Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) Quiz
Check your symptoms and
find possible causes with AI for free
Worried about your symptoms?
Start the Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) test with our free AI Symptom Checker.
This will help us personalize your assessment.
By starting the symptom checker, you agree to the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use
I have trouble with my period
Cystic acne
Irregular periods
Hormonal acne
Abnormal heavy period
Hirsutism
Hair loss
Weight gain
Missed period not pregnant
Facial hair growth
Irregular menstruation
Secondary infertility
Not seeing your symptoms? No worries!
What is Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome or PCOS is a condition that can affect women during their reproductive years. It is generally diagnosed when women have irregular periods (menstrual cycles) along with features of excess male hormones (androgens). Patients typically have evidence of abnormal hair growth on their face, chest or abdomen. They can have multiple cysts (fluid sacs) on their ovaries when looked at by ultrasound, but this is not required. Patients with obesity have an increased risk for PCOS. The exact cause is unknown, but it can run in families and is related to hormonal imbalances (estrogen, insulin, testosterone etc).
Typical Symptoms of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
- Long intervals between periods e.g. 39 days or more
- Irregular periods
- Vaginal bleeding or discolored discharge outside of your period
- Excessive hair growth on the body
- Voice has become lower, deeper
- Hair loss
- Pimples / Acne
- Hardly any bleeding during periods
Diagnostic Questions for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this disease:
- Is your menstrual cycle infrequent?
- Are your periods irregular?
- Have you experienced any vaginal bleeding or unusual discharge outside of your period?
- Has your body hair thickened recently?
- Has your voice gotten deeper lately?
Treatment of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
The diagnosis must first be confirmed and other conditions such as diabetes and thyroid disorders must be ruled out. With PCOS, lifestyle changes such as losing weight, correcting diabetes and eating better can help. Many patients will need hormonal medications to control their menstrual cycle and reduce future risks. Treatment also can be used to reduce symptoms, such as laser or cream for hair removal. If fertility is desired, the specialist may advise on medications or minor surgeries to improve fertility. If fertility medicines are not effective, surgical procedures may be recommended. Many women can get pregnant with PCOS, sometimes with needed treatment.
Reviewed By:
Ravi P. Chokshi, MD (Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN), Critical Care)
Current Maternal Fetal Medicine Fellow with Dual board certification in Obstetrics & Gynecology and Critical Care Medicine. | 5+ years experience managing a general Ob/Gyn practice and working in the Intensive Care Unit. | Previously Physician Lead of a large single specialty practice with 8 Physicians and 10+ Advanced practitioners. | Member of the Society of Maternal Fetal Medicine Patient education committee. | Frequent Medscape Consult contributor.
Seiji Kanazawa, MD, PHD (Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN))
Dr. Kanazawa graduated from the Niigata University Faculty of Medicine and received his Ph.D. from the Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine. He is working on the front line of the General Perinatal Center, including the Tokyo Tama General Medical Center and the National Center for Research in Fertility Medicine, where he provides maternal and fetal care and undertakes clinical research. At Ubie, Dr. Kanazawa has been designing the Ubie AI Symptom Checker and has taken on the role of general obstetrics and gynecology consultation at FMC Tokyo Clinic by providing fetal ultrasound and prenatal consultation.
Content updated on Nov 15, 2024
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
Was this page helpful?
Tell your friends about us.
We would love to help them too.
Think you might have
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)?
Try a symptom check testHow Ubie Can Help You
With a free 3-min Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) quiz, powered by Ubie's AI and doctors, find possible causes of your symptoms.
This questionnaire is customized to your situation and symptoms, including the following personal information:
Biological Sex - helps us provide relevant suggestions for male vs. female conditions.
Age - adjusts our guidance based on any age-related health factors.
History - considers past illnesses, surgeries, family history, and lifestyle choices.
Your symptoms
Our AI
Your report
Your personal report will tell you
✔ When to see a doctor
✔︎ What causes your symptoms
✔︎ Treatment information etc.
People with similar symptoms also use Ubie's symptom checker to find possible causes
- Bleeding between periods
- Excessive hair growth on the body
- Absent periods
- My voice is changing
- Bloody vaginal discharge
- Menstrual delay
- Two periods in one month
- Bleeding after menopause
- My voice is lower than normal
- Periods occurring more frequently than 24 days
- Thick, dark hair on face, neck, chest, tummy, lower back, buttocks or thighs
- Implantation bleeding
- Periods occurring too frequently
- Menstrual disorder
- Voice lowered
See full list
Symptoms Related to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
Diseases Related to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
FAQs
Q.
Are there permanent natural solutions to stop facial hair growth in females with PCOS?
A.
There are no permanent natural solutions to stop facial hair growth in females with PCOS, but treatments like topical eflornithine can help slow it down.
References:
Balfour JA, & McClellan K. (2001). Topical eflornithine. American journal of clinical dermatology, 11705097.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11705097/
Tosi A, Misciali C, Piraccini BM, Peluso AM, & Bardazzi F. (1994). Drug-induced hair loss and hair growth. Incidence, .... Drug safety, 8018303.
Q.
How can women with PCOS identify signs of pregnancy if they have irregular periods?
A.
Women with PCOS can identify pregnancy by looking for common signs like nausea, breast tenderness, and fatigue, even if their periods are irregular.
References:
Khalid A. (2004). Irregular or absent periods--what can an ultrasound scan .... Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 15123054.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15123054/
Nobles J, Cannon L, & Wilcox AJ. (2022). Menstrual irregularity as a biological limit to early .... Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 34969843.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34969843/
Koric A, Singh B, VanDerslice JA, Stanford JB, Rogers CR, Egan DT, et al. (2021). Polycystic ovary syndrome and postpartum depression .... American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 33412131.
Q.
How common are irregular periods among women with PCOS?
A.
Irregular periods are a common symptom among women with PCOS, affecting a significant number of them.
References:
Attia GM, Alharbi OA, & Aljohani RM. (2023). The Impact of Irregular Menstruation on Health: A Review .... Cureus, 38130524.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38130524/
Adams Hillard PJ, & Deitch HR. (2005). Menstrual disorders in the college age female. Pediatric clinics of North America, 15748930.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15748930/
Nobles J, Cannon L, & Wilcox AJ. (2022). Menstrual irregularity as a biological limit to early .... Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 34969843.
Q.
How common is secondary infertility in women with PCOS, and what are the treatment options?
A.
Secondary infertility in women with PCOS is common, but treatments like lifestyle changes and medications can help.
References:
Kolanska K, Uddin J, Dabi Y, Mathieu d'Argent E, Dupont C, Selleret L, et al. (2022). Secondary infertility with a history of vaginal childbirth. Journal of gynecology obstetrics and human reproduction, 34785399.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34785399/
Vander Borght M, & Wyns C. (2018). Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology. Clinical biochemistry, 29555319.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29555319/
Khemani S, More A, Nair N, Choudhary N, Shrivastava J, & Mamankar D. (2024). Optimizing Fertility Outcomes. Cureus, 38374852.
Q.
How does hirsutism present in women with PCOS, and what are common treatments?
A.
Hirsutism in women with PCOS is when they have more hair than usual on their face and body. Treatments include lifestyle changes and medicines to reduce hair growth.
