steps.

References:

* Leung AKC, Lam JM, Leong KF, Hon KL. Human ectoparasitic infestations: current treatment and public health implications. World J Pediatr. 2020 Feb;16(1):16-25. doi: 10.1007/s12519-019-00305-y. PMID: 31757827.

* James WD. Reactions to Bites of Arthropods and Other Terrestrial Invertebrates. N Engl J Med. 2021 May 20;384(20):1930-1939. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2033620. PMID: 34010534.

* Heukelbach J. Clinical and pathological aspects of flea bites. In: Advances in the Biology and Control of Fleas. Springer, Cham; 2019:247-268. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-10444-4_10. PMID: 30870505.

* Diaz JH. Arthropod bites and stings. Clin Dermatol. 2019 Nov-Dec;37(6):695-707. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2019.07.009. PMID: 31791599.

* Diaz JH. Reactions to insect bites: a global public health problem. Wilderness Environ Med. 2016 Sep;27(3):362-79. doi: 10.1016/j.wem.2016.05.003. PMID: 27590214.

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Q.

Itchy Red Welts? Why Bed Bug Bites Inflame and Medically Approved Next Steps to Heal

A.

Itchy red welts from bed bug bites happen when your immune system releases histamine in response to bed bug saliva, causing redness, swelling, and intense itch that usually fades in 1 to 2 weeks. For relief, wash the area, use 1% hydrocortisone or calamine, consider oral antihistamines and cool compresses, avoid scratching, address the infestation to prevent new bites, and seek care for signs of infection, severe swelling, blistering, fever, or allergic symptoms. There are several factors to consider; see below for important details that can affect your next steps.

References:

* Leverkus M, Kämmerer E, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Bed bug bites: a review of the literature. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2021 Jul;19(7):993-1002. doi: 10.1111/ddg.14532. Epub 2021 Jul 15. PMID: 34269151.

* Poterucha TJ, Wenck MA, Wenck JM. Bed bugs (Cimex lectularius) and Clinical Consequences of Their Bites. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018 Jul;93(7):939-947. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.04.018. PMID: 30006093.

* Veraldi S, Sgarioto N, Zuni E, Vaira F, Veraldi A. Hypersensitivity reactions to bed bug bites: a review. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2021 Apr;156(2):167-173. doi: 10.23736/S0392-0488.20.06558-1. Epub 2020 Dec 28. PMID: 33355938.

* Reffitt LN, et al. Cutaneous Reactions to Bed Bug Bites: A Review. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2017 Sep;10(9):26-34. PMC ID: PMC5749723. PMID: 29302390.

* Mclaughlin T, et al. Bed Bugs: Clinical Update and Review of Treatment Options. J Drugs Dermatol. 2018 Sep 1;17(9):980-984. PMID: 30208264.

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Q.

Spider Bite? Why Your Skin Is Reacting and Medically Approved Next Steps

A.

Most red, itchy bumps blamed on spiders turn out to be other causes, but true spider bites can range from minor irritation to symptoms that need urgent care. Start with washing, cold compresses, elevation, and OTC relief, and seek medical help fast for severe or worsening pain, muscle cramps, spreading redness, fever, trouble breathing, or an open wound. There are several factors to consider, including how to tell a bite from an infection, expected healing timelines, and special risks for children and older adults; see the complete details below.

References:

* Isbister GK, Fan HW, Vetter RS. Bites and stings by spiders and other terrestrial arthropods. J Travel Med. 2019 Jun 25;26(4):taz004. doi: 10.1093/jtm/taz004. PMID: 30976773.

* Kolarik P, Lázničková M, Kural T, Chlumský J, Lauerová L. Spider Bites: A Review. Acta Chir Orthop Traumatol Cech. 2021;88(2):98-106. doi: 10.5507/aot.2021.011. PMID: 34091395.

* Stoehr R, Klement C, Hecht M, Kuhlmann K. Diagnosing and Managing Spider Bites. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2023 Mar 10;120(10):161-168. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.m2023.0003. PMID: 36877995.

