Prostate Cancer Quiz
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Frequent urination
Pelvic pain
Pain in lower left abdomen
Urinary incontinence
Frequent urination at night
Pain in lower abdomen
Blood in pee
Urinary urgency
Difficulty urinating
Tea colored urine
Weak urine stream
Pain when urinating
Not seeing your symptoms? No worries!
What is Prostate Cancer?
Prostate cancer starts in the cells of the prostate which is a gland in the male reproductive system. Men are usually diagnosed by a blood test called the PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen). When it reaches a certain value, men are usually referred to a urologist for evaluation.
Typical Symptoms of Prostate Cancer
- Having difficulty urinating or producing less urine
- Often need to urinate again within 2 hours after last going
- Urine stream is weaker than it used to be
- Family history of prostate cancer
- Urine flow stops and starts
- Difficulty standing up from sitting position
- Stomach or abdominal pain
- Difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection
Diagnostic Questions for Prostate Cancer
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this disease:
- Have you been experiencing difficulty urinating or producing less urine?
- Do you often need to urinate again within 2 hours after last going?
- Is your urine stream weaker than it used to be?
- Any family history of prostate cancer?
- Does your urine flow stop and start?
Treatment of Prostate Cancer
The urologist will confirm the diagnosis with a prostate biopsy and suggest a treatment plan. Tests will usually be performed to determine if the cancer has spread beyond the prostate. In some cases, the cancer grows slowly and may only need observation. If treatment is necessary, options surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these.
Reviewed By:
Robin Schoenthaler, MD (Oncology)
Board certified radiation oncologist with over 30 years experience treating cancer patients. Senior physician advisor for expert medical options in adult oncology. Published award-winning essayist on medical and health issues and more.
Nao Saito, MD (Urology)
After graduating from Tokyo Women's Medical University School of Medicine, Dr. Saito worked at Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Toda Chuo General Hospital, Tokyo Women's Medical University Yachiyo Medical Center, and Ako Chuo Hospital before becoming Deputy Director (current position) at Takasaki Tower Clinic Department of Ophthalmology and Urology in April 2020.
Content updated on Jul 18, 2024
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
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People with similar symptoms also use Ubie's symptom checker to find possible causes
- Decreased urine output
- Not peeing enough
- Drinking lots of water but not urinating much
- No urine output in 12 hours
- Incomplete bladder emptying
- Urinating less than normal
- Very difficult to urinate
- Reduction in urine volume
- Unable to empty bladder completely
- Urinary hesitancy
- Feeling of incomplete urination
- Incomplete bladder emptying
- Dribble after urination
- Waking up to pee at night
- Decrease urine output
See full list
Symptoms Related to Prostate Cancer
Diseases Related to Prostate Cancer
FAQs
Q.
What Is the Life Expectancy for Stage 4 Prostate Cancer?
A.
The life expectancy for individuals diagnosed with stage 4 prostate cancer, also known as metastatic prostate cancer, can vary significantly based on several factors, including overall health, response to treatment, and specific characteristics of the cancer. On average, the median survival for patients with stage 4 prostate cancer is approximately 2 to 3 years, but some patients may live longer, especially with advancements in treatment options.
References:
Siegel DA, O'Neil ME, Richards TB, Dowling NF, Weir HK. Prostate Cancer Incidence and Survival, by Stage and Race/Ethnicity - United States, 2001-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Oct 16;69(41):1473-1480. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6941a1. PMID: 33056955; PMCID: PMC7561091.
Würnschimmel C, Wenzel M, Collà Ruvolo C, Nocera L, Tian Z, Saad F, Briganti A, Shariat SF, Mirone V, Chun FK, Tilki D, Graefen M, Karakiewicz PI. Life expectancy in metastatic prostate cancer patients according to racial/ethnic groups. Int J Urol. 2021 Aug;28(8):862-869. doi: 10.1111/iju.14595. Epub 2021 May 15. PMID: 33993551.
Lin J, Nousome D, Jiang J, Chesnut GT, Shriver CD, Zhu K. Five-year survival of patients with late-stage prostate cancer: comparison of the Military Health System and the U.S. general population. Br J Cancer. 2023 Apr;128(6):1070-1076. doi: 10.1038/s41416-022-02136-3. Epub 2023 Jan 6. PMID: 36609596; PMCID: PMC10006403.
Q.