References:
Matheson E, & Bain J. (2019). Hirsutism in Women. American family physician, 31361105.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31361105/
Spritzer PM, Marchesan LB, Santos BR, & Fighera TM. (2022). Hirsutism, Normal Androgens and Diagnosis of PCOS. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland), 36010272.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36010272/
Oliveira TF, & Comim FV. (2024). Understanding hirsutism in PCOS. Expert review of endocrinology & metabolism, 38305206.
Q.
How does hormonal cystic acne manifest in those with PCOS?
A.
Hormonal cystic acne in people with PCOS often appears as deep, painful bumps on the skin, mainly due to higher levels of androgens, which are male hormones.
References:
Marynick SP, Chakmakjian ZH, McCaffree DL, & Herndon JH Jr. (1983). Androgen excess in cystic acne. The New England journal of medicine, 6220224.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6220224/
Chuan SS, & Chang RJ. (2010). Polycystic ovary syndrome and acne. Skin therapy letter, 21076799.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21076799/
Acmaz G, Cınar L, Acmaz B, Aksoy H, Kafadar YT, Madendag Y, et al. (2019). The Effects of Oral Isotretinoin in Women with Acne and .... BioMed research international, 31080813.
Q.
How does menopause-related weight gain impact women with a history of PCOS?
A.
Menopause-related weight gain can be more challenging for women with a history of PCOS, as both conditions can increase the risk of weight gain and changes in body shape.
References:
Davis SR, Castelo-Branco C, Chedraui P, Lumsden MA, Nappi RE, Shah D, et al. (2012). Understanding weight gain at menopause. Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society, 22978257.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22978257/
Panotopoulos G, Raison J, Ruiz JC, Guy-Grand B, & Basdevant A. (1997). Weight gain at the time of menopause. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 9403329.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9403329/
Fenton A, Smart C, Goldschmidt L, Price V, & Scott J. (2023). Fat mass, weight and body shape changes at menopause. Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society, 36891919.
Q.
How does PCOS affect pregnancy and what are the associated risks?
A.
PCOS can make it harder to get pregnant and may cause more problems during pregnancy, like diabetes or high blood pressure.
References:
Boomsma CM, Fauser BC, & Macklon NS. (2008). Pregnancy complications in women with polycystic ovary .... Seminars in reproductive medicine, 18181085.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18181085/
Bahri Khomami M, Shorakae S, Hashemi S, Harrison CL, Piltonen TT, Romualdi D, et al. (2024). Systematic review and meta-analysis of pregnancy .... Nature communications, 38965226.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38965226/
Boomsma CM, Eijkemans MJ, Hughes EG, Visser GH, Fauser BC, & Macklon NS. (2006). A meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in women with .... Human reproduction update, 16891296.
Q.
How does PCOS affect weight gain during pregnancy?
A.
PCOS can make it harder to manage weight gain during pregnancy. Women with PCOS may need extra support to achieve healthy weight gain.
References:
Dalfra' MG, Burlina S, & Lapolla A. (2022). Weight gain during pregnancy: A narrative review on the .... Diabetes research and clinical practice, 35568262.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35568262/
Olson CM. (2008). Achieving a healthy weight gain during pregnancy. Annual review of nutrition, 18422452.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18422452/
Kominiarek MA, & Peaceman AM. (2017). Gestational weight gain. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 28549978.
Q.
How does perimenopause affect irregular periods in women with PCOS?
A.
Perimenopause can make periods more irregular for women with PCOS, as hormone changes cause cycles to become less predictable.
References:
Van Voorhis BJ. (2005). Genitourinary symptoms in the menopausal transition. The American journal of medicine, 16414326.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16414326/
Burger HG, Hale GE, Dennerstein L, & Robertson DM. (2008). Cycle and hormone changes during perimenopause. Menopause (New York, N.Y.), 18574431.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18574431/
Dreisler E, Frandsen CS, & Ulrich L. (2024). Perimenopausal abnormal uterine bleeding. Maturitas, 38412750.
Q.
How does Polycystic Ovary Syndrome affect fertility, and what treatments are available?
A.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) can make it harder to get pregnant, but there are treatments like lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes surgery that can help.
References:
Collée J, Mawet M, Tebache L, Nisolle M, & Brichant G. (2021). Polycystic ovarian syndrome and infertility. Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology, 34338572.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34338572/
Melo AS, Ferriani RA, & Navarro PA. (2015). Treatment of infertility in women with polycystic ovary .... Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil), 26602525.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26602525/
Homburg R. (2003). The management of infertility associated with polycystic .... Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E, 14617367.
Q.
How does postpartum hair loss differ in women with PCOS compared to those without?
A.
Postpartum hair loss can be more noticeable in women with PCOS due to hormonal imbalances, which may make hair loss more severe or prolonged compared to those without PCOS.
References:
Hirose A, Terauchi M, Odai T, Fudono A, Tsurane K, Sekiguchi M, et al. (2023). Investigation of exacerbating factors for postpartum hair loss. International journal of women's dermatology, 38323220.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38323220/
Galal SA, El-Sayed SK, & Henidy MMH. (2024). Postpartum Telogen Effluvium Unmasking Additional .... The Journal of clinical and aesthetic dermatology, 38779373.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38779373/
Samrao A, & Mirmirani P. (2022). Postpartum Telogen Effluvium Unmasking Traction Alopecia. Skin appendage disorders, 35983466.
Q.
How effective is electrolysis for managing facial hair in women with PCOS?
A.
Electrolysis is a permanent hair removal method that can be effective for women with PCOS to manage facial hair, but it may require multiple sessions and can be costly.
References:
Setji TL, & Brown AJ. (2007). Comprehensive clinical management of polycystic ovary .... Minerva medica, 17592439.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17592439/
Vedak P. (2022). Hair and Nail Conditions: Hypertrichosis and Hirsutism. FP essentials, 35679469.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35679469/
Franks S. (2012). The investigation and management of hirsutism. The journal of family planning and reproductive health care, 22787248.
Q.
How is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome diagnosed using ultrasound?
A.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is diagnosed using ultrasound by looking for specific features in the ovaries, such as the number and size of follicles and the volume of the ovary.
References:
Zhu RY, Wong YC, & Yong EL. (2016). Sonographic evaluation of polycystic ovaries. Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 27118252.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27118252/
Di Michele S, Fulghesu AM, Pittui E, Cordella M, Sicilia G, Mandurino G, et al. (2025). Ultrasound Assessment in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome .... Biomedicines, 40002866.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40002866/
Dewailly D, Gronier H, Poncelet E, Robin G, Leroy M, Pigny P, et al. (2011). Diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 21926054.
Q.
How might periods change for women with PCOS as they enter their 30s?
A.
As women with PCOS enter their 30s, their periods may become more regular, but symptoms can still vary widely. Hormonal changes and age can influence menstrual patterns.
References:
Hantsoo L, Rangaswamy S, Voegtline K, Salimgaraev R, Zhaunova L, & Payne JL. (2022). Premenstrual symptoms across the lifespan in an .... Archives of Women's Mental Health, 9492621.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9492621/
Tatsumi T, Sampei M, Saito K, Honda Y, Okazaki Y, Arata N, et al. (2020). Age-Dependent and Seasonal Changes in Menstrual .... Obstetrics and Gynecology, 7505142.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7505142/
Harlow SD, & Paramsothy P. (2011). Menstruation and the Menopause Transition - PMC. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America, 3232023.