* Da Silva J, Isbister GK. Clinical Management of Necrotic Arachnidism. Wilderness Environ Med. 2022 Dec;33(4):460-466. doi: 10.1016/j.wem.2022.08.001. Epub 2022 Oct 26. PMID: 36307374.

* Da Silva J, Isbister GK. Clinical features and management of spider bites. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2017 Dec;36(4):204-210. doi: 10.1016/j.sder.2017.07.004. Epub 2017 Aug 2. PMID: 28867373.

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Q.

Found a Tick? Why Your Skin Is Reacting and Medically Approved Next Steps to Take Now

A.

A tick bite often causes a small, itchy red bump from your immune response, which is usually harmless, but an expanding or bull’s-eye rash, fever, or other symptoms especially if the tick was attached more than 36 hours can signal a tick-borne illness. Remove the tick promptly with fine-tipped tweezers, clean the area, and monitor for 30 days; seek medical care if symptoms develop, the bite worsens, or you could not remove it, since preventive antibiotics may be appropriate within 72 hours for certain high-risk bites. There are several factors to consider. See complete guidance below.

References:

* Kiewra K, Wrzosek M, Kwiatek A. Local and Systemic Reactions to Tick Bites: A Review. Pol J Microbiol. 2021;70(2):141-147. doi: 10.33073/pjm-2021-016. Epub 2021 Sep 7. PMID: 34500344.

* Eisen L. Tick Removal and Post-Removal Management. Curr Clin Micro Rpt. 2021;8(4):119-127. doi: 10.1007/s40588-021-00166-5. Epub 2021 Sep 1. PMID: 34508496; PMCID: PMC8410702.

* Kemeny L, Váncsa R, Kiss M. Rashes After Tick Bites: An Overview of Tick-Borne Illnesses and Hypersensitivity Reactions. J Clin Med. 2023 Feb 15;12(4):1549. doi: 10.3390/jcm12041549. PMID: 36835948; PMCID: PMC9959600.

* Hu R, Zhao Y, Xu T, Wei M. Post-exposure prophylaxis for tick-borne diseases. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2023 Oct;56(5):549-555. doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2023.08.001. Epub 2023 Aug 11. PMID: 37604675.

* Lantos PM, Auwaerter PG, Keilson LM, et al. The Clinical Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention of Lyme Disease, Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis, and Babesiosis: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Feb 17;70(5):e1-e50. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz1090. PMID: 31969245.

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Q.

Midnight Welts? Why Your Skin is Inflamed + Medical Bed Bug Bite Relief

A.

Itchy midnight welts in lines or clusters on exposed skin often point to bed bug bites, an immune reaction to their saliva that causes red, swollen, very itchy bumps and is not known to transmit disease, though scratching can lead to infection. There are several factors to consider, from medical relief like washing, hydrocortisone 1 percent, antihistamines, and cool compresses to warning signs that need urgent care and steps to eliminate an infestation; see below for complete guidance, prevention tips, and when to seek medical help.

References:

* Doggett SL, Lee CY, Lee LCK, Beshir E. Advances in the biology and management of bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). J Med Entomol. 2021 Jul 1;58(4):1501-1522. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjaa250. PMID: 33499140.

* Hwang SW, Ryoo EN, Lee YW. Cutaneous manifestations of bed bug bites: a systematic review. J Dermatolog Treat. 2023 Dec;34(1):2191593. doi: 10.1080/09546634.2023.2191593. PMID: 36987799.

* Akhoundi M, Kieu S, Gbaguidi-Haore H, Gouriet F, Parola P, Louni M, Almasoud A. Bed Bugs: An Update. Microorganisms. 2023 Oct 12;11(10):2526. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11102526. PMID: 37893976.

* Del Pesco E, Caccia A, Giai M, et al. Immune response to bed bug bites. J Med Entomol. 2023 Feb 1;60(1):15-21. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjac193. PMID: 36562541.

* Goddard J. Bed Bug Bites: Current Updates on the Effects of the Bites and Treatment. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2020 Apr;10(2):207-210. doi: 10.1007/s13555-020-00366-4. Epub 2020 Feb 21. PMID: 32080802; PMCID: PMC7075736.

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Q.

Bed Bug Bites: Symptom Guide & Vital Next Steps for Women

A.