What Are the Most Common Symptoms of Prostate Cancer?
A.
Common symptoms of prostate cancer include trouble urinating, frequent urination, especially at night, and pain in the back, hips, or pelvis.
References:
Rebello RJ, Oing C, Knudsen KE, Loeb S, Johnson DC, Reiter RE, et al. (2021). Prostate cancer. Nature reviews. Disease primers, 33542230.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33542230/
Rawla P. (2019). Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer. World journal of oncology, 31068988.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31068988/
Merriel SWD, Funston G, & Hamilton W. (2018). Prostate Cancer in Primary Care. Advances in therapy, 30097885.
Q.
What Are the Latest Advancements in Prostate Cancer Treatment?
A.
Recent advancements in prostate cancer treatment include new drugs, improved imaging techniques, and personalized therapies that target the cancer more effectively.
References:
Posdzich P, Darr C, Hilser T, Wahl M, Herrmann K, Hadaschik B, & Grünwald V. (2023). Metastatic Prostate Cancer-A Review of Current Treatment .... Cancers, 36672410.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36672410/
Atiq M, Chandran E, Karzai F, Madan RA, & Aragon-Ching JB. (2023). Emerging treatment options for prostate cancer. Expert review of anticancer therapy, 37101345.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37101345/
Williams IS, McVey A, Perera S, O'Brien JS, Kostos L, Chen K, et al. (2022). Modern paradigms for prostate cancer detection and .... The Medical journal of Australia, 36183329.
Q.
How Can I Recognize the Early Signs of Prostate Cancer?
A.
Early signs of prostate cancer can include difficulty urinating, frequent urination, especially at night, and pain or burning during urination. However, many men with early prostate cancer have no symptoms at all.
References:
Merriel SWD, Funston G, & Hamilton W. (2018). Prostate Cancer in Primary Care. Advances in therapy, 30097885.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30097885/
Hamilton W, Sharp DJ, Peters TJ, & Round AP. (2006). Clinical features of prostate cancer before diagnosis. The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 17007705.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17007705/
Frydenberg M, & Wijesinha S. (2007). Diagnosing prostate cancer - what GPs need to know. Australian family physician, 17492070.
Q.
What Are the Signs Indicating That Prostate Cancer Is in Its Final Stages?
A.
In the final stages of prostate cancer, common signs include severe pain, fatigue, weight loss, and difficulty urinating.
References:
Batra A, Yang L, Boyne DJ, Harper A, Cuthbert CA, & Cheung WY. (2021). Symptom burden in patients with common cancers near .... Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer, 33104922.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33104922/
Lindqvist O, Rasmussen BH, Widmark A, & Hydén LC. (2008). Time and bodily changes in advanced prostate cancer. Journal of pain and symptom management, 18504095.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18504095/
Nakamura T, Katou H, Makino T, Okugi H, & Okazaki H. (2010). [Symptoms of prostate cancer that required treatment in the .... Hinyokika kiyo. Acta urologica Japonica, 20104003.
Q.
How Does the Survival Rate for Prostate Cancer Vary by Stage?
A.
Survival rates for prostate cancer depend on the stage at diagnosis, with earlier stages generally having higher survival rates.
References:
Siegel DA, O'Neil ME, Richards TB, Dowling NF, & Weir HK. (2020). Prostate Cancer Incidence and Survival, by Stage .... MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 33056955.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33056955/
Stenzl A, & Studer UE. (1993). Outcome of patients with untreated cancer of the prostate. European urology, 8365427.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8365427/
Lu-Yao GL, & Yao SL. (1997). Population-based study of long-term survival in patients .... Lancet (London, England), 9093251.
Q.
What Is the Longest Recorded Survival Time for Someone with Stage 4 Prostate Cancer?
A.
Some patients with stage 4 prostate cancer have survived for 10 years or more, with certain cases even reaching 20 years after treatment.
References:
Tangen CM, Faulkner JR, Crawford ED, Thompson IM, Hirano D, Eisenberger M, & Hussain M. (2003). Ten-year survival in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Clinical prostate cancer, 15046683.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15046683/
Ciszewski A, Shackleton D, & Beer TM. (2008). Long-term remission of metastatic small cell carcinoma .... Urology, 18342209.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18342209/
Mitchell CR, Boorjian SA, Umbreit EC, Rangel LJ, Carlson RE, & Karnes RJ. (2012). 20-Year survival after radical prostatectomy as initial .... BJU international, 22934913.