Q.
Is it normal to get a period 2 days after unprotected intercourse if you have PCOS?
A.
Getting a period 2 days after unprotected intercourse when you have PCOS is not necessarily unusual, as menstrual cycles can be irregular.
References:
Najmabadi S, Schliep KC, Simonsen SE, Porucznik CA, Egger MJ, & Stanford JB. (2022). Characteristics of menstrual cycles with or without .... Human reproduction open, 36186844.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36186844/
Blum M, & Kitai E. (1988). Sexual behaviour, a stress factor affecting ovulation and .... Clinical and experimental obstetrics & gynecology, 3402086.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3402086/
Morris NM, & Udry JR. (1983). Menstruation and marital sex. Journal of biosocial science, 6841381.
Q.
Is it possible to increase facial hair growth in individuals with PCOS, and why would this be desired?
A.
Increasing facial hair growth in individuals with PCOS is possible using treatments like minoxidil, but the desired outcome depends on personal preferences, such as gender identity or aesthetic goals.
References:
Pang KC, Nguyen TP, & Upreti R. (2021). Successful Use of Minoxidil to Promote Facial Hair Growth .... Frontiers in endocrinology, 34659117.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34659117/
Cumming DC. (1990). Use of spironolactone in treatment of hirsutism. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine, 2357784.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2357784/
Tang GT, Zwickl S, Sinclair R, Zajac JD, & Cheung AS. (2023). Effect of gender-affirming hormone therapy on hair growth. Clinical and experimental dermatology, 37311161.
Q.
Is there a link between creatine supplementation and hair loss in individuals with PCOS?
A.
There is no strong evidence linking creatine supplementation to hair loss, even in those with PCOS.
References:
Lak M, Forbes SC, Ashtary-Larky D, Dadkhahfar S, Robati RM, Nezakati F, et al. (2025). Does creatine cause hair loss? A 12-week randomized .... Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 40265319.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40265319/
Antonio J, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Gualano B, Jagim AR, Kreider RB, et al. (2021). Common questions and misconceptions about creatine .... Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 33557850.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33557850/
Antonio J, Brown AF, Candow DG, Chilibeck PD, Ellery SJ, Forbes SC, et al. (2025). what does the scientific evidence really show?. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 39720835.
Q.
What are the best management strategies for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
A.
Managing PCOS involves lifestyle changes, medication, and sometimes surgery, focusing on symptoms like irregular periods, excess hair, and fertility issues.
References:
Teede HJ, Tay CT, Laven JJE, Dokras A, Moran LJ, Piltonen TT, et al. (2023). Recommendations From the 2023 International Evidence .... The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 37580314.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37580314/
Legro RS, Arslanian SA, Ehrmann DA, Hoeger KM, Murad MH, Pasquali R, et al. (2013). Diagnosis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 24151290.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24151290/
Al Wattar BH, Fisher M, Bevington L, Talaulikar V, Davies M, Conway G, & Yasmin E. (2021). Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Diagnosis and .... The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 33839790.
Q.
What are the best treatments for hormonal acne in individuals with PCOS?
A.
For hormonal acne in PCOS, treatments like birth control pills and anti-androgen medications can help by balancing hormones.
References:
Smith CA, Gosnell E, Karatas TB, Deitelzweig C, Collins EMB, & Yeung H. (2025). Hormonal Therapies for Acne: A Comprehensive Update .... Dermatology and therapy, 39751745.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39751745/
George R, Clarke S, & Thiboutot D. (2008). Hormonal therapy for acne. Seminars in cutaneous medicine and surgery, 18786497.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18786497/
Barros B, & Thiboutot D. (2017). Hormonal therapies for acne. Clinics in dermatology, 28274354.
Q.
What are the causes of cystic acne on the back in individuals with PCOS?
A.
Cystic acne on the back in people with PCOS can be caused by hormone changes and inflammation. These changes can lead to clogged pores and acne formation.
References:
Del Rosso JQ, Stein-Gold L, Lynde C, Tanghetti E, & Alexis AF. (2019). Truncal Acne: A Neglected Entity. Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD, 31859617.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31859617/
Antiga E, Verdelli A, Bonciani D, Bonciolini V, Caproni M, & Fabbri P. (2015). Acne: a new model of immune-mediated chronic .... Giornale italiano di dermatologia e venereologia : organo ufficiale, Societa italiana di dermatologia e sifilografia, 25876146.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25876146/
Ng-Wong YK, Alexander B, Bartl M, Loftis CE, Hammad D, Dulgheru EC, et al. (2023). Report of a Rare Case of Follicular Occlusion Tetrad and .... Cureus, 37362514.
Q.
What are the causes of heavy periods in women with PCOS, and how can they be managed?
A.
Heavy periods in women with PCOS can be caused by hormonal imbalances. Management may include lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes medical procedures.
References:
Reavey JJ, Walker C, Murray AA, Brito-Mutunayagam S, Sweeney S, Nicol M, et al. (2021). Obesity is associated with heavy menstruation that may be .... The Journal of endocrinology, 33836495.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33836495/
Luiro K, & Holopainen E. (2022). Heavy Menstrual Bleeding in Adolescent: Normal or a Sign .... Seminars in reproductive medicine, 34734398.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34734398/
Davila J, & Alderman EM. (2020). Heavy Menstrual Bleeding in Adolescent Girls. Pediatric annals, 32275760.
Q.
What are the common causes of irregular menstruation in PCOS and what treatments are available?
A.
Irregular menstruation in PCOS is often caused by hormonal imbalances, and treatments can include lifestyle changes and medications to regulate hormones.
References:
Venturoli S, Porcu E, Fabbri R, Paradisi R, Ruggeri S, Bolelli G, et al. (1986). Menstrual irregularities in adolescents: hormonal pattern .... Hormone research, 3491030.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3491030/
Cirillo PM, Wang ET, Cedars MI, Chen LM, & Cohn BA. (2016). Irregular menses predicts ovarian cancer. International journal of cancer, 27082375.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27082375/
Adams Hillard PJ, & Deitch HR. (2005). Menstrual disorders in the college age female. Pediatric clinics of North America, 15748930.
Q.
What are the differences between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and endometriosis?
A.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis are different conditions affecting women's reproductive health, with PCOS involving hormone imbalances and cysts on the ovaries, and endometriosis involving tissue similar to the lining of the uterus growing outside it.
References:
Dinsdale NL, & Crespi BJ. (2021). Endometriosis and polycystic ovary syndrome are .... Evolutionary applications, 34295358.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34295358/
Singh KB, Patel YC, & Wortsman J. (1989). Coexistence of polycystic ovary syndrome and pelvic .... Obstetrics and gynecology, 2797642.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2797642/
Kirkegaard S, Uldall Torp NM, Andersen S, & Andersen SL. (2024). Endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, and the thyroid. Endocrine connections, 38078917.
Q.
What are the different types of hormonal acne found in individuals with PCOS?
A.
