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Diarrhea
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Stomachache
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The chills
Stomachache gets worse when pressed
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What is Salmonellosis?
Salmonella infection (salmonellosis) is a common bacterial disease affecting the intestinal tract. It is usually caused by consuming raw or undercooked meat, poultry, eggs, or egg products.
Treatment of Salmonellosis
Since salmonella infection can lead to dehydration, treatment focuses on replenishing fluids and electrolytes either orally or intravenously. Additionally, antibiotics, antidiarrheals, and fever-reducing medications are prescribed.
Reviewed By:
Scott Nass, MD, MPA, FAAFP, AAHIVS (Primary Care)
Dr. Nass received dual medical degrees from the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Charles R. Drew University in Medicine and Science. He completed Family Medicine residency at Ventura County Medical Center with subsequent fellowships at Ventura, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, George Washington University, and University of California-Irvine. He holds faculty appointments at Keck School of Medicine of USC, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, and Western University of Health Sciences.
Yoshinori Abe, MD (Internal Medicine)
Dr. Abe graduated from The University of Tokyo School of Medicine in 2015. He completed his residency at the Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Longevity Medical Center. He co-founded Ubie, Inc. in May 2017, where he currently serves as CEO & product owner at Ubie. Since December 2019, he has been a member of the Special Committee for Activation of Research in Emergency AI of the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine. | | Dr. Abe has been elected in the 2020 Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia Healthcare & Science category.
Content updated on Mar 31, 2024
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
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Diseases Related to Salmonellosis
FAQs
Q.
Can a salmonella infection lead to a urinary tract infection (UTI), and how is it treated?
A.
Yes, a Salmonella infection can lead to a urinary tract infection (UTI), though it's rare. Treatment usually involves antibiotics, but the specific choice depends on the situation.
References:
Altaf A, Tunio N, Tunio S, Zafar MR, & Bajwa N. (2020). Salmonella Urinary Tract Infection and Bacteremia .... Cureus, 33489603.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33489603/
Ramos JM, Aguado JM, García-Corbeira P, Alés JM, & Soriano F. (1996). Clinical spectrum of urinary tract infections due on .... Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 8842280.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8842280/
Allerberger FJ, Dierich MP, Ebner A, Keating MR, Steckelberg JM, Yu PK, & Anhalt JP. (1992). Urinary tract infection caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella. Urologia internationalis, 1413301.
Q.
Can salmonella cause a rash, and if so, what does it look like?
A.
Yes, Salmonella can cause a rash, often appearing as small, red, flat spots on the skin, known as 'rose spots.'
References:
Marzano AV, Mercogliano M, Borghi A, Facchetti M, & Caputo R. (2003). Cutaneous infection caused by Salmonella typhi. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV, 12941099.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12941099/
Benhachem M, Hamami A, Elouali A, Babakhouya A, & Rkain M. (2024). Erythema Nodosum in a Pediatric Case. Cureus, 38962601.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38962601/
Hoffner RJ, Slaven E, Perez J, Magana RN, & Henderson SO. (2000). Emergency department presentations of typhoid fever. The Journal of emergency medicine, 11074322.
Q.
How can consumers ensure cucumbers are safe from salmonella contamination?
A.
To keep cucumbers safe from Salmonella, wash them well under running water and store them properly. Avoid cutting cucumbers until you're ready to eat them.
References:
Possas A, Posada-Izquierdo GD, Zurera G, & Pérez-Rodríguez F. (2021). Evaluating the fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and .... Food microbiology, 34119115.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34119115/
Sharma M, Dashiell G, Handy ET, East C, Reynnells R, White C, et al. (2017). Survival of Salmonella Newport on Whole and Fresh-Cut .... Journal of food protection, 28294684.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28294684/
Benitez JA, Aryal J, Lituma I, Moreira J, & Adhikari A. (2023). Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Aeration and .... Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 38201174.
Q.
How can I prevent salmonella poisoning from contaminated food?
A.
To prevent Salmonella poisoning, cook food thoroughly, avoid raw eggs, and practice good hygiene when handling food.
References:
Mitchell E, O'Mahony M, Lynch D, Ward LR, Rowe B, Uttley A, et al. (1989). Large outbreak of food poisoning caused by Salmonella .... BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2493310.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2493310/
White PM. (1986). Food poisoning in a hospital staff canteen. The Journal of infection, 3531352.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3531352/
Duguid JP, & North RA. (1991). Eggs and Salmonella food-poisoning: an evaluation. Journal of medical microbiology, 1990142.
