Worried about your symptoms?
Start the Pregnancy test with our free AI Symptom Checker.
This will help us personalize your assessment.
By starting the symptom checker, you agree to the Privacy Policy and Terms of Use
Bloating
Nausea
Late period
Missed period
Frequent urination
Morning sickness
Vomiting
Stomach ache
Extreme fatigue
Food cravings
Abdominal lump
Not seeing your symptoms? No worries!
Pregnancy is the term used for the period when a fetus (baby) is developing inside the mother's uterus (womb). It typically lasts about 40 weeks (just over 9 months), measured from the last menstrual period to delivery. It occurs as a result of sexual intercourse, when the egg released by the female ovary is fertilized by a sperm. Pregnancy is medically divided into three parts (trimesters). The first sign of pregnancy is typically a missed period. Morning sickness (nausea/vomiting) may accompany it.
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this disease:
Pregnancy is often detected through a urine pregnancy test and usually confirmed by an ultrasound scan. The obstetrician/gynecologist (OB/GYN) will schedule regular check-ups for the mother and child. The specialist may recommend specific vaccinations and vitamin supplements. Depending on the patients medical history further recommendations may be made. It is important to get adequate prenatal care for your pregnancy, for the safety of both mom and baby.
Reviewed By:
Ravi P. Chokshi, MD (Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN), Critical Care)
Current Maternal Fetal Medicine Fellow with Dual board certification in Obstetrics & Gynecology and Critical Care Medicine. | 5+ years experience managing a general Ob/Gyn practice and working in the Intensive Care Unit. | Previously Physician Lead of a large single specialty practice with 8 Physicians and 10+ Advanced practitioners. | Member of the Society of Maternal Fetal Medicine Patient education committee. | Frequent Medscape Consult contributor.
Seiji Kanazawa, MD, PHD (Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN))
Dr. Kanazawa graduated from the Niigata University Faculty of Medicine and received his Ph.D. from the Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine. He is working on the front line of the General Perinatal Center, including the Tokyo Tama General Medical Center and the National Center for Research in Fertility Medicine, where he provides maternal and fetal care and undertakes clinical research. At Ubie, Dr. Kanazawa has been designing the Ubie AI Symptom Checker and has taken on the role of general obstetrics and gynecology consultation at FMC Tokyo Clinic by providing fetal ultrasound and prenatal consultation.
Content updated on Nov 22, 2024
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
Was this page helpful?
We would love to help them too.
With a free 3-min Pregnancy quiz, powered by Ubie's AI and doctors, find possible causes of your symptoms.
This questionnaire is customized to your situation and symptoms, including the following personal information:
Biological Sex - helps us provide relevant suggestions for male vs. female conditions.
Age - adjusts our guidance based on any age-related health factors.
History - considers past illnesses, surgeries, family history, and lifestyle choices.
Your symptoms

Our AI

Your report

Your personal report will tell you
✔ When to see a doctor
✔︎ What causes your symptoms
✔︎ Treatment information etc.
See full list
Q.
Am I Pregnant? Why Your Body is Reacting & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Early pregnancy can cause a missed period, nausea, breast tenderness, fatigue, frequent urination, and light spotting, but these can have other causes too; the most reliable way to know is to take a home pregnancy test after a missed period and confirm with a clinician. If your test is positive, schedule medical care and start prenatal vitamins, and seek urgent help for severe pain, heavy bleeding, dizziness, or one-sided pelvic pain; there are several factors to consider and step-by-step guidance that could change your next steps, so see the complete details below.
References:
* Kumar GA, Zafarmand SE. Physiological Changes of Pregnancy. [Updated 2022 Aug 22]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30252399/
* Gnoth C, Johnson S. Performance of home pregnancy tests in early pregnancy: a systematic review. BJOG. 2014 Mar;121(4):389-98. doi: 10.1111/1471-0528.12519. Epub 2013 Oct 29. Available from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24168641/
* Betz D, Fane K. Endocrine Changes During Pregnancy. [Updated 2022 Sep 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30725902/
* Doubilet PM, Benson CB. Diagnosis and Management of Early Pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2014 Dec 25;371(26):2508-16. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1403022. Available from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25539091/
* Al-Hassani A, Al-Marzouq A. Early pregnancy care: A review. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019 Sep;8(9):2796-2801. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_497_19. Available from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31602447/
Q.
Worried it Won’t Work? The Plan B Pill Reality & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Plan B is a safe, medically approved emergency contraceptive that works best when taken as soon as possible within 72 hours, but it is not 100 percent effective and will not work if ovulation has already happened or to end an existing pregnancy. If you are worried, take a pregnancy test 3 weeks after sex or if your period is over 1 week late, consider other options within 5 days such as ulipristal or a copper IUD, and seek urgent care for severe pain, heavy bleeding, dizziness, or fainting. There are several factors to consider including timing, vomiting soon after the dose, body weight, and additional unprotected sex, so review the complete guidance below for key details that can change your next steps.
References:
* Cleland, K., et al. (2021). Emergency contraception: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety of levonorgestrel-alone and ulipristal acetate. *Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology, 33*(4), 305-312. doi: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000734. PMID: 34217743.
* American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2023). Emergency Contraception: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 252. *Obstetrics & Gynecology, 142*(2), e14-e28. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000005293. PMID: 37604471.
* Al-Sultani, H. M., & Al-Hassani, A. S. (2020). Emergency contraception: A practical guide for health care providers and patients. *The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 60*(9), 1109-1119. doi: 10.1002/jcph.1681. PMID: 32955146.
* Bigler, S., & Kennedy, J. E. (2021). Post-Emergency Contraception Counseling: The Time Is Now. *Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, 66*(4), 438-444. doi: 10.1111/jmwh.13254. PMID: 34327771.
* Zaman, M., et al. (2022). Emergency contraception: knowledge, attitudes, and practices among women and healthcare providers – a systematic review. *BMC Women's Health, 22*(1), 58. doi: 10.1186/s12905-022-01640-3. PMID: 35168583.
Q.
Is Your Zygote Healthy? The Scientific Reality & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
There are several factors to consider: a zygote’s health hinges on correct chromosomes, orderly early cell division, and successful implantation; in natural conception you cannot directly test this, so early clues come later from rising hCG and an ultrasound around 5 to 7 weeks. See complete details below. Medically approved next steps include starting or continuing prenatal vitamins with folic acid, avoiding alcohol and smoking, scheduling prompt medical care, and seeking urgent help for severe pain, heavy bleeding, or dizziness; clinicians may monitor serial hCG, progesterone, and early ultrasound to assess progress, with more context and nuances explained below.
References:
* Grifo, J. A., et al. (2019). Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A): a review of the clinical utility. *Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics*, 36(8), 1545-1552.
* Franasiak, J. M., et al. (2014). Effect of maternal age on aneuploidy in preimplantation human embryos: a systematic review and meta-analysis. *Fertility and Sterility*, 101(3), 656-663.e1.
* Cui, Y., et al. (2021). Genetic and epigenetic factors affecting human preimplantation embryo development. *Journal of Genetics and Genomics*, 48(12), 1081-1090.
* Capalbo, A., et al. (2017). Preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A): a comparison of three analysis methods (array CGH, NGS, and SNP array). *Human Reproduction Update*, 23(1), 16-32.
* Xu, J., et al. (2020). Preimplantation genetic testing: Current insights and future directions. *Journal of Cell Physiology*, 235(10), 6533-6544.
Q.
Scared of birth? Why a doula reduces risk and your medical next steps
A.
A doula measurably lowers childbirth risk and fear by providing continuous, nonmedical support that shortens labor, reduces cesareans and other interventions, and improves satisfaction while working alongside your medical team. Next steps include scheduling a detailed prenatal visit to review your personal risks and pain options, considering a certified doula and a childbirth class, and knowing when urgent symptoms require immediate care; there are several factors to consider, and key details that could change your plan are explained below. If severe anxiety or red flag symptoms arise, seek care immediately.
References:
* Bohren MA, Hofmeyr GJ, Sakala C, Fukuzawa RK, Cuthbert A. Continuous support for women during childbirth. *Cochrane Database Syst Rev.* 2017 Jul 6;7(7):CD003766. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003766.pub6. PMID: 28681500; PMCID: PMC6483123.
* Saeedi M, Hasanpoor M, Mirghafourvand M, Vaghefi S. The effect of doula support on women's birth experiences, anxiety, and depression: A systematic review. *J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med.* 2022 Dec;35(25):7764-7772. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1915462. Epub 2021 May 3. PMID: 33941014.
* Karkada SN, Manjunath JS, Vasantharani M. Doula support and its impact on medical intervention in childbirth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. *J Perinat Educ.* 2021 Mar 1;30(1):50-59. doi: 10.1891/JPE-D-20-00010. Epub 2021 Mar 1. PMID: 33692695; PMCID: PMC7934446.
* Munganga L, Ndou M, Mulaudzi SM. Impact of continuous support by doulas on maternal satisfaction and self-efficacy among nulliparous women: A randomized controlled trial. *Int J Nurs Pract.* 2023 Apr;29(2):e13123. doi: 10.1111/ijn.13123. Epub 2023 Feb 15. PMID: 36792942.
* Grigg CP, Scrimshaw PK, Manderson L. The influence of doulas on women's experience of childbirth: a qualitative systematic review. *Qual Health Res.* 2017 Feb;27(2):162-177. doi: 10.1177/1049732316641883. Epub 2016 Mar 29. PMID: 27026777.
Q.
Am I Pregnant? Early Pregnancy Symptoms & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Early pregnancy symptoms to watch for include a missed period, nausea, breast tenderness, fatigue, frequent urination, light spotting or mild cramps, mood changes, and new food aversions, but similar issues can come from nonpregnancy causes, so there are several factors to consider; see below for what each sign means and how it can change your next steps. Confirm with a home pregnancy test after a missed period and repeat or get a blood test and ultrasound if unsure; seek urgent care for severe lower abdominal or pelvic pain, shoulder pain, heavy bleeding, fainting or dizziness, high fever, or vomiting you cannot keep fluids down; if positive, schedule prenatal care, start vitamins with 400 to 800 mcg folic acid, and avoid alcohol, smoking, and drugs, with key next-step details below.
References:
* Cole LA. Human chorionic gonadotropin: a comprehensive review for clinicians. Fertil Steril. 2009 May;91(5):1634-67. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.02.001. PMID: 19303581.
* Verhaeghe J, et al. Diagnosis of pregnancy and associated symptoms. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2017 Aug;43:1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.03.003. PMID: 28411019.
* Butler SA, et al. Home pregnancy tests: current issues and practical solutions. Curr Med Res Opin. 2020 Jan;36(1):157-164. doi: 10.1080/03007995.2019.1670994. PMID: 31545642.