Bed bug bites in women often show up as small, itchy red bumps in lines or clusters on exposed skin after sleep, and they are usually not dangerous but can cause significant itching and stress. First steps include washing the area, using a cold compress, applying hydrocortisone, considering an oral antihistamine, avoiding scratching, and inspecting and treating your sleep area to confirm and eliminate an infestation. There are several factors to consider. See below to understand more about how reactions vary, special guidance in pregnancy or with eczema or older skin, when to seek medical care for signs like trouble breathing, spreading redness, fever, or pus, and key prevention and eradication tips that can change your next steps.

References:

* Goddard, J., & de Shazo, R. D. (2020). Bed bugs: Clinical manifestations and management of cutaneous reactions. *Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology*, *83*(5), 1400–1407.

* Parola, P., & Raoult, D. (2018). Clinical features and management of bed bug bites. *Clinical Infectious Diseases*, *66*(6), 968–973.

* Doggett, S. L., & Miller, D. M. (2016). Bed bugs: Clinical aspects and control. *Clinics in Dermatology*, *34*(3), 350–357.

* Delaunay, P., & Parola, P. (2017). Bed bugs: Biology, bites, and management. *Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery*, *36*(4), 180–185.

* Le-Bach, J., Pernet, A., Delaunay, P., Parola, P., & Raoult, D. (2020). Psychological impact of bed bug infestations: a systematic review. *Parasite*, *27*, 34.

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Q.

Are ladybugs poisonous? Doctors weigh-in

A.

Ladybugs are not poisonous to humans; most contact is harmless, though their defensive fluid can taste bitter and may rarely irritate sensitive skin or cause mild stomach upset if swallowed. There are several factors to consider, including allergy or asthma flare-ups from indoor infestations and symptoms that warrant medical care. See the important details and next-step guidance below.

References:

Dettner K, & Pasteels JM. (2015). Harmonine, an alkaloid from the harlequin ladybird, modulates immune responses and displays antibacterial activity… PLoS One, 25992616.

D'Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, & Pagliaro L. (2006). Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studies… Journal of Hepatology, 16487863.

European Association for the Study of the Liver, & Asociación Latinoamericana para el Estudio del Hígado. (2015). EASL–ALEH clinical practice guidelines: non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis… Journal of Hepatology, 25911347.

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Q.

Can Lyme disease be misdiagnosed as depression?

A.

Lyme disease can sometimes be misdiagnosed as depression because they share similar symptoms, like fatigue and mood changes.

References:

Kobayashi T, Higgins Y, Melia MT, & Auwaerter PG. (2022). Many Diagnoses are Frequently Misattributed to Lyme .... The American journal of medicine, 34861197.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34861197/

Rebman AW, Bechtold KT, Yang T, Mihm EA, Soloski MJ, Novak CB, & Aucott JN. (2017). The Clinical, Symptom, and Quality-of-Life Characterization .... Frontiers in medicine, 29312942.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29312942/

Di Battista ME, Dell'Acqua C, Baroni L, Fenoglio C, Galimberti D, & Gallucci M. (2018). Frontotemporal Dementia Misdiagnosed for Post- .... Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 30282363.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30282363/

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Q.

Can Lyme disease cause chronic fatigue and vertigo?

A.

Lyme disease can cause symptoms like chronic fatigue and vertigo, especially if it affects the brain.

References:

Verma V, Roman M, Shah D, Zaretskaya M, & Yassin MH. (2014). A case of chronic progressive lyme encephalitis as .... Infectious disease reports, 25568755.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25568755/

Novak P. (2020). Post COVID-19 syndrome associated with orthostatic .... eNeurologicalSci, 32984564.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32984564/

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Q.

Do doctors agree on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic Lyme disease?

A.

Doctors do not fully agree on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic Lyme disease due to differing views on its persistence and the effectiveness of tests.

References:

Cameron DJ. (2009). Clinical trials validate the severity of persistent Lyme disease .... Medical hypotheses, 19013025.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19013025/

Best SJ, Tschaepe MI, & Wilson KM. (2019). Investigation of the performance of serological assays used .... PloS one, 31034492.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31034492/

Patrick DM, Miller RR, Gardy JL, Parker SM, Morshed MG, Steiner TS, et al. (2015). A Phenotype Similar to That of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 26082507.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26082507/

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Q.