Q.
How can you differentiate between general food poisoning and a specific salmonella infection?
A.
General food poisoning and Salmonella infections can both cause stomach problems, but Salmonella often has more specific symptoms and is linked to certain foods.
References:
D'Aoust JY. (1991). Pathogenicity of foodborne Salmonella. International journal of food microbiology, 2018704.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2018704/
Mintz ED, Cartter ML, Hadler JL, Wassell JT, Zingeser JA, & Tauxe RV. (1994). Dose-response effects in an outbreak of Salmonella .... Epidemiology and infection, 8119352.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8119352/
Lowther SA, Medus C, Scheftel J, Leano F, Jawahir S, & Smith K. (2011). Foodborne outbreak of Salmonella subspecies IV .... Zoonoses and public health, 21824356.
Q.
How do food recalls due to salmonella contamination typically occur?
A.
Food recalls due to Salmonella contamination happen when food is found to make people sick, often after testing or reports of illness. These recalls help keep people safe by removing the bad food from stores and homes.
References:
Seys SA, Sampedro F, & Hedberg CW. (2017). Assessment of Meat and Poultry Product Recalls Due to .... Journal of food protection, 28699785.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28699785/
Blickem ER, Bell JW, Baumgartel M, & DeBeer J. (2025). USDA Food Recalls for the Period 2012-2023 Compared .... Journal of food protection, 40139505.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40139505/
Qiu Q, Dewey-Mattia D, Subramhanya S, Cui Z, Griffin PM, Lance S, et al. (2021). Food recalls associated with foodborne disease outbreaks, .... Epidemiology and infection, 34275497.
Q.
How do the symptoms and transmission of salmonella differ from e. Coli?
A.
Salmonella and E. coli are both bacteria that can cause stomach problems, but they spread and cause symptoms differently. Salmonella often comes from contaminated food like eggs or poultry, while E. coli can spread through contaminated water or food.
References:
Winfield MD, & Groisman EA. (2004). Phenotypic differences between Salmonella and .... Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 15569938.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15569938/
Meysman P, Sánchez-Rodríguez A, Fu Q, Marchal K, & Engelen K. (2013). Expression divergence between Escherichia coli and .... Molecular biology and evolution, 23427276.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23427276/
Bhan MK, Khoshoo V, Sommerfelt H, Raj P, Sazawal S, & Srivastava R. (1989). Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli and Salmonella .... The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2671906.
Q.
How does salmonella contamination occur in eggs and how can it be prevented?
A.
Salmonella can get into eggs through infected chickens or contaminated surfaces, but cooking eggs thoroughly can help prevent illness.
References:
Whiley H, & Ross K. (2015). Salmonella and eggs: from production to plate. International journal of environmental research and public health, 25730295.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25730295/
Gast RK, Dittoe DK, & Ricke SC. (2024). Salmonella in eggs and egg-laying chickens: pathways to .... Critical reviews in microbiology, 36583653.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36583653/
Gantois I, Ducatelle R, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Gast R, Humphrey TJ, & Van Immerseel F. (2009). Mechanisms of egg contamination by Salmonella Enteritidis. FEMS microbiology reviews, 19207743.
Q.
How does salmonella typhimurium affect the body and what are its common sources?
A.
Salmonella Typhimurium can cause diarrhea and other symptoms by invading the gut, and it is commonly found in contaminated food and water.
References:
Wotzka SY, Nguyen BD, & Hardt WD. (2017). Salmonella Typhimurium Diarrhea Reveals Basic .... Cell host & microbe, 28407482.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28407482/
Perez-Sepulveda BM, & Hinton JCD. (2025). Salmonella Typhimurium: the master of the art of adaptation. Microbiology (Reading, England), 39786350.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39786350/
Dos Santos AMP, Ferrari RG, & Conte-Junior CA. (2019). Virulence Factors in Salmonella Typhimurium. Current microbiology, 29785632.
Q.
How effective are home test kits for detecting salmonella contamination in food?
A.
Home test kits for Salmonella can be effective, but their accuracy varies depending on the method used.