Q.
How Is the PSA Test Used in Diagnosing Prostate Cancer?
A.
The PSA test measures the level of prostate-specific antigen in the blood, which can help detect prostate cancer early, but higher levels can also be due to other conditions.
References:
Catalona WJ, Smith DS, & Ornstein DK. (1997). Prostate cancer detection in men with serum PSA .... JAMA, 9145717.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9145717/
Gao Y, Zhang M, Li X, Zeng P, Wang P, & Zhang L. (2019). Serum PSA levels in patients with prostate cancer and .... Progress in molecular biology and translational science, 30905464.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30905464/
Nogueira L, Corradi R, & Eastham JA. (2009). Prostatic specific antigen for prostate cancer detection. International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology, 19860930.
Q.
What Are the Different Stages of Prostate Cancer and Their Characteristics?
A.
Prostate cancer is staged from I to IV, with Stage I being the least advanced and Stage IV the most advanced, indicating spread to other parts of the body.
References:
Bostwick DG, Myers RP, & Oesterling JE. (1994). Staging of prostate cancer. Seminars in surgical oncology, 7509505.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7509505/
Bostwick DG. (1997). Staging prostate cancer--1997: current methods and .... European urology, 9267781.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9267781/
Cheng L, Montironi R, Bostwick DG, Lopez-Beltran A, & Berney DM. (2012). Staging of prostate cancer. Histopathology, 22212080.
Q.
Are There Any Reliable Methods to Check for Prostate Cancer at Home?
A.
There are methods to collect samples at home that can help check for prostate cancer, but they usually need to be sent to a lab for analysis.
References:
Webb M, Manley K, Olivan M, Guldvik I, Palczynska M, Hurst R, et al. (2020). Methodology for the at-home collection of urine samples .... BioTechniques, 31779479.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31779479/
Leach FS, Koh MS, Chan YW, Bark S, Ray R, Morton RA, & Remaley AT. (2005). Prostate specific antigen as a clinical biomarker for .... Cancer biology & therapy, 15846084.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15846084/
Moul JW, & Sant GR. (2022). The Exosome Diagnostics (EPI) prostate cancer biomarker .... The Canadian journal of urology, 35969726.
Q.
What Does It Mean When Prostate Cancer Becomes Metastatic?
A.
When prostate cancer becomes metastatic, it means the cancer has spread from the prostate to other parts of the body, making it more challenging to treat.
References:
Posdzich P, Darr C, Hilser T, Wahl M, Herrmann K, Hadaschik B, & Grünwald V. (2023). Metastatic Prostate Cancer-A Review of Current Treatment .... Cancers, 36672410.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36672410/
Dong L, Zieren RC, Xue W, de Reijke TM, & Pienta KJ. (2019). Metastatic prostate cancer remains incurable, why?. Asian journal of urology, 30775246.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30775246/
Achard V, Putora PM, Omlin A, Zilli T, & Fischer S. (2022). Metastatic Prostate Cancer: Treatment Options. Oncology, 34781285.
Q.
What Are the Potential Risks and Benefits of Prostate Cancer Surgery?
A.
Prostate cancer surgery, like radical prostatectomy, can help remove cancer but may lead to risks such as urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction.
References:
Costello AJ. (2020). Considering the role of radical prostatectomy in 21st .... Nature reviews. Urology, 32086498.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32086498/
Sebesta EM, & Anderson CB. (2017). The Surgical Management of Prostate Cancer. Seminars in oncology, 29580436.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29580436/
Kim EH, & Bullock AD. (2018). Surgical Management for Prostate Cancer. Missouri medicine, 30228706.
Q.
At What Age Should Men Start Screening for Prostate Cancer?
A.
Men should start discussing prostate cancer screening with their doctor around age 50, but those at higher risk may need to start earlier.
References:
Wei JT, Barocas D, Carlsson S, Coakley F, Eggener S, Etzioni R, et al. (2023). AUA/SUO Guideline Part I: Prostate Cancer Screening. The Journal of urology, 37096582.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37096582/
Catalona WJ. (2018). Prostate Cancer Screening. The Medical clinics of North America, 29406053.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29406053/
Xu J, McPharlin S, & Mulhem E. (2024). Prostate Cancer Screening: Common Questions and .... American family physician, 39556631.