Does delayed diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease increase the risk of chronic symptoms?

A.

Delayed diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease can lead to chronic symptoms, making it harder for patients to recover fully.

References:

Hirsch AG, Herman RJ, Rebman A, Moon KA, Aucott J, Heaney C, & Schwartz BS. (2018). Obstacles to diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease in .... BMJ open, 29895655.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29895655/

Bransfield RC, Goud Gadila SK, Kursawe LJ, Dwork AJ, Rosoklija G, Horn EJ, et al. (2024). Late-stage borreliosis and substance abuse. Heliyon, 38779029.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38779029/

Bonoldi VLN, Yoshinari NH, Trevisan G, & Bonin S. (2024). Baggio-Yoshinari Syndrome: A Report of Five Cases. Microorganisms, 39458417.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39458417/

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Q.

How can I prevent Lyme disease tick bites?

A.

To prevent Lyme disease tick bites, wear long sleeves and pants, use tick repellent, and check for ticks after being outdoors.

References:

Schwartz AM, Mackeprang JM, Mead PS, & Hinckley AF. (2022). A review of epidemiologic studies from the United States. Zoonoses and public health, 35791092.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35791092/

Richardson M, Khouja C, & Sutcliffe K. (2019). Interventions to prevent Lyme disease in humans. Preventive medicine reports, 30456054.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30456054/

Eisen L. (2022). Personal protection measures to prevent tick bites in the .... Ticks and tick-borne diseases, 35364518.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35364518/

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Q.

Is chronic Lyme disease accepted by doctors?

A.

Chronic Lyme disease is a controversial topic among doctors, with some accepting it and others questioning its validity.

References:

Koedel U, Fingerle V, & Pfister HW. (2015). Lyme neuroborreliosis-epidemiology, diagnosis and .... Nature reviews. Neurology, 26215621.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26215621/

Maloney EL. (2016). Controversies in Persistent (Chronic) Lyme Disease. Journal of infusion nursing : the official publication of the Infusion Nurses Society, 27755213.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27755213/

Lantos PM. (2015). Chronic Lyme disease. Infectious disease clinics of North America, 25999227.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25999227/

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Q.

Is there new research funding for chronic Lyme disease treatments?

A.

New research is focusing on improving how we classify and treat chronic Lyme disease, which could lead to better treatment options in the future.

References:

Fallon BA, Kuvaldina M, Zubcevik N, DeBiasi R, Mulkey SB, Chiu C, et al. (2025). Proposed research classification criteria for Lyme disease .... Frontiers in medicine, 40070652.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40070652/

Adkison H, & Embers ME. (2023). Lyme disease and the pursuit of a clinical cure. Frontiers in medicine, 37293310.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37293310/

Bobe JR, Jutras BL, Horn EJ, Embers ME, Bailey A, Moritz RL, et al. (2021). Recent Progress in Lyme Disease and Remaining .... Frontiers in medicine, 34485323.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34485323/

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Q.

What are some unproven treatments for chronic Lyme disease?

A.

Some unproven treatments for chronic Lyme disease include long-term antibiotics, herbal supplements, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. These treatments lack scientific support and may not be safe.

References:

Lantos PM, Shapiro ED, Auwaerter PG, Baker PJ, Halperin JJ, McSweegan E, & Wormser GP. (2015). Unorthodox alternative therapies marketed to treat Lyme .... Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 25852124.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25852124/

Auwaerter PG, Bakken JS, Dattwyler RJ, Dumler JS, Halperin JJ, McSweegan E, et al. (2011). Antiscience and ethical concerns associated with advocacy .... The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 21867956.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21867956/

Sakizadeh JR, Rothenberger MK, & Alpern JD. (2025). Characteristics of Clinics Offering Nontraditional Lyme .... Open forum infectious diseases, 40103734.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40103734/

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Q.

What are the symptoms of Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS)?

A.

Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS) can cause tiredness, joint and muscle pain, and trouble thinking clearly, even after Lyme disease treatment.