Hormonal acne in individuals with PCOS is often due to imbalances in sex hormones, leading to different types of acne such as cystic acne, nodules, and inflammatory acne.
References:
Branisteanu DE, Toader MP, Porumb EA, Serban IL, Pinzariu AC, Branisteanu CI, et al. (2022). Adult female acne: Clinical and therapeutic particularities .... Experimental and therapeutic medicine, 35069832.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35069832/
Ju Q, Tao T, Hu T, Karadağ AS, Al-Khuzaei S, & Chen W. (2017). Sex hormones and acne. Clinics in dermatology, 28274349.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28274349/
Farny C, & Alberto C. (2025). [Adult female acne : when and why to consider a hormonal .... Revue medicale suisse, 40145185.
Q.
What are the early signs of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?
A.
Early signs of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) include irregular periods, excess hair growth, and acne. Some women may also experience difficulty with weight management.
References:
Lentscher JA, & Decherney AH. (2021). Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovarian .... Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 32701517.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32701517/
Waghmare SV, & Shanoo A. (2023). Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Literature Review With .... Cureus, 38021970.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38021970/
Witchel SF, Oberfield SE, & Peña AS. (2019). Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Pathophysiology, Presentation .... Journal of the Endocrine Society, 31384717.
Q.
What are the long-term effects of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome if left untreated?
A.
Untreated Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) can lead to problems like diabetes, heart disease, and issues with fertility
References:
Peigné M, & Dewailly D. (2014). Long term complications of polycystic ovary syndrome .... Annales d'endocrinologie, 25156132.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25156132/
Anagnostis P, Tarlatzis BC, & Kauffman RP. (2018). Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS): Long-term metabolic .... Metabolism: clinical and experimental, 29024702.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29024702/
Glintborg D, & Andersen M. (2017). Morbidity in polycystic ovary syndrome. European journal of endocrinology, 27601016.
Q.
What are the most effective treatments for hirsutism in women with PCOS?
A.
The most effective treatments for hirsutism in women with PCOS include medications like oral contraceptives, spironolactone and lifestyle changes. These treatments help reduce excess hair growth and manage symptoms.
References:
Azziz R. (2003). The evaluation and management of hirsutism. Obstetrics and gynecology, 12738163.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12738163/
Cumming DC, Yang JC, Rebar RW, & Yen SS. (1982). Treatment of hirsutism with spironolactone. JAMA, 7199587.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7199587/
Pasquali R, & Gambineri A. (2014). treatment of hirsutism in the polycystic ovary syndrome. European journal of endocrinology, 24272197.
Q.
What are the primary symptoms and treatments for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)?
A.
PCOS symptoms include irregular periods, excess hair growth, and acne. Treatments focus on managing symptoms and may include lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes surgery.
References:
Escobar-Morreale HF. (2018). Polycystic ovary syndrome: definition, aetiology, diagnosis .... Nature reviews. Endocrinology, 29569621.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29569621/
Azziz R, Carmina E, Chen Z, Dunaif A, Laven JS, Legro RS, et al. (2016). Polycystic ovary syndrome. Nature reviews. Disease primers, 27510637.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27510637/
Cochran L, Nadolny R, Garcia K, Kluglein KA, Yagoda A, Gandhi P, et al. (2024). Available Treatments and Adjunctive Therapies for .... Cureus, 39479136.
Q.
What are the symptoms and causes of hirsutism in women with PCOS?
A.
Hirsutism in women with PCOS is caused by higher levels of male hormones, leading to excess hair growth on the face and body. It can also be linked to other symptoms like irregular periods and acne.
References:
Matheson E, & Bain J. (2019). Hirsutism in Women. American family physician, 31361105.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31361105/
Azziz R. (2003). The evaluation and management of hirsutism. Obstetrics and gynecology, 12738163.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12738163/
Spritzer PM, Marchesan LB, Santos BR, & Fighera TM. (2022). Hirsutism, Normal Androgens and Diagnosis of PCOS. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland), 36010272.
Q.
What are the symptoms of secondary infertility in individuals with PCOS?
A.
Secondary infertility in individuals with PCOS can involve challenges in getting pregnant again after having a child before, often due to irregular periods or hormonal imbalances.
References:
Bahadur A, Kumari S, Mundhra R, Khoiwal K, Das A, Heda A, et al. (2024). Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of Life Among Infertile .... Cureus, 38590470.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38590470/
Vander Borght M, & Wyns C. (2018). Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology. Clinical biochemistry, 29555319.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29555319/
Gică C, Cigăran RG, Botezatu R, Panaitescu AM, Cimpoca B, Peltecu G, & Gică N. (2021). Secondary Amenorrhea and Infertility Due to an Inhibin B .... Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 34441035.
Q.
What are the underlying causes of secondary infertility in individuals with PCOS?
A.
Secondary infertility in individuals with PCOS can be due to hormonal imbalances, ovulation issues, or other health conditions.
References:
Vander Borght M, & Wyns C. (2018). Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology. Clinical biochemistry, 29555319.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29555319/
Collins JA, Rand CA, Wilson EH, Wrixon W, & Casper RF. (1986). The better prognosis in secondary infertility is associated .... Fertility and sterility, 3699169.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3699169/
Philippov OS, Radionchenko AA, Bolotova VP, Voronovskaya NI, & Potemkina TV. (1998). Estimation of the prevalence and causes of infertility .... Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 9648359.
Q.
What causes abnormal heavy bleeding between periods in individuals with PCOS?
A.
Abnormal heavy bleeding between periods in individuals with PCOS is often due to hormonal imbalances that affect the lining of the uterus, causing it to shed irregularly.
References:
Wathen PI, Henderson MC, & Witz CA. (1995). Abnormal uterine bleeding. The Medical clinics of North America, 7877394.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7877394/
Jain V, Munro MG, & Critchley HOD. (2023). FIGO Systems 1 and 2. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 37538019.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37538019/
Hickey M, Karthigasu K, & Agarwal S. (2009). Abnormal uterine bleeding: a focus on polycystic ovary .... Women's health (London, England), 19392616.
Q.
What causes increased facial hair growth in women with PCOS?
A.
Increased facial hair growth in women with PCOS is often due to higher levels of male hormones called androgens, which can cause hair to grow more in areas like the face.
References:
Ebling FJ. (1987). The biology of hair. Dermatologic clinics, 3301105.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3301105/
Ruutiainen K, Erkkola R, Grönroos MA, & Irjala K. (1988). Influence of body mass index and age on the grade of hair .... Fertility and sterility, 3396696.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3396696/
Yildiz BO, Bolour S, Woods K, Moore A, & Azziz R. (2010). Visually scoring hirsutism. Human reproduction update, 19567450.
Q.
What causes irregular periods in women with PCOS, and how can they be regulated?
A.
Irregular periods in women with PCOS are often due to hormonal imbalances. They can be regulated by understanding and managing these hormonal patterns.
References:
Venturoli S, Porcu E, Fabbri R, Paradisi R, Ruggeri S, Bolelli G, et al. (1986). Menstrual irregularities in adolescents: hormonal pattern .... Hormone research, 3491030.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3491030/
Van Anders SM, & Watson NV. (2006). Menstrual cycle irregularities are associated with .... American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council, 17039468.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17039468/
Joffe H, & Hayes FJ. (2008). Menstrual cycle dysfunction associated with neurologic .... Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 18574228.