Q.
Is Prostate Cancer Considered Curable If Detected Early?
A.
Prostate cancer can often be cured if it is found early and treated properly.
References:
Sekhoacha M, Riet K, Motloung P, Gumenku L, Adegoke A, & Mashele S. (2022). Prostate Cancer Review: Genetics, Diagnosis, Treatment .... Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 36080493.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36080493/
Narain V, Cher ML, & Wood DP Jr. (2002). Prostate cancer diagnosis, staging and survival. Cancer metastasis reviews, 12400994.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12400994/
Rebello RJ, Oing C, Knudsen KE, Loeb S, Johnson DC, Reiter RE, et al. (2021). Prostate cancer. Nature reviews. Disease primers, 33542230.
Q.
What Are the Main Causes of Prostate Cancer?
A.
Prostate cancer can be caused by a mix of genetic factors, age, and lifestyle choices like diet and exercise.
References:
Chan JM, Stampfer MJ, & Giovannucci EL. (1998). What causes prostate cancer? A brief summary of the .... Seminars in cancer biology, 9870033.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9870033/
Bashir MN. (2015). Epidemiology of Prostate Cancer. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP, 26225642.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26225642/
Wilson KM, & Mucci LA. (2019). Diet and Lifestyle in Prostate Cancer. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 31900902.
Q.
What Is the Average Survival Rate for Stage 4 Prostate Cancer?
A.
The average survival rate for stage 4 prostate cancer varies, but it is generally lower than earlier stages due to the cancer spreading to other parts of the body.
References:
Tangen CM, Faulkner JR, Crawford ED, Thompson IM, Hirano D, Eisenberger M, & Hussain M. (2003). Ten-year survival in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Clinical prostate cancer, 15046683.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15046683/
Hsiao W, Moses KA, Goodman M, Jani AB, Rossi PJ, & Master VA. (2010). Stage IV prostate cancer: survival differences in clinical T4, .... The Journal of urology, 20620410.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20620410/
Siegel DA, O'Neil ME, Richards TB, Dowling NF, & Weir HK. (2020). Prostate Cancer Incidence and Survival, by Stage .... MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 33056955.
Q.
Is It Possible for Women to Develop Prostate Cancer?
A.
Women can develop a form of prostate cancer, especially if they have tissues similar to the prostate gland.
References:
Thum S, Haben B, Christ G, & Sen Gupta R. (2017). [Female prostate cancer?]. Der Pathologe, 28730423.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28730423/
Bertoncelli Tanaka M, Sahota K, Burn J, Falconer A, Winkler M, Ahmed HU, et al. (2022). Prostate cancer in transgender women: what does a .... BJU international, 34157213.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34157213/
Sanches BDA, Carvalho HF, Maldarine JS, Biancardi MF, Santos FCA, Vilamaior PSL, & Taboga SR. (2020). Differences between male and female prostates in terms .... Cell biology international, 31393043.
Q.
What Are the Treatment Options for Stage 3 Prostate Cancer?
A.
Stage 3 prostate cancer can be treated with surgery, radiation, and hormone therapy. The choice depends on the cancer's specifics and the patient's health.
References:
Newling DW. (1997). Clinical assessment and management of stage T3 prostate .... European urology, 9267786.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9267786/
Amiya Y, Yamada Y, Sugiura M, Sasaki M, Shima T, Suzuki N, et al. (2017). Treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer (Stage T3). Japanese journal of clinical oncology, 28096182.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28096182/
Freedland SJ, Partin AW, Humphreys EB, Mangold LA, & Walsh PC. (2007). Radical prostatectomy for clinical stage T3a disease. Cancer, 17315165.
Q.
What Are the Various Treatment Options Available for Prostate Cancer?
A.
Prostate cancer treatment includes surgery, radiation, hormone therapy, and newer options like targeted therapies and immunotherapy. Treatment choice depends on the cancer's stage and other factors.
References:
Sekhoacha M, Riet K, Motloung P, Gumenku L, Adegoke A, & Mashele S. (2022). Prostate Cancer Review: Genetics, Diagnosis, Treatment .... Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 36080493.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36080493/
Posdzich P, Darr C, Hilser T, Wahl M, Herrmann K, Hadaschik B, & Grünwald V. (2023). Metastatic Prostate Cancer-A Review of Current Treatment .... Cancers, 36672410.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36672410/
Atiq M, Chandran E, Karzai F, Madan RA, & Aragon-Ching JB. (2023). Emerging treatment options for prostate cancer. Expert review of anticancer therapy, 37101345.