References:
Van Poucke LS. (1990). Salmonella-TEK, a rapid screening method for .... Applied and environmental microbiology, 2187406.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2187406/
Wan J, Guo J, Lu Z, Bie X, Lv F, & Zhao H. (2020). Development of a test kit for visual loop-mediated .... Journal of microbiological methods, 31891738.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31891738/
Bird CB, Miller RL, & Miller BM. (1999). Reveal for Salmonella test system. Journal of AOAC International, 10367381.
Q.
How is salmonella bacteria detected in food and water samples?
A.
Salmonella detection in food and water involves testing samples in a lab to find the bacteria, often using methods like culturing or molecular techniques.
References:
Kowalska B. (2023). Fresh vegetables and fruit as a source of Salmonella bacteria. Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM, 36999850.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36999850/
Oosterom J. (1991). Epidemiological studies and proposed preventive .... International journal of food microbiology, 2018705.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2018705/
Bonde GJ. (1981). Salmonella and other pathogenic bacteria. The Science of the total environment, 7233156.
Q.
How long does diarrhea typically last in a salmonella infection, and when should you seek medical attention?
A.
Diarrhea from a Salmonella infection usually lasts a few days to a week. Seek medical attention if it is severe, lasts more than a week, or if you have other symptoms like a high fever or dehydration.
References:
Khoshoo V, Raj P, Srivastava R, & Bhan MK. (1990). Salmonella typhimurium-associated severe protracted .... Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition, 2182815.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2182815/
Stutman HR. (1994). Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter. Pediatric annals, 7838603.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7838603/
Nelson SJ, & Granoff D. (1982). Salmonella gastroenteritis in the first three months of life. A .... Clinical pediatrics, 7140121.
Q.
In what environments is salmonella most commonly found, and how can exposure be minimized?
A.
Salmonella is commonly found in environments like farms with animals such as chickens and pigs. To reduce exposure, practice good hygiene, cook food thoroughly, and handle food safely.
References:
Flockhart L, Pintar K, Cook A, McEwen S, Friendship R, Kelton D, & Pollari F. (2017). Distribution of Salmonella in Humans, Production Animal .... Zoonoses and public health, 27345363.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27345363/
Fearnley E, Raupach J, Lagala F, & Cameron S. (2011). Salmonella in chicken meat, eggs and humans. International journal of food microbiology, 21429610.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21429610/
Foley SL, Lynne AM, & Nayak R. (2008). Salmonella challenges: prevalence in swine and poultry .... Journal of animal science, 17911227.
Q.
Is salmonella contagious from person to person, and if so, how does it spread?
A.
Salmonella can spread from person to person, usually through contact with feces from an infected person, especially in places like hospitals.
References:
Steere AC, Hall WJ 3rd, Wells JG, Craven PJ, Leotsakis N, Farmer JJ 3rd, & Gangarosa EJ. (1975). Person-to-person spread of Salmonella typhimurium after a .... Lancet (London, England), 46457.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/46457/
Qamar FN, Hussain W, & Qureshi S. (2022). Salmonellosis Including Enteric Fever. Pediatric clinics of North America, 34794677.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34794677/
Standaert SM, Hutcheson RH, & Schaffner W. (1994). Nosocomial transmission of Salmonella gastroenteritis to .... Infection control and hospital epidemiology, 8133005.
Q.
Is there a vaccine available for salmonella, and who should consider getting it?
A.
There are vaccines being developed for Salmonella, especially for those at higher risk of severe disease, but they are not widely available yet.
References:
Sears KT, Galen JE, & Tennant SM. (2021). Advances in the development of Salmonella-based .... Journal of applied microbiology, 33665941.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33665941/
MacLennan CA, Martin LB, & Micoli F. (2014). Vaccines against invasive Salmonella disease. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 24804797.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24804797/
Hanumunthadu B, Kanji N, Owino N, Ferreira Da Silva C, Robinson H, White R, et al. (2023). Salmonella Vaccine Study in Oxford (SALVO) trial. BMJ open, 37963701.
Q.
Under what circumstances can a salmonella infection become deadly?
A.
Salmonella infections can become deadly if they spread beyond the intestines, especially in people with weak immune systems, the elderly, or those with other health issues.
References:
Kennedy M, Villar R, Vugia DJ, Rabatsky-Ehr T, Farley MM, Pass M, et al. (2004). Hospitalizations and deaths due to Salmonella infections .... Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 15095183.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15095183/
Marchello CS, Birkhold M, Crump JA, & Vacc-iNTS consortium collaborators. (2022). Complications and mortality of non-typhoidal salmonella .... The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 35114140.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35114140/
Ayuti SR, Khairullah AR, Al-Arif MA, Lamid M, Warsito SH, Moses IB, et al. (2024). Tackling salmonellosis: A comprehensive exploration .... Open veterinary journal, 39055762.