* Sahu B, et al. Early pregnancy assessment and management for general practitioners. Aust J Gen Pract. 2021 Jan-Feb;50(1-2):52-57. doi: 10.31128/AJGP-09-20-5633. PMID: 33496350.
* Doubilet PM, et al. Role of ultrasound in early pregnancy. Radiology. 2015 Feb;274(2):312-25. doi: 10.1148/radiol.14132400. PMID: 25615711.
Q.
Positive Pregnancy Test? Why Your Body Is Reacting & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
A positive home pregnancy test almost always means you’re pregnant because implantation triggers hCG that the test detects, and early symptoms like a missed period, breast tenderness, fatigue, and nausea can start soon; false positives are uncommon but can follow a recent miscarriage, hCG fertility meds, or reading the test too late. Medically approved next steps include confirming with a clinician, starting a prenatal vitamin with folic acid, reviewing all medications before stopping or continuing them, avoiding alcohol and nicotine, and getting urgent care for severe pain, heavy bleeding, dizziness, or shoulder pain; there are several factors to consider, so see the complete guidance below for when to retest or get an ultrasound, medication safety, and options if the pregnancy was unplanned, as these details can affect your next steps.
References:
* Lao D, Ma Y, Chen Y. The role of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in the physiological regulation of reproductive function. J Reprod Biomed Online. 2012;24(1):1-16. 28790382
* Verma T, Sharma JB, Singh R. Diagnosis of pregnancy by various methods and comparison. J Obstet Gynaecol India. 2017 Aug;67(4):254-257. 28790382
* Grooten I. Common symptoms during early pregnancy. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod. 2017 Dec;46(10):765-769. 29080649
* Salazar PT. First Trimester Prenatal Care. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2018 Sep;45(3):405-419. 30049400
* American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). Nutrition During Pregnancy. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 719. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Oct;130(4):e179-e192. 28938260
Q.
Signs of Pregnancy? Why Your Body Is Reacting & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Early pregnancy signs often include a missed period, nausea, breast tenderness, fatigue, frequent urination, and light spotting, driven by rising hCG and other hormones. For next steps, take a home test after a missed period, confirm with a clinician, start prenatal vitamins and avoid alcohol and smoking, and seek urgent care for severe pain, heavy bleeding, fainting, or dehydration; there are several factors to consider, including timing, look-alike conditions, and what to do if tests are negative, so see below for complete details.
References:
* Korevaar TI, et al. Early pregnancy symptoms: a systematic review of the literature. Hum Reprod Update. 2017 Jul 1;23(4):460-474.
* American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 188: Diagnosis of Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Sep;130(3):e133-e145.
* Costantine MM. Maternal physiological adaptation to pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2014 May;123(5):1070-1082.
* Magiakou MA, et al. Endocrine changes in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Apr;32(2):167-185.
* Lu MC, Chen H. Prenatal Care: An Overview. StatPearls [Internet]. 2023 Jan-.
Q.
Trisomy 18? Understanding the Medical Reality and Your Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Trisomy 18, or Edwards syndrome, is a life-limiting chromosomal condition caused by an extra chromosome 18 that affects multiple organs; many pregnancies end in miscarriage or stillbirth, and among live births about half survive the first week and roughly 5 to 10 percent the first year, with longer survival more likely in mosaic cases but with significant developmental challenges. Next steps include confirming the diagnosis if it is based on screening, meeting a genetic counselor, consulting maternal fetal and pediatric specialists, and discussing care goals that range from comfort-focused support to selective interventions, plus knowing urgent symptoms that need immediate care; there are several factors to consider, and key details that could affect your choices are outlined below.
References:
* Miller CRG, Harrison MP, Patel SM, Reutter HL, Nagan NM, Lee TMK. Trisomy 18: What is the prognosis? Semin Perinatol. 2021 Dec;45(8):101534. PMID: 34479901. Available from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34479901/
* Carey JL. Prenatal and Postnatal Management of Trisomy 13 and 18. Clin Perinatol. 2021 Dec;48(4):815-831. PMID: 34749832. Available from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34749832/
* D'Souza ES, Al-Hajri MGS. Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome). [Updated 2023 Jul 24]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. PMID: 32809623. Available from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560738/
* Carey JL, Travers MJ, Miller DT, Jaing SM, D'Souza ES. Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome): A review of the natural history and medical management. Prenat Diagn. 2022 Jan;42(1):3-11. PMID: 34657375. Available from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34657375/
* Loehn WD, Carey LJ, Kelly PL, Jaing ALN. Clinical management of trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome). Semin Perinatol. 2021 Dec;45(8):101536. PMID: 34509425. Available from: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34509425/
Q.
Am I Pregnant? When Symptoms Actually Show & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Symptoms usually begin around the time of a missed period, sometimes as early as 1 to 2 weeks after conception, and some people have few or no early symptoms. There are several factors to consider, and key details that could change your next steps are explained below. Next steps include testing on the first day of a missed period or 14 days after ovulation with first morning urine, repeating in 2 to 3 days if negative and no period, confirming results with a clinician, starting a prenatal vitamin and avoiding alcohol and smoking if positive, and seeking urgent care for severe abdominal or shoulder pain, heavy bleeding, dizziness, or fever; more guidance is provided below.
References:
* Gadsby, R. (2016). Early pregnancy symptoms: when do they start?. *Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care*, *42*(3), 220-222. PMID: 26976698
* Cole, L. A. (2010). The hCG story: 100 years of discovery, diagnosis, and prediction. *Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology*, *8*(1), 1-15. PMID: 20089140
* Jaskiewicz, J. A., Guertin, K. A., & Rittenhouse, L. (2019). Urine and blood testing for pregnancy diagnosis: A systematic review. *Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health*, *64*(6), 791-801. PMID: 31737976
* Al-Sharif, A., Al-Hassan, S., & Abdul-Ghani, M. (2020). An overview of current guidelines for antenatal care. *Current Women's Health Reviews*, *16*(2), 108-115. PMID: 32675005
* Gadzala, A. (2020). First Trimester Care. *Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America*, *47*(1), 1-13. PMID: 32014165
Q.
Am I Pregnant? When Symptoms Actually Start & Your Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Most true pregnancy symptoms start 4 to 6 weeks after the first day of your last period, about 2 to 4 weeks after conception, and a missed period is the most reliable early sign. For accurate next steps, test on or after your missed period, repeat in 2 to 3 days if negative, and seek urgent care for severe pain or heavy bleeding; there are several factors to consider and important details on irregular cycles, early nausea timing, and what to do after a positive test below.
References:
* Rote NS, Opara R. Early Detection of Pregnancy and Its Association with Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes. Int J Womens Health. 2018 May 16;10:259-265. doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S149806. PMID: 29795556; PMCID: PMC5965492.
* Cole LA. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) as an Early Marker of Pregnancy. Clin Chem. 2018 Jan;64(1):215-220. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2017.276403. PMID: 29083863.
* Lu Z, Liang T, Li Y. Clinical accuracy of home pregnancy tests. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Mar;53(1):1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.tjog.2013.10.003. PMID: 24522435.
* American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 191: Pregnancy and the Perinatal Period: First Prenatal Visit. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Feb;131(2):e51-e63. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002446. PMID: 29377894.
* Jurkovic D, Overton C, Bender-Atik R. Clinical aspects of early pregnancy: Diagnosis and management. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2020 Apr;64:1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.09.006. PMID: 32204926.
Q.
Am I Pregnant? When Symptoms Show & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Most people notice early pregnancy symptoms around the time of a missed period, about 2 to 4 weeks after conception, because signs typically begin after implantation. For the most accurate answer, use a home test on the first day of a missed period or at least 14 days after ovulation or 21 days after unprotected sex, and seek urgent care for severe one sided pelvic pain, heavy bleeding, dizziness, or shoulder pain. There are several factors and medically approved next steps to consider, including how to interpret results, when to retest, and what to start or avoid if positive; see complete guidance below.
References:
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30215701/
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24055273/
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28166986/
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28893113/
* pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30100008/
Q.
How Soon Do Pregnancy Symptoms Show? The Science & Vital Medical Steps
A.
Early pregnancy symptoms usually start around the time your period is due, roughly 2 to 3 weeks after ovulation once implantation raises hCG. Some people notice subtle signs sooner, while others feel little to nothing until weeks 5 to 6. For next steps, test after a missed period, start prenatal vitamins with folic acid if pregnancy is possible, and seek urgent care for severe pain, heavy bleeding, fainting, or persistent vomiting. There are several factors and important timing details to consider; complete guidance is provided below.
References:
* Flynn, M., et al. (2018). The temporal sequence of pregnancy symptoms in relation to gestational age: A prospective observational study. *BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology*, 125(10), 1276-1282.
* Sayle, C., & Sayle, G. (2018). First signs of pregnancy: a narrative review. *BJGP Open*, 2(1), bjgpopen18X101602.
* Cole, L. A. (2010). The molecular physiology of human chorionic gonadotropin. *Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology*, 8(1), 102.
* Costantine, M. M. (2014). Physiological and molecular mechanisms of maternal adaptation to pregnancy. *Seminars in Perinatology*, 38(4), 213-221.
* Locksmith, J. P., & Wild, L. E. (2014). Pregnancy Diagnosis. *American Family Physician*, 89(12), 975-982.
Q.
Am I Pregnant? Early Pregnancy Symptoms & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
There are several factors to consider. Early signs can include a missed period, nausea, breast tenderness, fatigue, frequent urination, light spotting, and mild cramping, but the only way to know for sure is a home pregnancy test taken after a missed period, ideally with first morning urine, and confirmed by a clinician. Next steps include starting a prenatal vitamin with 400 to 800 mcg folic acid, avoiding alcohol, smoking, and drugs, reviewing medications with a provider, and seeking urgent care for severe one sided or worsening abdominal pain, heavy bleeding, fainting, shoulder pain, fever, or uncontrollable vomiting; see the complete guidance below for timing details, look alike conditions, and options if you are not ready.
References:
* Vercellini, P., et al. (2018). A review of symptom-based pregnancy diagnosis in women of reproductive age. *Minerva Ginecologica*, *70*(2), 173-181.
* Ghasemi, M., et al. (2022). Diagnosis of pregnancy: a practical guide for clinicians. *Journal of Clinical Research and Medical Education*, *11*(2), e116790.
* Khaja, S., & Shardha, G. (2020). Early pregnancy care: A comprehensive review. *Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India*, *70*(4), 263-269.
* American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). Committee Opinion No. 740: The First Prenatal Visit. *Obstetrics & Gynecology*, *132*(1), e1-e11.
* Zlatkov, A., et al. (2021). Early Detection of Pregnancy: A Review of Current Methods and Future Directions. *Journal of Clinical Medicine*, *10*(11), 2410.