Q.
How Does the Prognosis for Prostate Cancer Vary with Age and Stage?
A.
Prostate cancer prognosis can differ based on age and cancer stage, with older age and advanced stages generally leading to poorer outcomes.
References:
Siegel DA, O'Neil ME, Richards TB, Dowling NF, & Weir HK. (2020). Prostate Cancer Incidence and Survival, by Stage .... MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 33056955.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33056955/
Clark R, Vesprini D, & Narod SA. (2022). The Effect of Age on Prostate Cancer Survival. Cancers, 36077685.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36077685/
Pettersson A, Robinson D, Garmo H, Holmberg L, & Stattin P. (2018). Age at diagnosis and prostate cancer treatment .... Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology, 29161337.
Q.
What Lifestyle Changes Can Help in Reducing the Risk of Developing Prostate Cancer?
A.
Eating healthy foods, staying active, and maintaining a healthy weight can help lower the risk of prostate cancer.
References:
Cuzick J, Thorat MA, Andriole G, Brawley OW, Brown PH, Culig Z, et al. (2014). Prevention and early detection of prostate cancer. The Lancet. Oncology, 25281467.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25281467/
Wilson KM, & Mucci LA. (2019). Diet and Lifestyle in Prostate Cancer. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 31900902.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31900902/
Ballon-Landa E, & Parsons JK. (2018). Nutrition, physical activity, and lifestyle factors in prostate .... Current opinion in urology, 29049045.
Q.
What Does a High PSA Level Indicate in the Context of Prostate Cancer?
A.
A high PSA level can be a sign of prostate cancer, but it can also be caused by other conditions like an enlarged prostate or infection.
References:
Catalona WJ, Smith DS, & Ornstein DK. (1997). Prostate cancer detection in men with serum PSA .... JAMA, 9145717.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9145717/
Gao Y, Zhang M, Li X, Zeng P, Wang P, & Zhang L. (2019). Serum PSA levels in patients with prostate cancer and .... Progress in molecular biology and translational science, 30905464.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30905464/
Nogueira L, Corradi R, & Eastham JA. (2009). Prostatic specific antigen for prostate cancer detection. International braz j urol : official journal of the Brazilian Society of Urology, 19860930.
Q.
What Tests Are Commonly Used to Diagnose Prostate Cancer?
A.
Prostate cancer diagnosis often involves a blood test called PSA and sometimes a physical exam called a DRE.
References:
Xu J, McPharlin S, & Mulhem E. (2024). Prostate Cancer Screening: Common Questions and .... American family physician, 39556631.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39556631
Carlsson SV, & Vickers AJ. (2020). Screening for Prostate Cancer. The Medical clinics of North America, 33099450.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33099450/
Wei JT, Barocas D, Carlsson S, Coakley F, Eggener S, Etzioni R, et al. (2023). AUA/SUO Guideline Part I: Prostate Cancer Screening. The Journal of urology, 37096582.
Q.
How Does the Survival Rate of Prostate Cancer Vary by Age Group?
A.
Prostate cancer survival rates tend to decrease with increasing age, meaning younger men generally have better survival rates compared to older men.
References:
Clark R, Vesprini D, & Narod SA. (2022). The Effect of Age on Prostate Cancer Survival. Cancers, 36077685.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36077685/
Siegel DA, O'Neil ME, Richards TB, Dowling NF, & Weir HK. (2020). Prostate Cancer Incidence and Survival, by Stage .... MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 33056955.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33056955/
Grönberg H, Damber JE, Jonsson H, & Lenner P. (1994). Patient age as a prognostic factor in prostate cancer. The Journal of urology, 8051746.
Q.
What Steps Are Involved in Diagnosing Prostate Cancer?
A.
Diagnosing prostate cancer involves a few key steps, including a PSA blood test, a digital rectal exam, and sometimes a biopsy to check for cancer cells.
References:
Sekhoacha M, Riet K, Motloung P, Gumenku L, Adegoke A, & Mashele S. (2022). Prostate Cancer Review: Genetics, Diagnosis, Treatment .... Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 36080493.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36080493/
Pinthus JH, Pacik D, & Ramon J. (2007). Diagnosis of prostate cancer. Recent results in cancer research. Fortschritte der Krebsforschung. Progres dans les recherches sur le cancer, 17432555.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17432555/
Descotes JL. (2019). Diagnosis of prostate cancer. Asian journal of urology, 31061798.