Q.
What causes sudden weight gain in individuals with PCOS?
A.
Sudden weight gain in individuals with PCOS can be due to hormonal changes and psychological factors.
References:
Kawachi I. (1999). Physical and psychological consequences of weight gain. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 10548135.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10548135/
Kapoor E, Collazo-Clavell ML, & Faubion SS. (2017). Weight Gain in Women at Midlife: A Concise Review .... Mayo Clinic proceedings, 28982486.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28982486/
Ferreira MF, Sobrinho LG, Santos MA, Sousa MF, & Uvnäs-Moberg K. (1998). Rapid weight gain, at least in some women, is an .... Psychoneuroendocrinology, 9924749.
Q.
What causes the characteristic 'PCOS belly,' and how can it be managed?
A.
The 'PCOS belly' is often due to hormonal imbalances that cause weight gain around the abdomen. Managing it involves lifestyle changes like diet and exercise.
References:
Jurczewska J, Ostrowska J, Chełchowska M, Panczyk M, Rudnicka E, Kucharski M, et al. (2023). Abdominal Obesity in Women with Polycystic Ovary .... Nutrients, 37630842.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37630842/
Naderpoor N, Shorakae S, Joham A, Boyle J, De Courten B, & Teede HJ. (2015). Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. Minerva endocrinologica, 25411807.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25411807/
Lie Fong S, Douma A, & Verhaeghe J. (2021). how to achieve weight loss in overweight and obese .... Journal of gynecology obstetrics and human reproduction, 32814159.
Q.
What could cause a sudden outbreak of cystic acne in someone with PCOS?
A.
A sudden outbreak of cystic acne in someone with PCOS can be linked to hormone changes or imbalances, which are common in PCOS.
References:
Marks R. (2004). Acne and its management beyond the age of 35 years. American journal of clinical dermatology, 15663343.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15663343/
Reizis Z, Trattner A, Hodak E, David M, & Sandbank M. (1991). Acne fulminans with hepatosplenomegaly and erythema .... Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 1828816.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1828816/
Aizawa H, & Niimura M. (1992). Serum hormone levels in men with severe acne. The Journal of dermatology, 1401498.
Q.
What could cause an abnormal heavy period with clots in someone with PCOS?
A.
In someone with PCOS, heavy periods with clots can be caused by hormonal imbalances affecting the lining of the uterus, leading to irregular shedding and bleeding.
References:
James AH. (2016). Heavy menstrual bleeding: work-up and management. Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program, 27913486.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27913486/
Brenner PF. (1996). Differential diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 8828559.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8828559/
Davies J, & Kadir RA. (2012). Endometrial haemostasis and menstruation. Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders, 23180227.
Q.
What could cause someone with PCOS to experience period symptoms but no bleeding?
A.
Someone with PCOS might feel period symptoms without bleeding due to hormonal imbalances. These imbalances can affect how the body prepares for a period.
References:
Jarrell J. (2018). The significance and evolution of menstruation. Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 29530426.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29530426/
Zhou JP, Fraser IS, Caterson I, Grivas A, McCarron G, Norman T, & Tan K. (1989). Reproductive hormones in menstrual blood. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2753976.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2753976/
Lado-Abeal J, Rodriguez-Arnao J, Newell-Price JD, Perry LA, Grossman AB, Besser GM, & Trainer PJ. (1998). Menstrual abnormalities in women with Cushing's disease .... The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 9745407.
Q.
What dietary changes can help manage hormonal acne in those with PCOS?
A.
Eating a low-glycemic diet and reducing dairy intake may help manage hormonal acne in people with PCOS.
References:
Baldwin H, & Tan J. (2021). Effects of Diet on Acne and Its Response to Treatment. American journal of clinical dermatology, 32748305.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32748305/
Ferdowsian HR, & Levin S. (2010). Does diet really affect acne?. Skin therapy letter, 20361171.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20361171/
Talebi S, Shab-Bidar S, Mohammadi H, Moini A, & Djafarian K. (2023). The effects of intermittent fasting diet alone or in .... Trials, 37880791.
Q.
What distinguishes mild cystic acne from other forms of acne in those with PCOS?
A.
Mild cystic acne in people with PCOS is different from other acne types because it involves deeper, painful bumps under the skin, often related to hormonal imbalances.
References:
Oge' LK, Broussard A, & Marshall MD. (2019). Acne Vulgaris: Diagnosis and Treatment. American family physician, 31613567.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31613567/
New MI. (2004). An update of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 15838095.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15838095/
Sas K, & Reich A. (2019). High Body Mass Index is a Risk Factor for Acne Severity in .... Acta dermatovenerologica Croatica : ADC, 31351501.
Q.
What does a hormone levels chart for PCOS typically show?
A.
In PCOS, hormone charts often show higher levels of male hormones and an imbalance in other hormones like LH and FSH.
References:
Khashchenko E, Uvarova E, Vysokikh M, Ivanets T, Krechetova L, Tarasova N, et al. (2020). The Relevant Hormonal Levels and Diagnostic Features .... Journal of clinical medicine, 32545404.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32545404/
Taylor AE, McCourt B, Martin KA, Anderson EJ, Adams JM, Schoenfeld D, & Hall JE. (1997). Determinants of abnormal gonadotropin secretion in .... The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 9215302.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9215302/
Al Kafhage FA, Abbas AN, Al-Masaoodi RA, Hassan S, & Al-Shemery MK. (2023). The relationship between hormonal levels and .... Journal of medicine and life, 37675180.
Q.
What does cystic acne on the cheeks indicate in someone with PCOS?
A.
Cystic acne on the cheeks in someone with PCOS might be related to hormonal changes. Understanding possible relapses after treatment can help in managing acne.
References:
Marks R. (2004). Acne and its management beyond the age of 35 years. American journal of clinical dermatology, 15663343.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15663343/
Harms M, Masouyé I, & Radeff B. (1986). The relapses of cystic acne after isotretinoin treatment are .... Dermatologica, 2938992.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2938992/
Hasamoh Y, Thadanipon K, & Juntongjin P. (2022). Association between Vitamin D Level and Acne .... Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland), 34348293.
Q.
What exactly is cystic acne, and how is it related to PCOS?
A.
Cystic acne is a severe type of acne that forms deep, painful lumps under the skin. It can be related to PCOS because both conditions may be influenced by hormonal changes.
References:
Scheman AJ. (2002). Nodulocystic acne and hidradenitis suppurativa treated .... Cutis, 12080949.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12080949/
Puhvel SM, Amirian D, Weintraub J, & Reisner RM. (1977). Lymphocyte transformation in subjects with nodulo cystic .... The British journal of dermatology, 143951.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/143951/
Oge' LK, Broussard A, & Marshall MD. (2019). Acne Vulgaris: Diagnosis and Treatment. American family physician, 31613567.
Q.
What factors contribute to heavy periods during perimenopause in individuals with PCOS?
A.
Heavy periods during perimenopause in people with PCOS can be caused by hormonal changes, irregular ovulation, and the thickening of the uterine lining.