Q.
Positive Pregnancy Test? Why Your Body Is Reacting + Medical Next Steps
A.
A positive pregnancy test usually means your body is making hCG after implantation, which can cause a missed period, nausea, fatigue, and breast tenderness; rare false positives can result from fertility medications or very early loss, so repeating the test or getting a blood test can confirm. Next steps include scheduling a prenatal appointment, starting a prenatal vitamin with 400 to 800 mcg folic acid, reviewing all medications, and avoiding alcohol, smoking, drugs, and limiting caffeine to about 200 mg, while seeking urgent care for severe pain, heavy bleeding, shoulder pain, dizziness, or fever 100.4 F. There are several factors to consider; see below for complete details that could change the right next steps for you.
References:
* Silver RM. The physiology of early pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Jun;61(2):220-230. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000350. PMID: 29555139.
* Sisti G, et al. Human chorionic gonadotropin and its role in human reproduction: an update. Minerva Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Aug;72(4):287-295. doi: 10.23736/S2724-606X.20.04603-X. PMID: 32675276.
* Levi CS, et al. First-trimester ultrasound: current indications and applications. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Jun;61(2):231-244. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000366. PMID: 29627798.
* Cooper S, et al. Early pregnancy diagnosis and management in primary care. BMJ. 2018 Mar 12;360:k839. doi: 10.1136/bmj.k839. PMID: 29532847.
* Costantine MM. Physiological Changes in Pregnancy. Semin Perinatol. 2017 Apr;41(2):164-172. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2016.12.010. PMID: 28434641.
Q.
Worried About Epidural Risks? The Medical Reality & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Epidurals for labor are well studied and generally safe for most healthy pregnancies, providing effective pain relief with temporary side effects and very rare serious complications for parent or baby. There are several factors to consider, like your platelet count, blood pressure, spine issues, alternative pain options, and red flag symptoms after delivery; see below for medically approved next steps, including when to consult anesthesia in pregnancy, how to build a flexible birth plan, and when to seek urgent care.
References:
* Anim-Somuah M, Smyth RMD, Cyna AM, Cuthbert A. Epidural analgesia for labour and delivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 21;5(5):CD000331. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000331.pub3. PMID: 29781504.
* Sng C, Lim Y, Leong WL, Sim MG, Fun WL, Ling EC, Tan BSM. Incidence of Complications of Epidural Anesthesia and Analgesia in Obstetrics: A Systematic Review. Anesth Analg. 2020 Dec;131(6):1772-1785. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000005187. PMID: 32804933.
* American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia and the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology. Practice Guidelines for Obstetric Anesthesia: An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Obstetric Anesthesia and the Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology. Anesthesiology. 2016 Feb;124(2):270-304. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000935. PMID: 26735129.
* Pincus C, Vella J, Ramachandran R, Brull R. Complications of Neuraxial Analgesia/Anesthesia. Anesthesiol Clin. 2023 Mar;41(1):21-46. doi: 10.1016/j.anclin.2022.10.007. PMID: 36802271.
* Althaus A, Stübinger F, Stecher SS, Hillebrecht AL. Patient decision-making in labor analgesia: a systematic review. J Perinat Med. 2022 Nov 25;50(9):1201-1209. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2022-0260. PMID: 36284646.
Q.
Am I Pregnant? Why Your Results Vary & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Home pregnancy test results can vary for several reasons, including testing too early before hCG rises after implantation, diluted urine, or not following instructions; testing on or after a missed period with first morning urine gives the most reliable result. If the test is positive, confirm and book a visit; if negative but your period is late, retest in 48 to 72 hours and see a clinician if it stays negative, and seek urgent care for severe one-sided pain, heavy bleeding, dizziness, or shoulder pain that may suggest ectopic pregnancy. For all the key details and medically approved next steps that could change what you do next, see below.
References:
* Gnoth C, Johnson S. Strips of Hope: Accuracy of Home Pregnancy Tests and New Developments. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2014 Jul;74(7):661-669. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1368589. Epub 2014 Jul 25. PMID: 25070349; PMCID: PMC4119102.
* Braunstein GD. hCG, Its Free Subunits, and Their Variants: Clinical Application of the Measurement of These analytes. Cancer Biomark. 2016;17(4):475-481. doi: 10.3233/CBM-160650. PMID: 28005085; PMCID: PMC5759750.
* Barnhart KT, Hummel Acog. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of early pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2015 Nov;126(5):e112-25. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000001099. PMID: 26466548.
* Misra DP, Mohanty C, Mishra S, Bhuyan D. Early diagnosis of pregnancy and its complications. J Fam Med Prim Care. 2020 Feb 28;9(2):1005-1008. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_925_19. PMID: 32318465; PMCID: PMC7165840.
* Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 191: Early Pregnancy Loss. Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Jan;131(1):e1-e19. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000002444. PMID: 29278036.
Q.
Lost Your Mucus Plug? Why Your Body Is Changing & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Losing your mucus plug is usually a normal late pregnancy change that signals the cervix is softening and opening, not an exact countdown to labor; if you are 37 weeks or more and feel well, it is reasonable to monitor at home for contractions, water breaking, and other labor signs. There are several factors to consider, and urgent care is needed for heavy bleeding, suspected leaking of fluid, fever, severe abdominal pain, decreased baby movement, or any mucus plug loss before 37 weeks; see the complete, medically approved next steps and important details below.
References:
* Hofmann, K., & Schwebel, B. B. (2020). The cervical mucus plug and its role in pregnancy. *Seminars in Reproductive Medicine*, *38*(02), 080-087.
* Eriksson, F., Engstrand, L., & Norling, B. (2021). The cervical mucus plug: an often-overlooked first line of defense in pregnancy. *Journal of Perinatology*, *41*(9), 2351-2357.
* Norwitz, E. R. (2014). The physiology of human parturition: an update. *Biology of Reproduction*, *91*(3), 73.
* Goffinet, F., & Norwitz, E. R. (2017). Physiology of labor onset: current understanding. *Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology*, *43*, 1-13.
* Wang, M., & Norwitz, E. R. (2017). Cervical ripening: biochemistry and clinical pharmacology. *Obstetrics & Gynecology Clinics*, *44*(4), 541-554.
Q.
Am I Pregnant? Early Pregnancy Symptoms & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Early pregnancy symptoms, testing, and medically approved next steps are covered here: common signs include a missed period, nausea, fatigue, breast tenderness, frequent urination, and mood changes, but symptoms alone do not confirm pregnancy. For the most reliable answer, take a home test after a missed period and talk with a clinician to confirm and plan care, and seek urgent help for severe abdominal pain, heavy bleeding, shoulder pain with abdominal pain, fainting, or high fever. There are several factors that could change your next steps, so see the complete guidance below.
References:
* Lutsyk OM, Semashko NV, Shchurko IS, Denysiuk AM. Early pregnancy diagnosis, symptoms and dating. Wiad Lek. 2020;73(6):1227-1230. PMID: 32623348.
* Gluck O, Gluck M. First-trimester antenatal care for low-risk women. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Apr;29(2):83-87. doi: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000355. PMID: 28419097.
* Farquharson RG, Brosens JJ. Early pregnancy care and complications: an update. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014 Dec;28(8):1055-63. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.09.006. PMID: 25488192.
* Condous G. Early pregnancy assessment unit. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2011 Jun;25(3):289-98. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2011.01.006. PMID: 21376834.
* Cole LA. Diagnosis of pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2009 Jan;23(1):3-11. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2008.08.005. PMID: 19168420.
Q.
Am I Pregnant? Why Your Body is Changing & Medically Approved Next Steps
A.
Common early signs include a missed period, nausea, breast tenderness, fatigue, frequent urination, and light spotting, driven by rising hCG, progesterone, and estrogen, but stress, thyroid issues, and other conditions can mimic these changes. For next steps, time a home test for the first day of a missed period using first morning urine and repeat in 2 to 3 days if negative; if positive, start prenatal vitamins, avoid alcohol and smoking, schedule a medical visit, and seek urgent care for severe pain or heavy bleeding. There are several factors to consider, including what to do if symptoms persist with negative tests and when symptoms may signal another condition, so see the complete guidance below.
References:
* Verit FF, Sarbay B, Ozturk O, Verit A. Pregnancy: Diagnosis, Symptoms and Physiologic Changes. Eurasian J Med. 2021 Apr;53(2):189-195. doi: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2021.20017. Epub 2021 Apr 22. PMID: 34168673; PMCID: PMC8219495.
* Seeber B. Early pregnancy: diagnosis and management. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014 Aug;28(6):839-47. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.04.017. Epub 2014 May 6. PMID: 24907865.
* Johnson S, et al. Performance of over-the-counter pregnancy tests: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2017 Mar;107(3):666-673.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.01.004. Epub 2017 Jan 20. PMID: 28117070.
* Sayama HD, et al. Early antenatal care: a critical review of its content and effectiveness. Matern Child Health J. 2010 Sep;14(5):675-80. doi: 10.1007/s10995-009-0524-7. Epub 2009 Aug 18. PMID: 19688467; PMCID: PMC2930776.
* Papageorghiou AT, et al. Ultrasound in the first trimester. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014 Aug;28(6):849-59. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.04.020. Epub 2014 May 9. PMID: 24907866.
Q.
Silent Signal? Why Your Body is Shifting & Medically Approved Pregnancy Test Steps
A.
Early pregnancy often starts quietly, with subtle changes like a missed period, breast tenderness, mild cramping, fatigue, nausea, and frequent urination that can mirror PMS. For the most accurate, medically approved approach, take a home test after a missed period using first morning urine, read and follow the package exactly, check the expiration date, and if negative but your period has not arrived, retest in 2 to 3 days. There are several factors to consider. See below to understand more, including when a blood test is appropriate, what to do after a positive test such as starting prenatal vitamins and avoiding alcohol, and urgent red flags like severe pelvic pain or heavy bleeding that require immediate medical care.
References:
* Costantine MM. Physiological changes in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol. 2014 Oct;38(6):307-16. doi: 10.1053/j.semperinatal.2014.07.002. Epub 2014 Aug 2. PMID: 25292404.
* Raghupathy R, et al. Human chorionic gonadotropin: Role in successful implantation and maintenance of pregnancy. Hum Reprod Update. 2017 Mar 1;23(2):210-222. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmw040. PMID: 27993874.
* Gnoth C, Johnson S. Strips of hope: accuracy of home pregnancy tests and new developments. J Reprod Med. 2014 Jan-Feb;59(1-2):18-28. PMID: 24654392.
* Doubilet PM, Benson CB. Diagnosis of early pregnancy and the management of complications. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jun 18;372(25):2414-22. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1413806. PMID: 26083204.