Q.
What Are the Different Types of Prostate Cancer?
A.
Prostate cancer comes in several types, with the most common being adenocarcinoma. Other, less common types include small cell carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumors, and transitional cell carcinoma.
References:
Wasinger G, Oszwald A, Shariat SF, & Compérat E. (2022). Histological patterns, subtypes and aspects of prostate .... Current opinion in urology, 36081403.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36081403/
Humphrey PA. (2012). Histological variants of prostatic carcinoma and their .... Histopathology, 22212078.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22212078/
Mikuz G. (2015). Histologic classification of prostate cancer. Analytical and quantitative cytopathology and histopathology, 26072633.
Q.
What Are the Major Risk Factors for Developing Prostate Cancer?
A.
Major risk factors for prostate cancer include older age, family history, and certain lifestyle factors like diet.
References:
Leitzmann MF, & Rohrmann S. (2012). Risk factors for the onset of prostatic cancer: age, location, .... Clinical epidemiology, 22291478.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22291478/
Cui H, Zhang W, Zhang L, Qu Y, Xu Z, Tan Z, et al. (2024). Risk factors for prostate cancer: An umbrella review .... PLoS medicine, 38489391.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38489391/
Wilson KM, & Mucci LA. (2019). Diet and Lifestyle in Prostate Cancer. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 31900902.
Q.
When Is Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Observed?
A.
Prostate Cancer Awareness Month is observed in September.
References:
Johnson BS, Shepard S, Torgeson T, Johnson A, McMurray M, & Vassar M. (2021). Using Google Trends and Twitter for Prostate Cancer .... Cureus, 33738168.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33738168/
Nishimura Y, & Acoba JD. (2022). Impact of Breast Cancer Awareness Month on Public .... Cancers, 35626141.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35626141/
Kirli Bolukbas M, Figen M, & Kocak Uzel E. (2024). a comparative study of internet search trends for breast and .... BMC cancer, 39707258.
Q.
What Does the Prostate Cancer Ribbon Symbolize?
A.
The prostate cancer ribbon is a symbol used to raise awareness about prostate cancer, similar to how the pink ribbon is used for breast cancer awareness.
References:
Khan JS, Papa NP, Davis NF, Wrafter PF, Kelly JC, Dowling CM, & D'Arcy FT. (2020). Is Movember synonymous with moustaches or men's .... Irish journal of medical science, 31838732.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31838732/
Ivanov YD, Malsagova KA, Goldaeva KV, Kapustina SI, Pleshakova TO, Popov VP, et al. (2023). Nanoribbon Biosensor-Based Detection of microRNA .... Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 37687982.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37687982/
Hoberück S, Michler E, Kaiser D, Röhnert A, Zöphel K, & Kotzerke J. (2018). Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Expression in Distal .... Clinical nuclear medicine, 29894339.
Q.
Is There a Genetic Component to Prostate Cancer Risk?
A.
Yes, there is a genetic component to prostate cancer risk, meaning it can run in families.
References:
Vietri MT, D'Elia G, Caliendo G, Resse M, Casamassimi A, Passariello L, et al. (2021). Hereditary Prostate Cancer: Genes Related, Target .... International journal of molecular sciences, 33916521.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33916521/
Shevach JW, & Cooney KA. (2025). Genetics of prostate cancer. Clinical advances in hematology & oncology : H&O, 40261162.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40261162/
Ni Raghallaigh H, & Eeles R. (2022). Genetic predisposition to prostate cancer: an update. Familial cancer, 33486571.
Q.
What Is the Typical Treatment Approach for Stage 1 Prostate Cancer?
A.
Stage 1 prostate cancer is often managed with active surveillance, surgery, or radiation therapy, depending on the patient's health and preferences.
References:
Shore N. (2014). Management of early-stage prostate cancer. The American journal of managed care, 25734965.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25734965/
Narain V, Cher ML, & Wood DP Jr. (2002). Prostate cancer diagnosis, staging and survival. Cancer metastasis reviews, 12400994.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12400994/
Potters L, Klein EA, Kattan MW, Reddy CA, Ciezki JP, Reuther AM, & Kupelian PA. (2004). Monotherapy for stage T1-T2 prostate cancer. Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, 15066293.