Q.
What are the common sintomas (symptoms) of a salmonella infection?
A.
Common symptoms of a Salmonella infection include fever, stomach pain, diarrhea, and feeling very tired.
References:
Rubio Granda A, Fernández Miaja M, Delgado Nicolás S, Fernández Ibáñez A, Llaneza Velasco ME, & Alonso Álvarez MA. (2022). [Clinical and epidemiologic description of a severe .... Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia, 35429965.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35429965/
Parra-Payano VD, Rondón-Paz CR, & García C. (2019). [Invasive salmonellosis in a hospital in Lima, Peru]. Revista peruana de medicina experimental y salud publica, 31800940.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31800940/
Sanhueza Palma NC, Farías Molina S, Calzadilla Riveras J, & Hermoso A. (2016). Typhoid fever: case report and literature review. Medwave, 27392073.
Q.
What are the common symptoms of a salmonella infection, and how soon after exposure do they typically appear?
A.
Common symptoms of a Salmonella infection include diarrhea, fever, and stomach cramps, usually appearing 6 hours to 6 days after exposure.
References:
Iushchuk ND, Brodov LE, Chekalina KI, Golokhvastova EL, Voronin VIu, Maleev VV, et al. (1990). [Clinical characteristics of the outbreak of Salmonella infection .... Klinicheskaia meditsina, 2084343.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2084343
Goldberg MB, & Rubin RH. (1988). The spectrum of Salmonella infection. Infectious disease clinics of North America, 3074116.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3074116/
Nelson SJ, & Granoff D. (1982). Salmonella gastroenteritis in the first three months of life. A .... Clinical pediatrics, 7140121.
Q.
What are the most common food sources that can harbor salmonella bacteria?
A.
Salmonella bacteria are commonly found in foods like raw chicken, eggs, and some vegetables. Eating these foods without proper cooking or handling can make people sick.
References:
Rose EB, Steele MK, Tolar B, Pettengill J, Batz M, Bazaco M, et al. (2025). Attribution of Salmonella enterica to Food Sources by .... Emerging infectious diseases, 40133041.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40133041/
Pires SM, Vieira AR, Hald T, & Cole D. (2014). Source attribution of human salmonellosis: an overview .... Foodborne pathogens and disease, 24885917.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24885917/
Malkiely Y, Endeshaw G, Maler I, & Elnekave E. (2025). Non-typhoidal Salmonella contamination of food sources .... Preventive veterinary medicine, 40081183.
Q.
What are the primary sources of salmonella enteritidis and how can it be prevented?
A.
Salmonella Enteritidis mainly comes from infected poultry and eggs. To prevent it, cook eggs and poultry well and keep them clean.
References:
Suzuki S. (1994). Pathogenicity of Salmonella enteritidis in poultry. International journal of food microbiology, 8155481.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8155481/
Gantois I, Ducatelle R, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Gast R, Humphrey TJ, & Van Immerseel F. (2009). Mechanisms of egg contamination by Salmonella Enteritidis. FEMS microbiology reviews, 19207743.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19207743/
Mishu B, Koehler J, Lee LA, Rodrigue D, Brenner FH, Blake P, & Tauxe RV. (1994). Outbreaks of Salmonella enteritidis infections in the United .... The Journal of infectious diseases, 8158026.
Q.
What are the risks of consuming raw eggs in terms of salmonella infection?
A.
Eating raw eggs can lead to Salmonella infection, which causes stomach problems and can be serious, especially for certain people.
References:
Mackenzie AR, Laing RB, Cadwgan AM, Reid TM, & Smith CC. (1998). Raw egg ingestion and salmonellosis in body builders. Scottish medical journal, 9854301.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9854301/
Whiley H, & Ross K. (2015). Salmonella and eggs: from production to plate. International journal of environmental research and public health, 25730295.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25730295/
Hayes S, Nylen G, Smith R, Salmon RL, & Palmer SR. (1999). Undercooked hens eggs remain a risk factor for sporadic .... Communicable disease and public health, 10462901.
Q.
What are the risks of salmonella infection during pregnancy and how can it be prevented?