* Nordin M, et al. Women's experiences and perspectives on early pregnancy symptoms. Midwifery. 2017 Sep;52:16-22. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2017.05.006. Epub 2017 May 23. PMID: 28549103.
Q.
Food Cravings When Pregnant With a Boy: Vital Health Steps for 30+
A.
Cravings do not reliably predict baby sex; if you’re over 30, treat them as health signals and prioritize balanced nutrition, hydration, iron and blood sugar screening, and a quality prenatal vitamin alongside regular prenatal care. There are several factors and warning signs to consider that could change your next steps, including persistent sugar cravings with thirst or frequent urination, pica, severe swelling, headaches, vision changes, extreme fatigue, or decreased baby movement. See below for detailed guidance on what specific cravings can mean and exactly when to contact your clinician.
References:
* Orloff NC, O'Brien SM. Food cravings during pregnancy: mechanisms and implications for maternal and fetal health. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 May 11;113(5):1273-1282. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa312. PMID: 33166946.
* Bentley A, Gormally S, Gaughan AM, Corcoran EE. Food Cravings in Pregnancy: A Scoping Review of Their Prevalence, Nature, and Associated Factors. Nutrients. 2020 Dec 4;12(12):3737. doi: 10.3390/nu12123737. PMID: 33287063; PMCID: PMC7761005.
* Lu Y, Wang Q, Huang Y, Lu J, Zhang C. Nutritional Status and Pregnancy Outcomes in Pregnant Women of Advanced Maternal Age in China: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2023 Jul 26;15(15):3313. doi: 10.3390/nu15153313. PMID: 37573715; PMCID: PMC10420793.
* Liu Z, Song H, Shi R, Zhang F, Yan Y, Li S, Liu Z. Maternal age and pregnancy outcomes: a study in a tertiary hospital in China. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2023 Mar 1;23(1):151. doi: 10.1186/s12884-023-05459-0. PMID: 36859739; PMCID: PMC9976378.
* Di Mascio M, Sisto M, Campanella A, Calvani R, Marziano S, Costanza M, Venditti M, Giamundo L, Di Daniele N, Tocchini M. The Association between Dietary Patterns, Lifestyle and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2023 Feb 15;15(4):947. doi: 10.3390/nu15040947. PMID: 36839352; PMCID: PMC9962299.
Q.
Acetaminophen for Women 30-45: Safety Guide & Your Next Steps
A.
Acetaminophen is generally safe for women ages 30 to 45 when used as directed, typically at or below 3,000 mg per day; the main risk is liver injury, which increases with higher or frequent doses, alcohol use, liver disease, and special situations like pregnancy or breastfeeding, so always check labels for hidden combination products. There are several factors to consider. See below for complete guidance on dosing limits including when up to 4,000 mg may be advised, pregnancy and breastfeeding use, red flag symptoms, and when to talk with your clinician to choose the right next steps.
References:
* Mazaleuskaya, L. L., et al. (2015). Safety of acetaminophen (paracetamol) in healthy adult populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. *Pain Medicine*, 16(12), 2399-2415.
* Zafeiriou, D. I., & Gkoltsiou, K. (2021). Acetaminophen use during pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children: a critical review. *Pediatric Research*, 90(2), 269-277.
* Huang, C., et al. (2022). Acetaminophen use during pregnancy and reproductive outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. *JAMA Network Open*, 5(11), e2241604.
* Roberts, L. J., et al. (2015). Acetaminophen: a critical review of its pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutic efficacy. *Pharmacological Reviews*, 67(4), 976-1014.
* Meher, B. R., et al. (2021). Analgesic use in women of childbearing potential: a systematic review of knowledge, attitudes, and practices. *Reproductive Health*, 18(1), 89.
Q.
Can you have sex while pregnant if you’re high-risk?
A.
Many high-risk pregnancies can still include sex if your provider says it is safe, but avoid intercourse if you have placenta previa after 26 weeks, signs of preterm labor, cervical insufficiency or a cerclage, ruptured membranes, unexplained bleeding, or an active genital infection. Orgasms may cause brief, mild contractions similar to Braxton Hicks and are not shown to trigger labor in most cases, but stop and call your provider for heavy bleeding, fluid leakage, or regular painful contractions. There are several factors to consider, and practical tips, safer positions, and red flags to guide your next steps are outlined below.
References:
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2018). Sexual activity and pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol, 30403545.
Hackney DN, & Kantrowitz KP. (2004). The effect of orgasm on uterine contractility in pregnancy. J Sex Med, 16904580.
Wai CT, Greenson JK, Fontana RJ, Kalbfleisch JD, Marrero JA, Conjeevaram HS, & Lok AS. (2003). A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant... Hepatology, 12849789.
Q.
Is dildo use ok during pregnancy?
A.
Generally yes—dildo use is considered safe in uncomplicated pregnancies, and gentle vaginal stimulation hasn’t been shown to cause miscarriage or preterm labor. Be gentle and hygienic (body-safe materials, clean toy, lube, avoid deep thrusting), and stop/seek care with pain, bleeding, fluid leakage, or strong contractions; avoid use and talk to your clinician if you have placenta or vasa previa, ruptured membranes, active infection, unexplained bleeding, or a history of preterm labor/cervical insufficiency. There are several factors to consider, including safety tips and trimester-specific advice—see below for the complete answer.
References:
Leach RE, Mauck CK, & Gallo MF. (2017). Association between sexual activity and preterm birth: a systematic… Obstetrics & Gynecology, 28049221.
Forbes A, Ludwig J, Berg T, et al. (2015). EASL‐ALEH Clinical Practice Guidelines: Non‐invasive tests for… Journal of Hepatology, 26078759.
Castera L, Foucher J, Bernard PH, et al. (2005). Prospective comparison of transient elastography, FibroTest, APRI… Gastroenterology, 15649702.
Q.
Is green discharge during pregnancy normal or worrisome?
A.
Green discharge in pregnancy can be normal or worrisome—there are several factors to consider; see below to understand more. A faint greenish tint that’s thin, mild/odorless, and not itchy or painful can be a harmless hormonal variation to monitor briefly. But bright green, frothy, heavy, or foul-smelling discharge—or any with itching, burning, pelvic pain, fever, or bleeding—usually signals infection (e.g., trichomoniasis, gonorrhea, chlamydia) and needs prompt medical evaluation to protect you and your baby; urgent red flags and what tests and safe treatments to expect are detailed below.
References:
Workowski KA, & Bolan GA. (2015). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. MMWR Recomm Rep, 26042844.
Tsochatzis EA, Bosch J, & Burroughs AK. (2014). Liver cirrhosis. Lancet, 24779060.
Kamath PS, & Wiesner RH. (2001). A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver … Hepatology, 11157951.
Q.
Smelly discharge during pregnancy third trimester—cause for worry?
A.
There are several factors to consider—smelly discharge late in pregnancy isn’t typical and often points to a treatable infection (bacterial vaginosis, yeast, or trichomoniasis); rarely, a foul odor with fever, pain, or after your water breaks can signal chorioamnionitis and needs urgent care. Normal discharge is usually thin, white, and mild‑smelling; call your provider for a strong fishy/foul odor, new itching/burning/redness, belly pain, fever/chills, bleeding, contractions, or any possible amniotic fluid leak. See details below for what to watch for, safe treatments during pregnancy, and when to go to the hospital.
References:
Sobel JD. (1997). Vaginitis. N Engl J Med, 9145670.
Leitich H, & Kiss H. (2007). Asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis and intermediate flora as risk fac… Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 17081980.
Kamath PS, & Wiesner RH. (2001). A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology, 11157951.
Q.
What does egg white discharge mean if trying to get pregnant?
A.
Egg white discharge is clear, stretchy cervical mucus that typically appears 1–2 days before ovulation, signaling your peak fertile window and helping sperm survive and reach the egg. If trying to conceive, have sex every 1–2 days when you notice it and consider tracking mucus and basal body temperature; see a clinician if it’s foul-smelling, colored, itchy, or if you don’t see fertile mucus after months of trying. There are several factors to consider—see below for timing tips, what’s normal vs. concerning, and when to seek care.
References:
Brown JB, & Billington FJ. (1991). Cervical mucus scoring and urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol-3-glucuronide assays in the assessment of ovulation. Human reproduction, 2061282.
Stanford JB, & Thurman PB. (2002). Effectiveness of cervical mucus monitoring to achieve pregnancy. Contraception, 12402472.
Kim SU, & Park YN. (2009). Liver stiffness measurement using transient elastography for the prognosis of chronic liver… Hepatology, 19168697.
Q.
Which food cravings mean you’re pregnant with a boy?
A.
There’s no scientifically proven link between specific pregnancy cravings and having a boy—cravings for salty snacks, meats, spicy foods, or umami dishes are popular myths, not predictors. To learn your baby’s sex, rely on evidence-based options like NIPT (from ~10 weeks) or ultrasound (18–22 weeks) and focus on balanced nutrition; there are several factors to consider, including safe ways to handle cravings and when to seek care—see below for the complete answer.
References:
Kamath PS, & Wiesner RH. (2001). A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology, 11157951.
D'Amico G, García-Tsao G, & Pagliaro L. (2006). Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studies. Journal of Hepatology, 16544031.
Wolfson JA, & Bleich SN. (2015). Food cravings and aversions during pregnancy: prevalence, predictors, and associations with dietary intake. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 25694712.
Q.
Why are there placebo pills in my birth control?
A.
Placebo pills maintain your daily pill-taking routine and create a hormone-free week that triggers a scheduled withdrawal bleed, a design from the original 21/7 combined pill regimens that many find reassuring. They aren’t medically required for everyone, and extended or continuous regimens can reduce or skip bleeding. There are several factors to consider, including what to do if bleeding is missed and health issues like clotting risks or liver disease—see the complete details below to guide your next steps.
References:
Elger W, & Merki-Feld GS. (2008). Review of the ethinylestradiol/drospirenone combination pill… Womens Health (Lond), 18781432.
Kamath PS, & Wiesner RH. (2001). A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver… Hepatology, 11157951.
European Association for the Study of the Liver. (2014). EASL clinical practice guidelines for the management… Journal of Hepatology, 24986678.
Q.
Do I have to take the morning-after pill in the morning?
A.
You don't have to take the morning-after pill in the morning. It can be taken at any time, but it's most effective the sooner you take it after unprotected sex. See below to understand more.
References:
Hansen LB, Saseen JJ, & Teal SB. (2007). Levonorgestrel-only dosing strategies for emergency .... Pharmacotherapy, 17253917.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17253917/
Rowlands S. (1982). Morning-after pills. British medical journal (Clinical research ed.), 6807466.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6807466/
Borsos A, Lampé L, Balogh A, Csoknyay J, Ditròi F, & Székely P. (1988). Ovarian function after the menarche and hormonal .... International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 2903093.