References:
Dreisler E, Frandsen CS, & Ulrich L. (2024). Perimenopausal abnormal uterine bleeding. Maturitas, 38412750.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38412750/
Chaudhry S, Berkley C, & Warren M. (2012). Perimenopausal vaginal bleeding: diagnostic evaluation .... Journal of women's health (2002), 22047099.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22047099/
Duckitt K. (2007). Medical management of perimenopausal menorrhagia. Menopause international, 17448262.
Q.
What factors could cause early menstruation at age 9 in someone with PCOS?
A.
Early menstruation at age 9 in someone with PCOS can be influenced by body weight, genetics, and psychosocial factors like family stress or environment.
References:
Papadimitriou A. (2016). The Evolution of the Age at Menarche from Prehistorical to .... Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology, 26703478.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26703478/
Baker ER. (1985). Body weight and the initiation of puberty. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 4053451.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4053451/
Romans SE, Martin JM, Gendall K, & Herbison GP. (2003). Age of menarche: the role of some psychosocial factors. Psychological medicine, 12877408.
Q.
What is hirsutism, and how is it associated with PCOS?
A.
Hirsutism is when women have too much hair in places where men usually do, like the face or chest, and it is often linked to a condition called PCOS.
References:
Mofid A, Seyyed Alinaghi SA, Zandieh S, & Yazdani T. (2008). Hirsutism. International journal of clinical practice, 18081798.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18081798/
Azziz R. (2003). The evaluation and management of hirsutism. Obstetrics and gynecology, 12738163.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12738163/
Vedak P. (2022). Hair and Nail Conditions: Hypertrichosis and Hirsutism. FP essentials, 35679469.
Q.
What is secondary infertility, and how does it relate to PCOS?
A.
Secondary infertility is when someone who has previously had a baby is unable to conceive again, and it can be affected by conditions like PCOS.
References:
Vander Borght M, & Wyns C. (2018). Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology. Clinical biochemistry, 29555319.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29555319/
Collins JA, Rand CA, Wilson EH, Wrixon W, & Casper RF. (1986). The better prognosis in secondary infertility is associated .... Fertility and sterility, 3699169.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3699169/
Fatima W, Akhtar AM, Hanif A, Gilani A, & Farooq SMY. (2023). Predicted risk factors associated with secondary infertility in .... Frontiers in medicine, 38590911.
Q.
What is the difference between having polycystic ovaries and having Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)?
A.
Having polycystic ovaries means having many cysts on the ovaries, but Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is a health condition that includes these cysts plus other symptoms due to an imbalance of hormones.
References:
Hart R, Hickey M, & Franks S. (2004). Definitions, prevalence and symptoms of polycystic ovaries .... Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 15380140.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15380140/
Catteau-Jonard S, Bancquart J, Poncelet E, Lefebvre-Maunoury C, Robin G, & Dewailly D. (2012). normal variant or silent polycystic ovary syndrome?. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 22648908.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22648908/
Dewailly D, Gronier H, Poncelet E, Robin G, Leroy M, Pigny P, et al. (2011). Diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 21926054.
Q.
What is the difference between primary and secondary infertility in the context of PCOS?
A.
Primary infertility is when a person has never been able to conceive, while secondary infertility occurs when someone has trouble conceiving after already having a child. PCOS can affect both types due to hormonal imbalances.
References:
Vander Borght M, & Wyns C. (2018). Fertility and infertility: Definition and epidemiology. Clinical biochemistry, 29555319.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29555319/
Benksim A, Elkhoudri N, Addi RA, Baali A, & Cherkaoui M. (2018). Difference between Primary and Secondary Infertility in .... International journal of fertility & sterility, 29707931.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29707931/
Collins JA, Rand CA, Wilson EH, Wrixon W, & Casper RF. (1986). The better prognosis in secondary infertility is associated .... Fertility and sterility, 3699169.
Q.
What is the prevalence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in the general population?
A.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) affects about 6-10% of women worldwide, with some studies showing variations in different populations.
References:
Yu O, Christ JP, Schulze-Rath R, Covey J, Kelley A, Grafton J, et al. (2023). Incidence, prevalence, and trends in polycystic ovary .... American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 37061077.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37061077/
Salari N, Nankali A, Ghanbari A, Jafarpour S, Ghasemi H, Dokaneheifard S, & Mohammadi M. (2024). Global prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women .... Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 38922413.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38922413/
March WA, Moore VM, Willson KJ, Phillips DI, Norman RJ, & Davies MJ. (2010). The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in a ... - PubMed. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 19910321.
Q.
What might cause a missed period and gassy stomach in someone with PCOS who is not pregnant?
A.
A missed period and gassy stomach in someone with PCOS can be linked to hormonal imbalances and digestive issues like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
References:
Pati GK, Kar C, Narayan J, Uthansingh K, Behera M, Sahu MK, et al. (2021). Irritable Bowel Syndrome and the Menstrual Cycle - PMC. Cureus, 7883586.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7883586/
Sullivan SN. (2012). Functional Abdominal Bloating with Distention - PMC. ISRN Gastroenterology, 3388350.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3388350/
Foley A, Burgell R, Barrett JS, & Gibson PR. (2014). Management Strategies for Abdominal Bloating and .... Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 4991532.
Q.
What physical exercises are recommended for managing symptoms of PCOS?
A.
For managing PCOS symptoms, regular exercise such as aerobic activities, resistance training, and a combination of both are recommended to improve overall health and well-being.
References:
Woodward A, Klonizakis M, & Broom D. (2020). Exercise and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 32342454.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32342454/
Sabag A, Patten RK, Moreno-Asso A, Colombo GE, Dafauce Bouzo X, Moran LJ, et al. (2024). Exercise in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 38960811.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38960811/
Stepto NK, Patten RK, Tassone EC, Misso ML, Brennan L, Boyle J, et al. (2019). Exercise Recommendations for Women with Polycystic .... Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 31166000.
Q.
What specific factors contribute to hair loss in women diagnosed with PCOS?
A.
Hair loss in women with PCOS can be caused by hormonal imbalances, particularly high levels of androgens, which can affect hair growth and lead to thinning.
References:
Bhat YJ, Saqib NU, Latif I, & Hassan I. (2020). Female Pattern Hair Loss-An Update. Indian dermatology online journal, 32832434.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32832434/
Ramos PM, & Miot HA. (2015). Female Pattern Hair Loss: a clinical and .... Anais brasileiros de dermatologia, 26375223.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26375223/
Redler S, Messenger AG, & Betz RC. (2017). Genetics and other factors in the aetiology of female .... Experimental dermatology, 28453904.
Q.
What strategies are effective for weight loss in individuals with PCOS?
A.
For weight loss in individuals with PCOS, a combination of a healthy diet, regular exercise, and sometimes medication can be effective. It's important to focus on a balanced approach that includes lifestyle changes.
References:
Moran LJ, Lombard CB, Lim S, Noakes M, & Teede HJ. (2010). Polycystic ovary syndrome and weight management. Women's health (London, England), 20187731.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20187731/
Lie Fong S, Douma A, & Verhaeghe J. (2021). how to achieve weight loss in overweight and obese .... Journal of gynecology obstetrics and human reproduction, 32814159.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32814159/
Hazlehurst JM, Singh P, Bhogal G, Broughton S, & Tahrani AA. (2022). How to manage weight loss in women with obesity and .... Clinical endocrinology, 35319122.