References:

Wester KE, Nwokeabia BC, Hassan R, Dunphy T, Osondu M, Wonders C, & Khaja M. (2024). Exploring the Mechanisms of Post-treatment Lyme Disease .... Cureus, 39161484.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39161484/

Aucott JN. (2015). Posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome. Infectious disease clinics of North America, 25999226.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25999226/

Bai NA, & Richardson CS. (2023). Posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome and myalgic .... Chronic diseases and translational medicine, 37711861.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37711861/

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Q.

What bacteria causes Lyme disease?

A.

Lyme disease is caused by bacteria called Borrelia, mainly Borrelia burgdorferi in the United States.

References:

Chomel B. (2015). Lyme disease. Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics), 26601457.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26601457/

Marques AR, Strle F, & Wormser GP. (2021). Comparison of Lyme Disease in the United States and .... Emerging infectious diseases, 34286689.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34286689/

Steere AC, Strle F, Wormser GP, Hu LT, Branda JA, Hovius JW, et al. (2016). Lyme borreliosis. Nature reviews. Disease primers, 27976670.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27976670/

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Q.

What does a Lyme disease rash look like?

A.

The Lyme disease rash, often called erythema migrans, usually looks like a red, circular patch that can expand and sometimes resembles a bull's-eye.

References:

Berger BW. (1989). Dermatologic manifestations of Lyme disease. Reviews of infectious diseases, 2814169.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2814169/

Müllegger RR, & Glatz M. (2008). Skin manifestations of lyme borreliosis: diagnosis and .... American journal of clinical dermatology, 18973402.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18973402/

Strle F, & Wormser GP. (2022). Early Lyme Disease (Erythema Migrans) and Its Mimics .... Infectious disease clinics of North America, 36116832.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36116832/

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Q.

What happens if Lyme disease is left untreated?

A.

If Lyme disease is left untreated, it can lead to serious health problems affecting the joints, heart, and nerves.

References:

Chodynicka B, Flisiak I, Lukaszuk C, & Bułhak V. (1997). [Late consequences of untreated lyme borreliosis]. Przeglad epidemiologiczny, 9562794.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9562794/

Szer IS, Taylor E, & Steere AC. (1991). The long-term course of Lyme arthritis in children. The New England journal of medicine, 2052061.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2052061/

Steere AC. (1995). Musculoskeletal manifestations of Lyme disease. The American journal of medicine, 7726191.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7726191/

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Q.

What is Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS)?

A.

Post-Treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome (PTLDS) happens when people still feel sick after getting treated for Lyme disease, even though the infection is gone.

References:

Aucott JN. (2015). Posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome. Infectious disease clinics of North America, 25999226.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25999226/

Wester KE, Nwokeabia BC, Hassan R, Dunphy T, Osondu M, Wonders C, & Khaja M. (2024). Exploring the Mechanisms of Post-treatment Lyme Disease .... Cureus, 39161484.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39161484/

Ścieszka J, Dąbek J, & Cieślik P. (2015). Post-Lyme disease syndrome. Reumatologia, 27407225.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27407225/

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Q.

What other diseases have symptoms similar to chronic Lyme disease?

A.

Chronic Lyme disease symptoms can be similar to those of chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and certain autoimmune diseases, making it challenging to diagnose.

References:

Bai NA, & Richardson CS. (2023). Posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome and myalgic .... Chronic diseases and translational medicine, 37711861.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37711861/

Seidel MF, Domene AB, & Vetter H. (2007). Differential diagnoses of suspected Lyme borreliosis or .... European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology, 17605053.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17605053/

Gaudino EA, Coyle PK, & Krupp LB. (1997). Post-Lyme syndrome and chronic fatigue .... Archives of neurology, 9362985.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9362985/

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Q.

What type of tick transmits Lyme disease?

A.

The black-legged tick, also known as the deer tick, is the type of tick that transmits Lyme disease.

References:

Bush LM, & Vazquez-Pertejo MT. (2018). Tick borne illness-Lyme disease. Disease-a-month : DM, 29402399.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29402399/

Lo Re V 3rd, Occi JL, & MacGregor RR. (2004). Identifying the vector of Lyme disease. American family physician, 15117014.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15117014/

Mead P. (2022). Epidemiology of Lyme Disease. Infectious disease clinics of North America, 36116831.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36116831/

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Q.