Q.
How soon should I take the morning-after pill for it to work?
A.
The morning-after pill works best when taken as soon as possible after unprotected sex, ideally within 72 hours. See below to understand more.
References:
Hansen LB, Saseen JJ, & Teal SB. (2007). Levonorgestrel-only dosing strategies for emergency .... Pharmacotherapy, 17253917.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17253917/
Gold MA. (1997). Emergency Contraception: A Second Chance at .... Current opinion in pediatrics, 9300185.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9300185/
Fine PM. (2011). Update on emergency contraception. Advances in therapy, 21153722.
Q.
Do pregnancy symptoms start earlier in second or third pregnancies?
A.
Pregnancy symptoms, like nausea, may start earlier in second or third pregnancies compared to the first one. See below to understand more.
References:
Sayle AE, Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, & Baird DD. (2002). A prospective study of the onset of symptoms of pregnancy. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 12160915.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12160915/
Gadsby R, Barnie-Adshead AM, & Jagger C. (1993). A prospective study of nausea and vomiting during .... The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 8373648.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8373648/
Ertmann RK, Nicolaisdottir DR, Siersma V, Overbeck G, Strøyer de Voss S, Modin FA, & Lutterodt MC. (2023). Factors in early pregnancy predicting pregnancy-related .... Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 37771202.
Q.
How can I tell if my symptoms are from pregnancy or PMS?
A.
Pregnancy and PMS can have similar symptoms, but pregnancy symptoms often include nausea and missed periods, while PMS is more linked to mood changes and physical discomfort. See below to understand more.
References:
Winkel S, Einsle F, Wittchen HU, & Martini J. (2013). Premenstrual symptoms are associated with psychological .... Archives of women's mental health, 23292144.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23292144/
Sayle AE, Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, & Baird DD. (2002). A prospective study of the onset of symptoms of pregnancy. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 12160915.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12160915/
Sveinsdottir H, & Reame N. (1991). Symptom patterns in women with premenstrual syndrome .... Journal of advanced nursing, 1869717.
Q.
How soon do pregnancy symptoms start after IVF or fertility treatments?
A.
Pregnancy symptoms, like nausea, often start a few weeks after conception, which can be similar for those undergoing IVF or fertility treatments. See below to understand more.
References:
Sayle AE, Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, & Baird DD. (2002). A prospective study of the onset of symptoms of pregnancy. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 12160915.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12160915/
Gadsby R, Barnie-Adshead AM, & Jagger C. (1993). A prospective study of nausea and vomiting during .... The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 8373648.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8373648/
Chan RL, Olshan AF, Savitz DA, Herring AH, Daniels JL, Peterson HB, & Martin SL. (2011). Maternal influences on nausea and vomiting in early .... Maternal and child health journal, 20012346.
Q.
Should I take a test if I feel pregnancy symptoms even though it’s early?
A.
If you feel early pregnancy symptoms, it might be a good idea to take a pregnancy test, as symptoms can appear early and vary by person. See below to understand more.
References:
Sayle AE, Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, & Baird DD. (2002). A prospective study of the onset of symptoms of pregnancy. Journal of clinical epidemiology, 12160915.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12160915/
Lee SH, & Grubbs LM. (1995). Pregnant teenagers' reasons for seeking or delaying .... Clinical nursing research, 7703875.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7703875/
Foxcroft KF, Callaway LK, Byrne NM, & Webster J. (2013). Development and validation of a pregnancy symptoms .... BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 23324494.
Q.
What are the possible causes of nausea and vomiting in women?
A.
Nausea and vomiting in women can be caused by a wide range of factors, including gastrointestinal issues, hormonal changes, infections, and psychological factors. Understanding these potential causes is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment.
References:
Johns T, Lawrence E. Evaluation and Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting in Adults. Am Fam Physician. 2024 May;109(5):417-425. PMID: 38804756.
Heckroth M, Luckett RT, Moser C, Parajuli D, Abell TL. Nausea and Vomiting in 2021: A Comprehensive Update. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2021 Apr 1;55(4):279-299. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000001485. PMID: 33471485; PMCID: PMC7933092.
Q.
What are the risk factors for developing an ectopic pregnancy?
A.
Some factors increase the risk of an ectopic pregnancy, including past pelvic infections, previous surgeries or ectopic pregnancies, and sometimes methods to help with fertility or smoking.
References:
Ankum WM, Mol BW, Van der Veen F, Bossuyt PM. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 1996 Jun;65(6):1093-9. PMID: 8641479.
Bouyer J, Coste J, Shojaei T, Pouly JL, Fernandez H, Gerbaud L, Job-Spira N. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a comprehensive analysis based on a large case-control, population-based study in France. Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Feb 1;157(3):185-94. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwf190. PMID: 12543617.
Karaer A, Avsar FA, Batioglu S. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a case-control study. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2006 Dec;46(6):521-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2006.00653.x. PMID: 17116058.
Q.
Are there specific food cravings when pregnant with a boy?
A.
There is no strong evidence that pregnant women have specific food cravings solely because they are carrying a boy. Food cravings during pregnancy seem to be more about individual taste, hormonal changes, and personal experiences.
References:
Blau LE, Lipsky LM, Dempster KW, Eisenberg Colman MH, Siega-Riz AM, Faith MS, Nansel TR. Women's Experience and Understanding of Food Cravings in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study in Women Receiving Prenatal Care at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2020 May;120(5):815-824. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2019.09.020. Epub 2019 Dec 6. PMID: 31813756; PMCID: PMC7186144.
Versele V, Stok FM, Aerenhouts D, Deforche B, Bogaerts A, Devlieger R, Clarys P, Deliens T. Determinants of changes in women's and men's eating behavior across the transition to parenthood: a focus group study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2021 Jul 12;18(1):95. doi: 10.1186/s12966-021-01137-4. PMID: 34253197; PMCID: PMC8276457.
Q.
Can a stomach ache be a symptom of COVID-19?
A.
Yes, a stomach ache can be a symptom of COVID-19, though it is less common than respiratory symptoms. It may occur along with other gastrointestinal issues such as nausea or diarrhea.
References:
Zhai LL, Wang W, Wu L, Tang ZG. COVID-19 with abdominal symptoms and acute abdominal pain: a guide to identification for general practice. Br J Gen Pract. 2020 Jun 25;70(696):358-359. doi: 10.3399/bjgp20X710693. PMID: 32586824; PMCID: PMC7319657.
Mandala S, Kodati R, Tadepalli A, Reddy C, Kalyan S. An Unusual Cause of Acute Abdominal Pain in Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Report of Two Cases. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2022 Sep;26(9):1045-1048. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24310. PMID: 36213717; PMCID: PMC9492738.
Gurung S, Karki S, Pathak BD, Yadav GK, Bhatta G, Thapa S, Banmala S, Thapa AJ, Roka K. Gastrointestinal symptoms among COVID-19 patients presenting to a primary health care center of Nepal: A cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep. 2023 Sep 14;6(9):e1568. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.1568. PMID: 37720170; PMCID: PMC10501051.
Q.
Could a lump near the belly button be a sign of cancer?
A.
A lump near the belly button can sometimes be a sign of cancer, such as a Sister Mary Joseph nodule, but it is more often caused by benign conditions. It’s important to have any new or unusual lump evaluated by a doctor.
References:
Gabriele R, Conte M, Egidi F, Borghese M. Umbilical metastases: current viewpoint. World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Feb 21;3(1):13. doi: 10.1186/1477-7819-3-13. PMID: 15723695; PMCID: PMC552325.
Dar IH, Kamili MA, Dar SH, Kuchaai FA. Sister Mary Joseph nodule-A case report with review of literature. J Res Med Sci. 2009 Nov;14(6):385-7. PMID: 21772912; PMCID: PMC3129082.
Psarras K, Symeonidis N, Baltatzis M, Notopoulos A, Nikolaidou C. Umbilical metastasis as primary manifestation of cancer: a small series and review of the literature. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014 Oct;8(10):ND17-9. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/9690.4997. Epub 2014 Oct 20. PMID: 25478400; PMCID: PMC4253218.
Q.
Do food cravings differ when pregnant with a girl?
A.
Current research does not show clear evidence that food cravings differ when you are pregnant with a girl, though some studies suggest that hormonal changes may influence taste and cravings in different ways.
References:
Faas MM, Melgert BN, de Vos P. A Brief Review on How Pregnancy and Sex Hormones Interfere with Taste and Food Intake. Chemosens Percept. 2010 Mar;3(1):51-56. doi: 10.1007/s12078-009-9061-5. Epub 2009 Nov 4. PMID: 20352054; PMCID: PMC2844535.
Al-Mehaisen LM, Al-Husban NA, Matalka AI, Al-Kuran OA. Is there a relationship between children's behaviour and food cravings during pregnancy? J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2018 Oct 30;13(6):547-551. doi: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2018.09.004. PMID: 31435376; PMCID: PMC6694992.
Kloub SM, Banihani SA. Exploring associations between pregnancy cravings and sociodemographic, lifestyle and health factors: insights from a cross-sectional population study in Jordan. BMJ Open. 2024 Mar 5;14(3):e078082. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078082. PMID: 38448075; PMCID: PMC10916096.
Q.
How can I differentiate between normal pregnancy vomiting and something more serious?
A.
Normal pregnancy vomiting is usually mild and happens mainly in the morning, while something more serious may cause severe, ongoing vomiting with signs like dehydration, blood in your vomit and weight loss.
References:
Lee NM, Saha S. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2011 Jun;40(2):309-34, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2011.03.009. PMID: 21601782; PMCID: PMC3676933.
Parker SE, Starr JR, Collett BR, Speltz ML, Werler MM. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2014 Nov;28(6):527-35. doi: 10.1111/ppe.12151. Epub 2014 Oct 18. PMID: 25327160; PMCID: PMC4232991.
Dunbar K, Yadlapati R, Konda V. Heartburn, Nausea, and Vomiting During Pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Oct 1;117(10S):10-15. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001958. PMID: 36194028; PMCID: PMC10782592.
Q.
How can I manage exhaustion during pregnancy?
A.
To manage exhaustion during pregnancy, try balancing rest with gentle exercise, a healthy diet, and good sleep habits. Simple muscle strengthening exercises may help boost energy and reduce fatigue.
References:
Ward-Ritacco C, Poudevigne MS, O'Connor PJ. Muscle strengthening exercises during pregnancy are associated with increased energy and reduced fatigue. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;37(2):68-72. doi: 10.3109/0167482X.2016.1155552. PMID: 26984583; PMCID: PMC4978349.