A.
Salmonella infection during pregnancy can cause serious health issues, but can be prevented by practicing good food safety habits.
References:
Scialli AR, & Rarick TL. (1992). Salmonella sepsis and second-trimester pregnancy loss. Obstetrics and gynecology, 1565377.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1565377/
Tam C, Erebara A, & Einarson A. (2010). Food-borne illnesses during pregnancy: prevention and .... Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien, 20393091.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20393091/
Perry ID, Nguyen T, Sherina V, Love TMT, Miller RK, Krishnan L, & Murphy SP. (2019). Analysis of the capacity of Salmonella enterica .... Placenta, 31477206.
Q.
What are the specific symptoms and risks associated with salmonella typhi?
A.
Salmonella Typhi causes symptoms like fever and stomach pain, and it can be dangerous if not treated, leading to serious health problems.
References:
Johnson R, Mylona E, & Frankel G. (2018). Typhoidal Salmonella: Distinctive virulence factors and .... Cellular microbiology, 30030897.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30030897/
Zhang LF, Lepenies B, Nakamae S, Young BM, Santos RL, Raffatellu M, et al. (2022). The Vi Capsular Polysaccharide of Salmonella Typhi .... mBio, 36286551.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36286551/
Nickerson KP, Senger S, Zhang Y, Lima R, Patel S, Ingano L, et al. (2018). Salmonella Typhi Colonization Provokes Extensive .... EBioMedicine, 29735417.
Q.
What cooking practices can prevent salmonella contamination from chicken?
A.
To prevent Salmonella from chicken, cook it thoroughly and avoid cross-contamination with other foods.
References:
Oscar TP. (2017). Risk of Salmonellosis from Chicken Parts Prepared .... Journal of food protection, 28800246.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28800246/
Dominguez SA, & Schaffner DW. (2009). Survival of salmonella in processed chicken products .... Journal of food protection, 19833031.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19833031/
Ford L, Buuck S, Eisenstein T, Cote A, McCormic ZD, Kremer-Caldwell S, et al. (2023). Salmonella Outbreaks Associated with Not Ready-to-Eat .... MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 37141151.
Q.
What distinguishes salmonella enterica from other types of salmonella?
A.
Salmonella Enterica is a specific type of Salmonella that is known for causing infections in humans and animals, and it has unique genetic traits that help it survive and spread.
References:
Han J, Aljahdali N, Zhao S, Tang H, Harbottle H, Hoffmann M, et al. (2024). Infection biology of Salmonella enterica. EcoSal Plus, 38415623.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38415623/
Rooke JL, Goodall ECA, Pullela K, Da Costa R, Martinelli N, Smith C, et al. (2024). Genome-wide fitness analysis of Salmonella enterica .... mBio, 39287440.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39287440/
Jajere SM. (2019). A review of Salmonella enterica with particular focus on the .... Veterinary world, 31190705.
Q.
What foods are most commonly associated with salmonella food poisoning?
A.
Salmonella food poisoning is often linked to foods like raw or undercooked poultry, eggs, and sometimes contaminated fruits and vegetables.
References:
Foley SL, & Lynne AM. (2008). Food animal-associated Salmonella challenges. Journal of animal science, 17878285.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17878285/
Ekperigin HE, & Nagaraja KV. (1998). Microbial food borne pathogens. Salmonella. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice, 9532664.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9532664/
Motladiile TW, Tumbo JM, Malumba A, Adeoti B, Masekwane NJ, Mokate OMR, & Sebekedi OC. (2019). Salmonella food-poisoning outbreak linked to the .... Southern African journal of infectious diseases, 34485457.
Q.
What precautions should be taken to prevent salmonella contamination in flour?
A.
To prevent Salmonella in flour, make sure to cook it thoroughly and store it properly to kill any bacteria.
References:
Michael M, Acuff JC, Vega D, Sekhon AS, Channaiah LH, & Phebus RK. (2022). Survivability and thermal resistance of Salmonella .... International journal of food microbiology, 34872756.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34872756/
VanCauwenberge JE, Bothast RJ, & Kwolek WF. (1981). Thermal inactivation of eight Salmonella serotypes on dry .... Applied and environmental microbiology, 7337467.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7337467/
Forghani F, den Bakker M, Liao JY, Payton AS, Futral AN, & Diez-Gonzalez F. (2019). Effects of Long-Term Storage and Thermal Treatments. Frontiers in microbiology, 30853953.