Q.
What Are the Current Guidelines for Prostate Cancer Screening?
A.
Prostate cancer screening guidelines suggest discussing the pros and cons of screening with your doctor, especially for men aged 55 to 69, while those over 70 generally do not need routine screening.
References:
Wei JT, Barocas D, Carlsson S, Coakley F, Eggener S, Etzioni R, et al. (2023). AUA/SUO Guideline Part I: Prostate Cancer Screening. The Journal of urology, 37096582.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37096582/
Moses KA, Sprenkle PC, Bahler C, Box G, Carlsson SV, Catalona WJ, et al. (2023). Prostate Cancer Early Detection, Version 1.2023. Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network : JNCCN, 36898362.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36898362/
Xu J, McPharlin S, & Mulhem E. (2024). Prostate Cancer Screening: Common Questions and .... American family physician, 39556631.
Q.
How Does Prostate Cancer Metastasize to Other Parts of the Body?
A.
Prostate cancer can spread to other parts of the body, most commonly to bones, by moving through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
References:
Bubendorf L, Schöpfer A, Wagner U, Sauter G, Moch H, Willi N, et al. (2000). Metastatic patterns of prostate cancer: an autopsy study .... Human pathology, 10836297.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10836297/
Baldessari C, Pipitone S, Molinaro E, Cerma K, Fanelli M, Nasso C, et al. (2023). Bone Metastases and Health in Prostate Cancer. Cancers, 36900309.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36900309/
Manna F, Karkampouna S, Zoni E, De Menna M, Hensel J, Thalmann GN, & Kruithof-de Julio M. (2019). Metastases in Prostate Cancer. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, 29661810.
Q.
Is There a Recognized Stage 5 in Prostate Cancer Staging?
A.
There is no recognized stage 5 in prostate cancer staging.
References:
Siegel DA, O'Neil ME, Richards TB, Dowling NF, & Weir HK. (2020). Prostate Cancer Incidence and Survival, by Stage .... MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 33056955.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33056955/
Tsumura H, Ishiyama H, Tabata KI, Katsumata H, Kobayashi M, Ikeda M, et al. (2017). Impact of five-tiered Gleason grade groups on prognostic .... The Prostate, 28905446.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28905446/
Barsouk A, Padala SA, Vakiti A, Mohammed A, Saginala K, Thandra KC, et al. (2020). Epidemiology, Staging and Management of Prostate Cancer. Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland), 32698438.
Q.
What Are the Side Effects of Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer?
A.
Radiation therapy for prostate cancer can cause side effects like tiredness, bladder issues, and bowel problems. These effects vary and can be temporary or long-lasting.
References:
Gay HA, & Michalski JM. (2018). Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer. Missouri medicine, 30228707.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30228707/
Numakura K, Kobayashi M, Muto Y, Sato H, Sekine Y, Sobu R, et al. (2023). The Current Trend of Radiation Therapy for Patients with .... Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.), 37754502.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37754502/
Fischer-Valuck BW, Rao YJ, & Michalski JM. (2018). Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Translational andrology and urology, 30050791.
Q.
What Measures Can Be Taken to Prevent Prostate Cancer?
A.
To help prevent prostate cancer, maintain a healthy lifestyle by eating well, staying active, and avoiding smoking.
References:
Ziglioli F, Patera A, Isgrò G, Campobasso D, Guarino G, & Maestroni U. (2023). Impact of modifiable lifestyle risk factors for prostate cancer .... Frontiers in oncology, 37746271.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37746271/
Cuzick J, Thorat MA, Andriole G, Brawley OW, Brown PH, Culig Z, et al. (2014). Prevention and early detection of prostate cancer. The Lancet. Oncology, 25281467.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25281467/
Ballon-Landa E, & Parsons JK. (2018). Nutrition, physical activity, and lifestyle factors in prostate .... Current opinion in urology, 29049045.
Q.
What Is the Purpose of Receiving Prostate Cancer Injections Every 3 Months?
A.
Prostate cancer injections every 3 months help control cancer growth by reducing testosterone levels, which can slow the spread of the disease.