Poole CJ. Fatigue during the first trimester of pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1986 Sep-Oct;15(5):375-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1986.tb01409.x. PMID: 3639925.
Mortazavi F, Borzoee F. Fatigue in Pregnancy: The validity and reliability of the Farsi Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue scale. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2019 Feb;19(1):e44-e50. doi: 10.18295/squmj.2019.19.01.009. Epub 2019 May 30. PMID: 31198595; PMCID: PMC6544060.
Q.
How can I manage nausea during pregnancy effectively?
A.
Managing nausea during pregnancy often includes simple lifestyle changes like eating small, frequent meals, staying hydrated, and using remedies such as ginger and vitamin B6, along with guidance from your healthcare provider.
References:
Einarson A, Maltepe C, Boskovic R, Koren G. Treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: an updated algorithm. Can Fam Physician. 2007 Dec;53(12):2109-11. Erratum in: Can Fam Physician. 2019 Jan;65(1):8. PMID: 18077743; PMCID: PMC2231543.
Ebrahimi N, Maltepe C, Einarson A. Optimal management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Int J Womens Health. 2010 Aug 4;2:241-8. doi: 10.2147/ijwh.s6794. PMID: 21151729; PMCID: PMC2990891.
Tsakiridis I, Mamopoulos A, Athanasiadis A, Dagklis T. The Management of Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy: Synthesis of National Guidelines. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2019 Mar;74(3):161-169. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000654. PMID: 31634919.
Q.
How can mental exhaustion be managed during pregnancy?
A.
Managing mental exhaustion during pregnancy can include getting enough rest, ensuring adequate nutrition and exercise, talking to someone you trust, and using simple relaxation techniques to help you feel better.
References:
Dunkel Schetter C, Tanner L. Anxiety, depression and stress in pregnancy: implications for mothers, children, research, and practice. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;25(2):141-8. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283503680. PMID: 22262028; PMCID: PMC4447112.
Cheng CY, Pickler RH. Perinatal stress, fatigue, depressive symptoms, and immune modulation in late pregnancy and one month postpartum. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014 Jan 22;2014:652630. doi: 10.1155/2014/652630. PMID: 24587741; PMCID: PMC3920647.
Chauhan A, Potdar J. Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy: A Critical Review. Cureus. 2022 Oct 25;14(10):e30656. doi: 10.7759/cureus.30656. PMID: 36426343; PMCID: PMC9681705.
Q.
How can you differentiate between heat stroke and heat exhaustion?
A.
Heat exhaustion is less severe and usually comes with heavy sweating and weakness, while heat stroke is more serious with high body temperature, confusion, and sometimes little or no sweating.
References:
Glazer JL. Management of heatstroke and heat exhaustion. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Jun 1;71(11):2133-40. PMID: 15952443.
Maule AL, Scatliffe-Carrion KD, Kotas KS, Smith JD, Ambrose JF. Heat exhaustion and heat stroke among active component members of the U.S. Armed Forces, 2019-2023. MSMR. 2024 Apr 20;31(4):3-8. PMID: 38722363; PMCID: PMC11107842.
Morris A, Patel G. Heat Stroke. [Updated 2023 Feb 13]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
How common is cryptic pregnancy and what are its signs?
A.
Cryptic pregnancy is quite rare and occurs when a person is unaware they are pregnant until very late, often until delivery. Its signs are subtle, sometimes including minimal weight gain, few typical pregnancy symptoms, or irregular menstrual-like bleeding.
References:
Del Giudice M. The evolutionary biology of cryptic pregnancy: A re-appraisal of the "denied pregnancy" phenomenon. Med Hypotheses. 2007;68(2):250-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.05.066. Epub 2006 Sep 25. PMID: 16997498.
Chechko N, Losse E, Stickel S. A case report involving the experience of pervasive pregnancy denial: detailed observation of the first 12 postpartum weeks. BMC Psychiatry. 2022 Dec 9;22(1):774. doi: 10.1186/s12888-022-04377-1. PMID: 36494788; PMCID: PMC9732985.
Dunphy L, Boyle S, Coughlin L. Unexpected delivery: cryptic pregnancy. BMJ Case Rep. 2024 Nov 12;17(11):e261287. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2024-261287. PMID: 39532329.
Q.
How early can morning sickness start during pregnancy?
A.
Morning sickness can start as early as around 4 weeks after your last menstrual period, but most women begin to notice it between 4 and 6 weeks. However, the timing can vary from one pregnancy to another.
References:
Internet]. Brentwood (TN): Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS); 1994-. Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy (NVP) 2024 Feb. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582541/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582541/
Chan RL, Olshan AF, Savitz DA, Herring AH, Daniels JL, Peterson HB, Martin SL. Maternal influences on nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Matern Child Health J. 2011 Jan;15(1):122-7. doi: 10.1007/s10995-009-0548-0. PMID: 20012346; PMCID: PMC4182010.
Festin M. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. BMJ Clin Evid. 2014 Mar 19;2014:1405. PMID: 24646807; PMCID: PMC3959188.
Q.
How is an abdominal hematoma lump diagnosed and treated?
A.
An abdominal hematoma lump is diagnosed using a physical exam and imaging tests like an ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment varies based on severity—it may involve rest and pain relief or, in more serious cases, surgery.
References:
Cherry WB, Mueller PS. Rectus sheath hematoma: review of 126 cases at a single institution. Medicine (Baltimore). 2006 Mar;85(2):105-110. doi: 10.1097/01.md.0000216818.13067.5a. PMID: 16609349.
Dutta S, Sanjay P, Jones ML. Diagnosis and treatment of giant lateral abdominal wall haematoma after blunt trauma: a case report. Cases J. 2009 Dec 19;2:9358. doi: 10.1186/1757-1626-2-9358. PMID: 20066065; PMCID: PMC2804729.
Shikhman A, Tuma F. Abdominal Hematoma. [Updated 2023 Apr 10]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
How long can the symptoms of heat exhaustion last?
A.
Heat exhaustion symptoms usually improve within a few hours once you cool down and rehydrate, but in some cases, they might last for up to a day or two.
References:
Glazer JL. Management of heatstroke and heat exhaustion. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Jun 1;71(11):2133-40. PMID: 15952443.
Kenny GP, Wilson TE, Flouris AD, Fujii N. Heat exhaustion. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;157:505-529. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64074-1.00031-8. PMID: 30459023.
Savioli G, Zanza C, Longhitano Y, Nardone A, Varesi A, Ceresa IF, Manetti AC, Volonnino G, Maiese A, La Russa R. Heat-Related Illness in Emergency and Critical Care: Recommendations for Recognition and Management with Medico-Legal Considerations. Biomedicines. 2022 Oct 12;10(10):2542. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10102542. PMID: 36289804; PMCID: PMC9599879.
Q.
How long does morning sickness typically last during pregnancy?
A.
Morning sickness is most common in the first trimester and typically lasts from several weeks up to about 12 to 16 weeks of pregnancy.
References:
Internet]. Brentwood (TN): Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS); 1994-. Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy (NVP) 2024 Feb. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582541/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582541/
Festin M. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. BMJ Clin Evid. 2014 Mar 19;2014:1405. PMID: 24646807; PMCID: PMC3959188.
Liu C, Zhao G, Qiao D, Wang L, He Y, Zhao M, Fan Y, Jiang E. Emerging Progress in Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy and Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Challenges and Opportunities. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Jan 10;8:809270. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.809270. PMID: 35083256; PMCID: PMC8785858.
Q.
How soon can I detect very early signs of pregnancy, possibly within 1 week?
A.
Some early pregnancy signs may show up about a week after conception, but most reliable detection happens around the time of a missed period.
References:
Sayle AE, Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Baird DD. A prospective study of the onset of symptoms of pregnancy. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002 Jul;55(7):676-80. doi: 10.1016/s0895-4356(02)00402-x. PMID: 12160915.
Anderson J, Ghaffarian KR. Early Pregnancy Diagnosis. [Updated 2023 Jan 2]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Ertmann RK, Nicolaisdottir DR, Kragstrup J, Overbeck G, Kriegbaum M, Siersma V. The predictive value of common symptoms in early pregnancy for complications later in pregnancy and at birth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2023 Jan;102(1):33-42. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14474. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36300886; PMCID: PMC9780714.
Q.
Is there a difference in when morning sickness starts if pregnant with a girl?
A.
Most research shows that morning sickness tends to start at about the same time no matter if you're carrying a girl or a boy, though some studies suggest there may be differences in how severe the nausea feels.
References:
Chan RL, Olshan AF, Savitz DA, Herring AH, Daniels JL, Peterson HB, Martin SL. Maternal influences on nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Matern Child Health J. 2011 Jan;15(1):122-7. doi: 10.1007/s10995-009-0548-0. PMID: 20012346; PMCID: PMC4182010.
Lee NM, Saha S. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2011 Jun;40(2):309-34, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2011.03.009. PMID: 21601782; PMCID: PMC3676933.
Young NR, La Rosa M, Mehr SA, Krasnow MM. Does greater morning sickness predict carrying a girl? Analysis of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy from retrospective report. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2021 May;303(5):1161-1166. doi: 10.1007/s00404-020-05839-1. Epub 2020 Oct 24. PMID: 33098451.
Q.
Is there any truth to when morning sickness starts if pregnant with a boy?
A.
There isn’t strong evidence that morning sickness starts earlier if you are pregnant with a boy. Most research shows that the timing of morning sickness is similar regardless of whether you have a boy or a girl.
References:
Lee NM, Saha S. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2011 Jun;40(2):309-34, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2011.03.009. PMID: 21601782; PMCID: PMC3676933.
Mitsuda N, Eitoku M, Maeda N, Fujieda M, Suganuma N. Severity of Nausea and Vomiting in Singleton and Twin Pregnancies in Relation to Fetal Sex: The Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS). J Epidemiol. 2019 Sep 5;29(9):340-346. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE20180059. Epub 2018 Nov 10. PMID: 30416162; PMCID: PMC6680056.
Young NR, La Rosa M, Mehr SA, Krasnow MM. Does greater morning sickness predict carrying a girl? Analysis of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy from retrospective report. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2021 May;303(5):1161-1166. doi: 10.1007/s00404-020-05839-1. Epub 2020 Oct 24. PMID: 33098451.
Q.
What are common causes of stomach ache during pregnancy?
A.
Most stomach aches during pregnancy are caused by common changes in your body, like gas, constipation, and stretching ligaments. More serious issues are rare but should be checked by a doctor if pain becomes severe.
References:
Klufio CA, Amoa AB, Rageau O. Abdominal pain in pregnancy. P N G Med J. 1993 Dec;36(4):342-52. PMID: 7941766.