Q.
What steps should be taken if eggs you purchased are part of a salmonella recall?
A.
If your eggs are part of a Salmonella recall, don't eat them and return them to the store for a refund.
References:
Kuehn BM. (2010). Salmonella Cases Traced to Egg Producers. JAMA, 20858872.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20858872/
Frisby BN, Veil SR, & Sellnow TL. (2014). Instructional messages during health-related crises. Health communication, 23799808.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23799808/
Blickem ER, Bell JW, Baumgartel M, & DeBeer J. (2025). USDA Food Recalls for the Period 2012-2023 Compared .... Journal of food protection, 40139505.
Q.
What tests are used to diagnose a salmonella infection in patients?
A.
Salmonella infections can be diagnosed using serological tests, specific enzyme tests, and rapid diagnostic methods.
References:
Isomäki O, Vuento R, & Granfors K. (1989). Serological diagnosis of salmonella infections by enzyme .... Lancet (London, England), 2567429.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2567429/
Olsson M, Syk A, & Wollin R. (1991). Identification of Salmonellae with the 4-methylumbelliferyl .... Journal of clinical microbiology, 1774276.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1774276/
Edel B, Glöckner S, Stoll S, Lindig N, Boden K, Wassill L, et al. (2023). Development of a rapid diagnostic test based on loop- .... European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology, 36810725.
Q.
When are antibiotics recommended for treating a salmonella infection?
A.
Antibiotics are usually not needed for Salmonella infections unless the person is very young, very old, or has a weak immune system.
References:
Sirinavin S, & Garner P. (2000). Antibiotics for treating salmonella gut infections. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 10796610.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10796610/
Wen SC, Best E, & Nourse C. (2017). Non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in children. Journal of paediatrics and child health, 28556448.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28556448/
Bula-Rudas FJ, Rathore MH, & Maraqa NF. (2015). Salmonella Infections in Childhood. Advances in pediatrics, 26205108.
Q.
Where does salmonella bacteria typically originate and how does it spread?
A.
Salmonella bacteria often come from fresh fruits and vegetables and can spread through contaminated food and water.
References:
Hanning IB, Nutt JD, & Ricke SC. (2009). Salmonellosis outbreaks in the United States due to fresh .... Foodborne pathogens and disease, 19580447.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19580447/
Kowalska B. (2023). Fresh vegetables and fruit as a source of Salmonella bacteria. Annals of agricultural and environmental medicine : AAEM, 36999850.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36999850/
Berger CN, Sodha SV, Shaw RK, Griffin PM, Pink D, Hand P, & Frankel G. (2010). Fresh fruit and vegetables as vehicles for the transmission .... Environmental microbiology, 20636374.
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Our symptom checker AI is continuously refined with input from experienced physicians, empowering them to make more accurate diagnoses.
Ubie is recognized by healthcare and tech leaders
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Health Companies”
Newsweek 2024
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Google Play Best of 2023
“Best in Class”
Digital Health Awards 2023 (Quarterfinalist)
Which is the best Symptom Checker?
Ubie’s symptom checker demonstrated a Top-10 hit accuracy of 71.6%, surpassing the performance of several leading symptom checkers in the market, which averaged around 60% accuracy in similar assessments.
Link to full study:
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.24312810v1References
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https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article/26/2/141/653178Jazeela K, Chakraborty A, Karunasagar I, Deekshit VK. Nontyphoidal Salmonella: a potential anticancer agent. J Appl Microbiol. 2020 Jan;128(1):2-14. doi: 10.1111/jam.14297. Epub 2019 Jul 4. PMID: 31038778.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jam.14297Nair S, Patel V, Hickey T, Maguire C, Greig DR, Lee W, Godbole G, Grant K, Chattaway MA. Real-Time PCR Assay for Differentiation of Typhoidal and Nontyphoidal <i>Salmonella</i>. J Clin Microbiol. 2019 Jul 26;57(8):e00167-19. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00167-19. PMID: 31167843; PMCID: PMC6663909.
https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JCM.00167-19Chatfield SN, Strugnell RA, Dougan G. Live Salmonella as vaccines and carriers of foreign antigenic determinants. Vaccine. 1989 Dec;7(6):495-8. doi: 10.1016/0264-410x(89)90271-5. PMID: 2481908.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0264410X89902715?via%3Dihub