Q.
What surgical options are available for treating Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?
A.
Surgery for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) includes procedures like ovarian drilling, which can help with symptoms, but it is not the first choice and is used when other treatments do not work.
References:
Gomel V, & Yarali H. (2004). Surgical treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome associated .... Reproductive biomedicine online, 15257815.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15257815/
Farquhar CM. (2004). The role of ovarian surgery in polycystic ovary syndrome. Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 15380147.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15380147/
Della Corte L, Boccia D, Palumbo M, Mercorio A, Ronsini C, Bifulco G, & Giampaolino P. (2023). Is There Still a Place for Surgery in Patients with PCOS? .... Life (Basel, Switzerland), 37374053.
Q.
What treatments are effective for hair loss associated with PCOS?
A.
Treatments for hair loss in PCOS include medications like minoxidil and oral contraceptives, and natural compounds such as saw palmetto and pumpkin seed oil.
References:
Dakkak M, Forde KM, & Lanney H. (2024). Hair Loss: Diagnosis and Treatment. American family physician, 39283847.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39283847/
Gasmi A, Mujawdiya PK, Beley N, Shanaida M, Lysiuk R, Lenchyk L, et al. (2023). Natural Compounds Used for Treating Hair Loss. Current pharmaceutical design, 37151166.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37151166/
Phillips TG, Slomiany WP, & Allison R. (2017). Hair Loss: Common Causes and Treatment. American family physician, 28925637.
Q.
What types of pain are associated with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, and how can they be managed?
A.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) can cause different types of pain, including pelvic pain. Managing these pains often involves lifestyle changes and medications.
References:
Cherlin T, Mohammed S, Ottey S, Sherif K, & Verma SS. (2024). Understanding Pain in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 39484281.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39484281/
Lu KT, Ho YC, Chang CL, Lan KC, Wu CC, & Su YT. (2022). Evaluation of Bodily Pain Associated with Polycystic Ovary .... Biomedicines, 36551953.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36551953/
Sacca L, Okwaraji G, Densley S, Marciniak A, Knecht M, Wilson C, et al. (2024). Polycystic ovary syndrome and chronic pain among .... SAGE open medicine, 38903491.
Q.
When should couples with PCOS consider stopping attempts to conceive due to secondary infertility?
A.
Couples with PCOS may consider stopping attempts to conceive when treatments have been unsuccessful for a significant period, or when the emotional and financial burden becomes too high.
References:
Cakmak H. (2022). When is the right time to stop autologous in vitro fertilization .... Fertility and sterility, 35367012.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35367012/
Brandes M, van der Steen JO, Bokdam SB, Hamilton CJ, de Bruin JP, Nelen WL, & Kremer JA. (2009). When and why do subfertile couples discontinue their .... Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 19783833.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19783833/
Kadu KS, More A, Choudhary N, Dutta S, Shrivastava J, & Gajabe G. (2024). Application of Physiological Sperm Selection in Assisted .... Cureus, 38410342.
Q.
Which hormone is responsible for increased facial hair growth in females with PCOS?
A.
Increased facial hair growth in females with PCOS is mainly due to higher levels of androgens, which are male hormones.
References:
Azziz R. (2003). The evaluation and management of hirsutism. Obstetrics and gynecology, 12738163.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12738163/
Randall VA. (2008). Androgens and hair growth. Dermatologic therapy, 18844710.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18844710/
Al-Bayyari N, Al-Domi H, Zayed F, Hailat R, & Eaton A. (2021). Androgens and hirsutism score of overweight women with .... Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 33010974.
Q.
Which hormones are typically imbalanced in individuals with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome?
A.
In Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), hormones like insulin, androgens, and luteinizing hormone (LH) are often imbalanced.
References:
Yang J, & Chen C. (2024). Hormonal changes in PCOS. The Journal of endocrinology, 38285626.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38285626/
Layacha SY, & Biswas DA. (2023). Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Review .... Cureus, 36751233.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36751233/
Kambale T, Sawaimul KD, & Prakash S. (2023). A study of hormonal and anthropometric parameters in .... Annals of African medicine, 36695232.
Q.
Which treatments are most effective for cystic acne in patients with PCOS?
A.
Isotretinoin, also known as 13-cis-retinoic acid, is highly effective for treating cystic acne, including in patients with PCOS.
References:
Peck GL, Olsen TG, Butkus D, Pandya M, Arnaud-Battandier J, Gross EG, et al. (1982). Isotretinoin versus placebo in the treatment of cystic acne. .... Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 6461677.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6461677/
Farrell LN, Strauss JS, & Stranieri AM. (1980). The treatment of severe cystic acne with 13-cis-retinoic .... Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 6451637.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6451637/
Spear KL, & Muller SA. (1983). Treatment of cystic acne with 13-cis-retinoic acid. Mayo Clinic proceedings, 6224052.
Q.
Why does hormonal acne often appear on the cheeks in those with PCOS?
A.
Hormonal acne on the cheeks in those with PCOS is often due to increased androgen levels, which lead to more oil production and clogged pores.
References:
Lolis MS, Bowe WP, & Shalita AR. (2009). Acne and systemic disease. The Medical clinics of North America, 19932324.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19932324/
da Cunha MG, Fonseca FL, & Machado CD. (2013). Androgenic hormone profile of adult women with acne. Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland), 23689531.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23689531/
Chuan SS, & Chang RJ. (2010). Polycystic ovary syndrome and acne. Skin therapy letter, 21076799.
Q.
Why is cystic acne on the chin common in individuals with PCOS?
A.
Cystic acne on the chin is common in people with PCOS due to hormonal changes that affect the skin.
References:
Eichenfield DZ, Sprague J, & Eichenfield LF. (2021). Management of Acne Vulgaris: A Review. JAMA, 34812859.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34812859/
Reynolds RV, Yeung H, Cheng CE, Cook-Bolden F, Desai SR, Druby KM, et al. (2024). Guidelines of care for the management of acne vulgaris. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 38300170.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38300170/
Aizawa H, & Niimura M. (1992). Serum hormone levels in men with severe acne. The Journal of dermatology, 1401498.
Q.
Why is weight gain a common symptom in those with PCOS?
A.
Weight gain in PCOS is linked to hormonal imbalances that affect metabolism and increase fat storage in the body.
References:
Piaggi P. (2019). Metabolic Determinants of Weight Gain in Humans. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 31012296.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31012296/
Kapoor E, Collazo-Clavell ML, & Faubion SS. (2017). Weight Gain in Women at Midlife: A Concise Review .... Mayo Clinic proceedings, 28982486.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28982486/
Hurtado MD, Saadedine M, Kapoor E, Shufelt CL, & Faubion SS. (2024). Weight Gain in Midlife Women. Current obesity reports, 38416337.
Q.
Why might a woman with PCOS experience irregular periods after giving birth?
A.
After giving birth, a woman with PCOS might have irregular periods due to changes in hormone levels and the effects of breastfeeding on ovulation.