Nathan L, Huddleston JF. Acute abdominal pain in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1995 Mar;22(1):55-68. PMID: 7784041.
Dhamecha R, Pajai S, Bhasin T. Acute Abdomen in Pregnancy: A Comprehensive Review of Diagnosis and Management. Cureus. 2023 Jun 20;15(6):e40679. doi: 10.7759/cureus.40679. PMID: 37485109; PMCID: PMC10357893.
Q.
What are common food cravings during a period?
A.
Many women tend to crave chocolate, sweet treats, salty snacks, and carbohydrate-rich foods during their period. These cravings are often linked to hormonal changes and the body’s desire for comfort and energy.
References:
Tomelleri R, Grunewald KK. Menstrual cycle and food cravings in young college women. J Am Diet Assoc. 1987 Mar;87(3):311-5. PMID: 3819250.
Souza LB, Martins KA, Cordeiro MM, Rodrigues YS, Rafacho BPM, Bomfim RA. Do Food Intake and Food Cravings Change during the Menstrual Cycle of Young Women? Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2018 Nov;40(11):686-692. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1675831. Epub 2018 Nov 28. PMID: 30485899; PMCID: PMC10316899.
Krishnan S, Agrawal K, Tryon RR, Welch LC, Horn WF, Newman JW, Keim NL. Structural equation modeling of food craving across the menstrual cycle using behavioral, neuroendocrine, and metabolic factors. Physiol Behav. 2018 Oct 15;195:28-36. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.07.011. Epub 2018 Jul 18. PMID: 30031087; PMCID: PMC6251416.
Q.
What are some examples of weird food cravings during pregnancy?
A.
Some unusual food cravings during pregnancy include odd combinations like pickles with ice cream, strong tastes such as raw onions or hot peppers, and even non-food items like clay or dirt (known as pica).
References:
Hook EB. Dietary cravings and aversions during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr. 1978 Aug;31(8):1355-62. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/31.8.1355. PMID: 277064.
Nyaruhucha CN. Food cravings, aversions and pica among pregnant women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2009 Jan;11(1):29-34. PMID: 19445102.
Blau LE, Lipsky LM, Dempster KW, Eisenberg Colman MH, Siega-Riz AM, Faith MS, Nansel TR. Women's Experience and Understanding of Food Cravings in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study in Women Receiving Prenatal Care at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2020 May;120(5):815-824. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2019.09.020. Epub 2019 Dec 6. PMID: 31813756; PMCID: PMC7186144.
Q.
What are some hidden signs of pregnancy that might be overlooked?
A.
Hidden signs of pregnancy might include subtle changes like mild nausea, slight breast tenderness, and changes in urination that can easily be mistaken for normal everyday issues. If you are sexually active and experiencing these symptoms, it is important to get tested for pregnancy to be certain.
References:
Laubach GE, Wilchins SA. Ill patient with unknown or hidden pregnancy. Postgrad Med. 1975 Aug;58(2):115-8. doi: 10.1080/00325481.1975.11714126. PMID: 1053379.
Lou S, Frumer M, Schlütter MM, Petersen OB, Vogel I, Nielsen CP. Experiences and expectations in the first trimester of pregnancy: a qualitative study. Health Expect. 2017 Dec;20(6):1320-1329. doi: 10.1111/hex.12572. Epub 2017 May 18. PMID: 28521069; PMCID: PMC5689234.
Dai C, Peng J, Chen R. Acute Urinary Retention in the First-trimester of Pregnancy: A Case Report. Cureus. 2022 Mar 11;14(3):e23057. doi: 10.7759/cureus.23057. PMID: 35419239; PMCID: PMC8994868.
Q.
What are the causes and symptoms of a molar pregnancy?
A.
A molar pregnancy is an abnormal growth of tissue instead of a normal baby, usually caused by an error during fertilization. It leads to symptoms such as unusual vaginal bleeding, severe nausea, and a quickly growing uterus.
References:
Joyce CM, Fitzgerald B, McCarthy TV, Coulter J, O'Donoghue K. Advances in the diagnosis and early management of gestational trophoblastic disease. BMJ Med. 2022 Dec 16;1(1):e000321. doi: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000321. PMID: 36936581; PMCID: PMC9978730.
Cue L, Farci F, Ghassemzadeh S, et al. Hydatidiform Mole. [Updated 2024 Dec 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Bruce S, Sorosky J. Gestational Trophoblastic Disease. [Updated 2024 Feb 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What are the causes of extreme fatigue during pregnancy?
A.
Extreme fatigue in pregnancy is often due to the body’s many changes—like rising hormone levels, increased energy needs, and sometimes sleep problems or anemia.
References:
Poole CJ. Fatigue during the first trimester of pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1986 Sep-Oct;15(5):375-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1986.tb01409.x. PMID: 3639925.
Mortazavi F, Borzoee F. Fatigue in Pregnancy: The validity and reliability of the Farsi Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue scale. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2019 Feb;19(1):e44-e50. doi: 10.18295/squmj.2019.19.01.009. Epub 2019 May 30. PMID: 31198595; PMCID: PMC6544060.
Effati-Daryani F, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Mohammadi A, Zarei S, Mirghafourvand M. Fatigue and sleep quality in different trimesters of pregnancy. Sleep Sci. 2021 Jan-Mar;14(Spec 1):69-74. doi: 10.5935/1984-0063.20200091. PMID: 34917276; PMCID: PMC8663733.
Q.
What are the potential causes of a missed period besides pregnancy?
A.
A missed period can happen for many reasons besides pregnancy, such as stress, hormonal imbalances, or changes in body weight.
References:
deProsse CA, Keettel WC. The missed menstrual period. Postgrad Med. 1977 Jan;61(1):251-2, 254, 256. doi: 10.1080/00325481.1977.11714526. PMID: 189296.
Gasner A, Rehman A. Primary Amenorrhea. [Updated 2023 Dec 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Nawaz G, Rogol AD, Jenkins SM. Amenorrhea. [Updated 2024 Feb 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What are the risks associated with a geriatric pregnancy?
A.
When a pregnant person is older, there can be a higher chance of problems like high blood pressure, gestational diabetes, and complications during labor.
References:
Cavazos-Rehg PA, Krauss MJ, Spitznagel EL, Bommarito K, Madden T, Olsen MA, Subramaniam H, Peipert JF, Bierut LJ. Maternal age and risk of labor and delivery complications. Matern Child Health J. 2015 Jun;19(6):1202-11. doi: 10.1007/s10995-014-1624-7. PMID: 25366100; PMCID: PMC4418963.
Frick AP. Advanced maternal age and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2021 Jan;70:92-100. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.07.005. Epub 2020 Jul 15. PMID: 32741623.
Correa-de-Araujo R, Yoon SSS. Clinical Outcomes in High-Risk Pregnancies Due to Advanced Maternal Age. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2021 Feb;30(2):160-167. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8860. Epub 2020 Nov 13. PMID: 33185505; PMCID: PMC8020515.
Q.
What are the signs of a hernia if I notice an abdominal lump?
A.
A hernia may show up as a noticeable lump in your abdomen that can hurt or feel heavy, especially when you cough, lift, or strain. If the lump feels painful, increases in size, or comes with other symptoms like redness or nausea, it’s important to see a doctor.
References:
Kavic MS. Hernias as a source of abdominal pain: a matter of concern to general surgeons, gynecologists, and urologists. JSLS. 2005 Jul-Sep;9(3):249-51. PMID: 16121865; PMCID: PMC3015620.
Updated 2023 Dec 13]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK395554/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK395554/
Lanzetta MM, Masserelli A, Addeo G, Cozzi D, Maggialetti N, Danti G, Bartolini L, Pradella S, Giovagnoni A, Miele V. Internal hernias: a difficult diagnostic challenge. Review of CT signs and clinical findings. Acta Biomed. 2019 Apr 24;90(5-S):20-37. doi: 10.23750/abm.v90i5-S.8344. PMID: 31085971; PMCID: PMC6625567.
Q.
What are the symptoms and treatments for cyclic vomiting syndrome?
A.
Cyclic vomiting syndrome is a condition that gives you bursts of vomiting, stomach pain, and nausea that come and go. Treatments include giving your body fluids, using medicines to calm the nausea, and sometimes using drugs to help prevent future episodes.
References:
Bhandari S, Jha P, Thakur A, Kar A, Gerdes H, Venkatesan T. Cyclic vomiting syndrome: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Auton Res. 2018 Apr;28(2):203-209. doi: 10.1007/s10286-018-0506-2. Epub 2018 Feb 13. PMID: 29442203.
Davis A, Bryant JH. Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome. 2023 Jun 20. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. PMID: 29763194.
Frazier R, Li BUK, Venkatesan T. Diagnosis and Management of Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome: A Critical Review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023 Jul 1;118(7):1157-1167. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002216. Epub 2023 Feb 15. PMID: 36791365.
Q.
What are the symptoms of heat exhaustion and how can it be prevented?
A.
Heat exhaustion can cause heavy sweating, weakness, and dizziness, while preventing it involves staying cool, drinking plenty of water, and avoiding too much time in the sun.
References:
Barrow MW, Clark KA. Heat-related illnesses. Am Fam Physician. 1998 Sep 1;58(3):749-56, 759. PMID: 9750542.
Wexler RK. Evaluation and treatment of heat-related illnesses. Am Fam Physician. 2002 Jun 1;65(11):2307-14. PMID: 12074531.
Glazer JL. Management of heatstroke and heat exhaustion. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Jun 1;71(11):2133-40. PMID: 15952443.
Q.
What can cause vomiting and diarrhea during pregnancy?
A.
Vomiting and diarrhea during pregnancy can be caused by common infections, food poisoning, or pregnancy-related conditions like hyperemesis gravidarum. It’s important to contact your healthcare provider if symptoms become severe or lead to dehydration.
References:
Einarson A, Maltepe C, Boskovic R, Koren G. Treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: an updated algorithm. Can Fam Physician. 2007 Dec;53(12):2109-11. Erratum in: Can Fam Physician. 2019 Jan;65(1):8. PMID: 18077743; PMCID: PMC2231543.
Body C, Christie JA. Gastrointestinal Diseases in Pregnancy: Nausea, Vomiting, Hyperemesis Gravidarum, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Constipation, and Diarrhea. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2016 Jun;45(2):267-83. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.005. PMID: 27261898.
Gomes CF, Sousa M, Lourenço I, Martins D, Torres J. Gastrointestinal diseases during pregnancy: what does the gastroenterologist need to know? Ann Gastroenterol. 2018 Jul-Aug;31(4):385-394. doi: 10.20524/aog.2018.0264. Epub 2018 Apr 27. PMID: 29991883; PMCID: PMC6033757.
Q.
What causes bloating during pregnancy and how can it be relieved?
A.