When are Lyme disease ticks most active?

A.

Lyme disease ticks are most active during the warmer months, especially in spring and summer.

References:

Burtis JC, Bjork J, Johnson TL, Schiffman E, Neitzel D, & Eisen RJ. (2023). Seasonal activity patterns of host-seeking Ixodes .... Journal of medical entomology, 37075475.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37075475/

Salkeld DJ, Castro MB, Bonilla D, Kjemtrup A, Kramer VL, Lane RS, & Padgett KA. (2014). Seasonal activity patterns of the western black-legged tick, .... Ticks and tick-borne diseases, 25113980.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25113980/

Piesman J, Mather TN, Dammin GJ, Telford SR 3rd, Lastavica CC, & Spielman A. (1987). Seasonal variation of transmission risk of Lyme disease .... American journal of epidemiology, 3687924.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3687924/

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Q.

Where are Lyme disease ticks found in the US?

A.

Lyme disease ticks, known as blacklegged ticks, are mainly found in the northeastern, north-central, and Pacific Coast areas of the United States.

References:

Burtis JC, Foster E, Schwartz AM, Kugeler KJ, Maes SE, Fleshman AC, & Eisen RJ. (2022). Predicting distributions of blacklegged ticks (Ixodes .... Ticks and tick-borne diseases, 35785605.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35785605/

Eisen L, & Eisen RJ. (2023). Changes in the geographic distribution of the blacklegged .... Ticks and tick-borne diseases, 37494882.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37494882/

Fleshman AC, Graham CB, Maes SE, Foster E, & Eisen RJ. (2021). Reported County-Level Distribution of Lyme Disease .... Journal of medical entomology, 33600574.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33600574/

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Q.

Why do some people have lingering Lyme disease symptoms?

A.

Some people have lingering symptoms after Lyme disease because their bodies react differently to the bacteria, causing ongoing issues even after treatment.

References:

Baarsma ME, & Hovius JW. (2024). Persistent Symptoms After Lyme Disease. The Journal of infectious diseases, 39140720.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39140720/

Wester KE, Nwokeabia BC, Hassan R, Dunphy T, Osondu M, Wonders C, & Khaja M. (2024). Exploring the Mechanisms of Post-treatment Lyme Disease .... Cureus, 39161484.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39161484/

Rebman AW, & Aucott JN. (2020). Post-treatment Lyme Disease as a Model for Persistent .... Frontiers in medicine, 32161761.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32161761/

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Q.

What do tick bites look like? Characteristics to distinguish tick bite marks.

A.

Tick bites can present with specific characteristics that help distinguish them from other insect bites. Recognizing these features is important for identifying potential tick-borne diseases, such as Lyme disease.

References:

Pearn J. The clinical features of tick bite. Med J Aust. 1977 Sep 3;2(10):313-8. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1977.tb99163.x. PMID: 927249.

Aberer E. What should one do in case of a tick bite? Curr Probl Dermatol. 2009;37:155-166. doi: 10.1159/000213073. Epub 2009 Apr 8. PMID: 19367100.

Stanek G, Strle F. Lyme borreliosis-from tick bite to diagnosis and treatment. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2018 May 1;42(3):233-258. doi: 10.1093/femsre/fux047. PMID: 29893904.

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Q.

Why do some bug bites become hard or swollen?

A.

Bug bites may get swollen, red or hardened due to an allergic reaction or infection.

References:

Gaunder BN. Insect bites and stings: managing allergic reactions. Nurse Pract. 1986 Mar;11(3):16, 19-22, 27-8. doi: 10.1097/00006205-198603000-00004. PMID: 2869463.

Bircher AJ. Systemic immediate allergic reactions to arthropod stings and bites. Dermatology. 2005;210(2):119-27. doi: 10.1159/000082567. PMID: 15724094.

Lee H, Halverson S, Mackey R. Insect Allergy. Prim Care. 2016 Sep;43(3):417-31. doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2016.04.010. PMID: 27545732.

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References