References:
Hatherley LI. (1985). Natural family planning after pregnancy. A problem for .... Clinical reproduction and fertility, 4084891.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4084891/
McNeilly AS, Howie PW, Houston MJ, Cook A, & Boyle H. (1982). adequacy of post-partum luteal phases. Clinical endocrinology, 7165971.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7165971/
Chao S. (1987). The effect of lactation on ovulation and fertility. Clinics in perinatology, 3549114.
Q.
Why might facial hair grow rapidly in women with PCOS?
A.
Women with PCOS often have rapid facial hair growth because of higher levels of male hormones called androgens, which can make hair grow more quickly and thicker.
References:
Randall VA. (2008). Androgens and hair growth. Dermatologic therapy, 18844710.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18844710/
Cumming DC. (1990). Use of spironolactone in treatment of hirsutism. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine, 2357784.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2357784/
Akarsu S, Coskun BK, Aydin AM, Tekatli M, & Aygun AD. (2005). Congenital hemihypertrophy with hemihypertrichosis. The Journal of dermatology, 16043924.
Q.
Why might someone with PCOS experience irregular periods on birth control after years of regularity?
A.
Irregular periods in someone with PCOS on birth control might happen due to changes in the body or the effects of the birth control itself.
References:
Schrager S. (2002). Abnormal uterine bleeding associated with hormonal .... American family physician, 12046776.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12046776/
Willette A, & Cazes E. (2024). Endometrial Proliferation and Heavy Menstrual Bleeding .... Cureus, 39544620.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39544620/
Kulshreshtha B, Arora A, Pahuja I, Sharma N, & Pant S. (2016). Menstrual cyclicity post OC withdrawal in PCOS. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 26982394.
Q.
Why might someone with PCOS feel weak during their period?
A.
People with PCOS might feel weak during their period due to fatigue, which can be influenced by hormonal changes and menstrual symptoms.
References:
Li SH, Lloyd AR, & Graham BM. (2020). Physical and mental fatigue across the menstrual cycle in .... Hormones and behavior, 31899259.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31899259/
Kennedy KER, Onyeonwu C, Nowakowski S, Hale L, Branas CC, Killgore WDS, et al. (2022). Menstrual regularity and bleeding is associated with sleep .... Journal of sleep research, 34404109.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34404109/
Schoep ME, Nieboer TE, van der Zanden M, Braat DDM, & Nap AW. (2019). The impact of menstrual symptoms on everyday life. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 30885768.
Q.
Why might someone with PCOS have trouble sleeping before their period?
A.
People with PCOS might have trouble sleeping before their period due to hormonal changes affecting sleep patterns.
References:
Baker FC, & Lee KA. (2018). Menstrual Cycle Effects on Sleep. Sleep medicine clinics, 30098748.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30098748/
Manber R, & Bootzin RR. (1997). Sleep and the menstrual cycle. Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association, 9152698.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9152698/
Kennedy KER, Onyeonwu C, Nowakowski S, Hale L, Branas CC, Killgore WDS, et al. (2022). Menstrual regularity and bleeding is associated with sleep .... Journal of sleep research, 34404109.
Q.
Why might someone with PCOS miss a period even if they are not pregnant?
A.
People with PCOS might miss periods due to hormonal imbalances that affect the menstrual cycle.
References:
Khalid A. (2004). Irregular or absent periods--what can an ultrasound scan .... Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 15123054.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15123054/
Farr SL, Cooper GS, Cai J, Savitz DA, & Sandler DP. (2004). Pesticide use and menstrual cycle characteristics among .... American journal of epidemiology, 15583372.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15583372/
Svanes C, Real FG, Gislason T, Jansson C, Jögi R, Norrman E, et al. (2005). Association of asthma and hay fever with irregular .... Thorax, 15923242.
Q.
Why might women with PCOS experience irregular periods while breastfeeding?
A.
Women with PCOS may experience irregular periods while breastfeeding due to the natural effects of breastfeeding on ovulation and fertility.
References:
Chao S. (1987). The effect of lactation on ovulation and fertility. Clinics in perinatology, 3549114.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3549114/
Gray RH, Campbell OM, Apelo R, Eslami SS, Zacur H, Ramos RM, et al. (1990). Risk of ovulation during lactation. Lancet (London, England), 1967336.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1967336/
McNeilly AS, Howie PW, Houston MJ, Cook A, & Boyle H. (1982). adequacy of post-partum luteal phases. Clinical endocrinology, 7165971.
Q.
What conditions should be considered if heavy menstrual bleeding persists?
A.
Heavy menstrual bleeding, also known as menorrhagia, can be a significant concern for many women. If this condition persists, it is essential to consider various underlying causes to ensure appropriate diagnosis and management.
References:
Brenner PF. Differential diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Sep;175(3 Pt 2):766-9. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9378(96)80082-2. PMID: 8828559.
Borzutzky C, Jaffray J. Diagnosis and Management of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding and Bleeding Disorders in Adolescents. JAMA Pediatr. 2020 Feb 1;174(2):186-194. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.5040. PMID: 31886837.
Ubie is supervised by 50+ medical experts worldwide
Our symptom checker AI is continuously refined with input from experienced physicians, empowering them to make more accurate diagnoses.
Ubie is recognized by healthcare and tech leaders
“World’s Best Digital
Health Companies”
Newsweek 2024
“Best With AI”
Google Play Best of 2023
“Best in Class”
Digital Health Awards 2023 (Quarterfinalist)
Which is the best Symptom Checker?
Ubie’s symptom checker demonstrated a Top-10 hit accuracy of 71.6%, surpassing the performance of several leading symptom checkers in the market, which averaged around 60% accuracy in similar assessments.
Link to full study:
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.24312810v1References
Khan MJ, Ullah A, Basit S. Genetic Basis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Current Perspectives. Appl Clin Genet. 2019 Dec 24;12:249-260. doi: 10.2147/TACG.S200341. PMID: 31920361; PMCID: PMC6935309.
https://www.dovepress.com/genetic-basis-of-polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos-current-perspectives-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-TACGOtto-Buczkowska E, Grzyb K, Jainta N. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and the accompanying disorders of glucose homeostasis among girls at the time of puberty. Pediatr Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2018;24(1):40-44. doi: 10.18544/PEDM-24.01.0101. PMID: 30083660.
https://www.termedia.pl/Czasopismo/Pediatric_Endocrinology_Diabetes_and_Metabolism-138/?doi=10.18544/PEDM-24.01.0101Delcour C, Robin G, Young J, Dewailly D. PCOS and Hyperprolactinemia: what do we know in 2019? Clin Med Insights Reprod Health. 2019 Sep 9;13:1179558119871921. doi: 10.1177/1179558119871921. PMID: 31523136; PMCID: PMC6734626.
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1179558119871921Patel S. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an inflammatory, systemic, lifestyle endocrinopathy. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018 Sep;182:27-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.04.008. Epub 2018 Apr 17. PMID: 29678491.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960076018300396?via%3DihubAjmal N, Khan SZ, Shaikh R. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and genetic predisposition: A review article. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X. 2019 Jun 8;3:100060. doi: 10.1016/j.eurox.2019.100060. PMID: 31403134; PMCID: PMC6687436.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590161319300948?via%3DihubACOG Patient FAQ
https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-pcos