References:
Jocham D. (1998). Leuprorelin three-month depot in the treatment .... Urologia internationalis, 9607554.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9607554/
Shore ND, Guerrero S, Sanahuja RM, Gambús G, & Parente A. (2019). A New Sustained-release, 3-Month Leuprolide Acetate .... Clinical therapeutics, 30929678.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30929678/
Fontana D, Mari M, Martinelli A, Boccafoschi C, Magno C, Turriziani M, et al. (2003). 3-month formulation of goserelin acetate ('Zoladex' 10.8- .... Urologia internationalis, 12740498.
Q.
How Are PSA Levels Used to Monitor Prostate Cancer Progression?
A.
PSA levels help doctors check how prostate cancer is doing. They look at how fast PSA levels change and use special tests to understand more about the cancer.
References:
Kachuri L, Hoffmann TJ, Jiang Y, Berndt SI, Shelley JP, Schaffer KR, et al. (2023). Genetically adjusted PSA levels for prostate cancer .... Nature medicine, 37264206.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37264206/
Morote J, Raventós CX, Lorente JA, Lopez-Pacios MA, Encabo G, de Torres I, & Andreu J. (1997). Measurement of free PSA in the diagnosis and staging .... International journal of cancer, 9180142.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9180142/
Smith DS, & Catalona WJ. (1994). Rate of change in serum prostate specific antigen levels as .... The Journal of urology, 7520949.
Q.
What Resources Does the Prostate Cancer Foundation Provide for Patients?
A.
The Prostate Cancer Foundation offers guidelines for prostate cancer screening and treatment options, focusing on patient education and support.
References:
Garraway IP, Carlsson SV, Nyame YA, Vassy JL, Chilov M, Fleming M, et al. (2024). Prostate Cancer Foundation Screening Guidelines for .... NEJM evidence, 38815168.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38815168/
Carlsson SV, Barata PC, Bryce AH, George DJ, Gillessen S, Loeb S, et al. (2025). Prostate Cancer Foundation White Paper on Combination .... JCO oncology practice, 40315399.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40315399/
Levine RD, Ekanayake RN, Martin AC, Dickson K, McGarrell K, Miyahira A, et al. (2020). Prostate Cancer Foundation-Department of Veterans .... Federal practitioner : for the health care professionals of the VA, DoD, and PHS, 32908352.
Q.
What Are the Symptoms and Treatment Options for Stage 4 Prostate Cancer?
A.
Stage 4 prostate cancer can cause symptoms like pain, fatigue, and trouble urinating. Treatment options include hormone therapy, chemotherapy, and radiation to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
References:
Hsiao W, Moses KA, Goodman M, Jani AB, Rossi PJ, & Master VA. (2010). Stage IV prostate cancer: survival differences in clinical T4, .... The Journal of urology, 20620410.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20620410/
Weissman B, Sarow JL, Singh S, & Pusatier MF. (2025). Stage IV Prostate Cancer Presenting With a Low .... Cureus, 40213766.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40213766/
Elewaily MI, Campione M, Hassan MA, Anpalakhan S, Atsumi N, Smalley B, et al. (2024). Prognostic factors and treatment choice for stage IV, low .... Therapeutic advances in urology, 39539668.
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Grozescu T, Popa F. Prostate cancer between prognosis and adequate/proper therapy. J Med Life. 2017 Jan-Mar;10(1):5-12. PMID: 28255369; PMCID: PMC5304372.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5304372/Chang AJ, Autio KA, Roach M 3rd, Scher HI. High-risk prostate cancer-classification and therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2014 Jun;11(6):308-23. doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2014.68. Epub 2014 May 20. PMID: 24840073; PMCID: PMC4508854.
https://www.nature.com/articles/nrclinonc.2014.68Murillo-Garzón V, Kypta R. WNT signalling in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 2017 Nov;14(11):683-696. doi: 10.1038/nrurol.2017.144. Epub 2017 Sep 12. PMID: 28895566.
https://www.nature.com/articles/nrurol.2017.144Schatten H. Brief Overview of Prostate Cancer Statistics, Grading, Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2018;1095:1-14. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-95693-0_1. PMID: 30229546.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-95693-0_1Komura K, Sweeney CJ, Inamoto T, Ibuki N, Azuma H, Kantoff PW. Current treatment strategies for advanced prostate cancer. Int J Urol. 2018 Mar;25(3):220-231. doi: 10.1111/iju.13512. Epub 2017 Dec 20. PMID: 29266472; PMCID: PMC6053280.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/iju.13512