Bloating during pregnancy is often caused by changes in hormones that slow down digestion, and it can be helped by making a few gentle lifestyle and dietary changes.
References:
Einarson A, Maltepe C, Boskovic R, Koren G. Treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: an updated algorithm. Can Fam Physician. 2007 Dec;53(12):2109-11. Erratum in: Can Fam Physician. 2019 Jan;65(1):8. PMID: 18077743; PMCID: PMC2231543.
Longo SA, Moore RC, Canzoneri BJ, Robichaux A. Gastrointestinal Conditions during Pregnancy. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2010 Jun;23(2):80-9. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1254294. PMID: 21629625; PMCID: PMC2967327.
Foley A, Burgell R, Barrett JS, Gibson PR. Management Strategies for Abdominal Bloating and Distension. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2014 Sep;10(9):561-71. PMID: 27551250; PMCID: PMC4991532.
Q.
What causes frequent urination at night during pregnancy?
A.
Frequent nighttime urination during pregnancy is common due to your growing uterus pressing on your bladder and changes in your body that increase urine production. These normal shifts help prepare your body for your baby’s arrival.
References:
Adaji SE, Shittu OS, Bature SB, Nasir S, Olatunji O. Bothersome lower urinary symptoms during pregnancy: a preliminary study using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire. Afr Health Sci. 2011 Aug;11 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S46-52. doi: 10.4314/ahs.v11i3.70070. PMID: 22135644; PMCID: PMC3220122.
Wang X, Jin Y, Xu P, Feng S. Urinary incontinence in pregnant women and its impact on health-related quality of life. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2022 Jan 21;20(1):13. doi: 10.1186/s12955-022-01920-2. PMID: 35062969; PMCID: PMC8781026.
Beyazıt A, Hakverdi AU, Gözükara KH. The Effect of Pregnancy on Urinary Symptoms. Cureus. 2023 Aug 28;15(8):e44232. doi: 10.7759/cureus.44232. PMID: 37772213; PMCID: PMC10523107.
Q.
What causes morning sickness and how can it be alleviated?
A.
Morning sickness is thought to be caused by the changes in hormones during early pregnancy, and it can be eased by eating small, frequent meals, staying well-hydrated, and using safe remedies like ginger or vitamin B6 after talking to your doctor.
References:
Flaxman SM, Sherman PW. Morning sickness: a mechanism for protecting mother and embryo. Q Rev Biol. 2000 Jun;75(2):113-48. doi: 10.1086/393377. PMID: 10858967.
Festin M. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. BMJ Clin Evid. 2009 Jun 3;2009:1405. PMID: 21726485; PMCID: PMC2907767.
Lee NM, Saha S. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2011 Jun;40(2):309-34, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2011.03.009. PMID: 21601782; PMCID: PMC3676933.
Q.
What could be causing headache and nausea during pregnancy?
A.
Headaches and nausea during pregnancy can happen because of normal changes in hormone levels and blood flow, and sometimes they are related to migraine or other conditions triggered by smells.
References:
Heinrichs L. Linking olfaction with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, recurrent abortion, hyperemesis gravidarum, and migraine headache. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 May;186(5 Suppl Understanding):S215-9. doi: 10.1067/mob.2002.123053. PMID: 12011889.
Digre KB. Headaches during pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jun;56(2):317-29. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0b013e31828f25e6. PMID: 23563877.
Khoromi S. Secondary headaches in pregnancy and the puerperium. Front Neurol. 2023 Sep 28;14:1239078. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1239078. PMID: 37840942; PMCID: PMC10569305.
Q.
What could be the causes of an abdominal lump during pregnancy?
A.
An abdominal lump during pregnancy can be caused by benign tumors like abdominal wall desmoid tumors, cysts related to maternal or fetal tissues, or other soft tissue masses. If you notice a lump, it’s important to have it evaluated by your healthcare provider.
References:
Awwad J, Hammoud N, Farra C, Fares F, Abi Saad G, Ghazeeri G. Abdominal Wall Desmoid during Pregnancy: Diagnostic Challenges. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2013;2013:350894. doi: 10.1155/2013/350894. Epub 2013 Jan 3. PMID: 23346436; PMCID: PMC3549390.
Cass DL. Fetal abdominal tumors and cysts. Transl Pediatr. 2021 May;10(5):1530-1541. doi: 10.21037/tp-20-440. PMID: 34189111; PMCID: PMC8192983.
Stemmer SM, Gomes C, Cardonick EH. A Case of Painful Growing Abdominal Wall Mass during Pregnancy Requiring Resection in the Second Trimester. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2024 Jan 8;2024:5881260. doi: 10.1155/2024/5881260. PMID: 38229587; PMCID: PMC10789513.
Q.
What could be the causes of unexplained vomiting in a child?
A.
Unexplained vomiting in a child can be caused by several things, including problems with the brain, stomach, or even repeated bouts of vomiting with no clear cause.
References:
Ravelli AM, Milla PJ. Vomiting and gastroesophageal motor activity in children with disorders of the central nervous system. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998 Jan;26(1):56-63. doi: 10.1097/00005176-199801000-00010. PMID: 9443121.
Raucci U, Borrelli O, Di Nardo G, Tambucci R, Pavone P, Salvatore S, Baldassarre ME, Cordelli DM, Falsaperla R, Felici E, Ferilli MAN, Grosso S, Mallardo S, Martinelli D, Quitadamo P, Pensabene L, Romano C, Savasta S, Spalice A, Strisciuglio C, Suppiej A, Valeriani M, Zenzeri L, Verrotti A, Staiano A, Villa MP, Ruggieri M, Striano P, Parisi P. Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome in Children. Front Neurol. 2020 Nov 2;11:583425. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.583425. PMID: 33224097; PMCID: PMC7667239.
El Aissaoui F, Salhi H, Ammor A, Benhaddou H. Uncommon Cause of Chronic Vomiting in Children. Cureus. 2022 Jun 12;14(6):e25876. doi: 10.7759/cureus.25876. PMID: 35836464; PMCID: PMC9275784.
Q.
What could be the causes of vomiting blood and when should I seek help?
A.
Vomiting blood, or hematemesis, can be caused by problems like a tear, an ulcer, or bleeding in the digestive tract. It is important to seek help right away if you notice this symptom along with other warning signs.
References:
Wilson ID. Hematemesis, Melena, and Hematochezia. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Chapter 85.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK411/
Kim BS, Li BT, Engel A, Samra JS, Clarke S, Norton ID, Li AE. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding: A practical guide for clinicians. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2014 Nov 15;5(4):467-78. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v5.i4.467. PMID: 25400991; PMCID: PMC4231512.
Boysen SR. Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Small Animal Critical Care Medicine. 2015:630–4. doi: 10.1016/B978-1-4557-0306-7.00119-7. Epub 2014 Jun 25. PMCID: PMC7152172.
Q.
What could be the reasons for a late period if not pregnant?
A.
A late period can be caused by many things besides pregnancy, such as stress, hormonal imbalances, significant weight changes, or underlying health conditions.
References:
Sher N. Delayed Menstruation: Causes and Treatment. Br Med J. 1946 Mar 9;1(4444):347-9. PMID: 20786589; PMCID: PMC2058399.
Bae J, Park S, Kwon JW. Factors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause. BMC Womens Health. 2018 Feb 6;18(1):36. doi: 10.1186/s12905-018-0528-x. PMID: 29409520; PMCID: PMC5801702.
Attia GM, Alharbi OA, Aljohani RM. The Impact of Irregular Menstruation on Health: A Review of the Literature. Cureus. 2023 Nov 20;15(11):e49146. doi: 10.7759/cureus.49146. PMID: 38130524; PMCID: PMC10733621.
Q.
What could cause a late period with brown spotting when I wipe?
A.
A late period with brown spotting when you wipe can be due to minor hormonal changes, old blood from a delayed or beginning period, or even early changes in a pregnancy. It’s best to monitor your symptoms, get a pregnancy test if sexually active, and speak with a healthcare provider if you’re concerned.
References:
Bishop GB. Vaginal Discharge. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Chapter 172. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK281/
Jeanmonod R, Skelly CL, Jenkins SM, et al. Vaginal Bleeding. [Updated 2023 Nov 13]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Hasan R, Baird DD, Herring AH, Olshan AF, Jonsson Funk ML, Hartmann KE. Patterns and predictors of vaginal bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy. Ann Epidemiol. 2010 Jul;20(7):524-31. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.02.006. PMID: 20538195; PMCID: PMC2884141.
Q.
What could cause an abdominal bulge after a DIEP flap procedure?
A.
An abdominal bulge after a DIEP flap procedure may happen due to weakened abdominal muscles, a separation of the muscle (rectus diastasis), or a small hernia. It’s important to talk with your doctor if you notice such a bulge.
References:
Nahabedian MY, Momen B. Lower abdominal bulge after deep inferior epigastric perforator flap (DIEP) breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 2005 Feb;54(2):124-9. doi: 10.1097/01.sap.0000147174.31409.3a. PMID: 15655459.
Haddock NT, Culver AJ, Teotia SS. Abdominal weakness, bulge, or hernia after DIEP flaps: An algorithm of management, prevention, and surgical repair with classification. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2021 Sep;74(9):2194-2201. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.12.044. Epub 2020 Dec 26. PMID: 33487570.
Nelissen SH, Krijnen NA, Tsehaie J, Schellekens PPA, Paes EC, Simmermacher RKJ, Maarse W. Bulging after DIEP Breast Reconstruction: New Insights Concerning Rectus Diastasis and Medial Perforator Harvest. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2023 Mar 8;11(3):e4840. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000004840. PMID: 36910724; PMCID: PMC9995098.
Q.
What could cause an abdominal lump that comes and goes?
A.
An abdominal lump that comes and goes could be caused by a fluid-filled cyst like a mesenteric pseudocyst, a gas-filled mass, or a benign tumor that changes in size. It’s important to have it checked by a doctor to know exactly what is causing it.
References:
Bhullar JS, Orfanou P. The disappearing abdominal mass: mesenteric pseudocyst. JSLS. 2014 Apr-Jun;18(2):319-22. doi: 10.4293/108680813X13753907290991. PMID: 24960500; PMCID: PMC4035647.
Chong HM, Lee FY, Lo A, Li CM. A giant gas-filled abdominal mass in an elderly female: a case report. World J Gastroenterol. 2011 Aug 21;17(31):3659-62. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i31.3659. PMID: 21987615; PMCID: PMC3180025.
Nasa M, Choksey A, Phadke A, Sawant P. Gastric lipoma: an unusual cause of dyspeptic symptoms. BMJ Case Rep. 2016 Jun 22;2016:bcr2016215297. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2016-215297. PMID: 27335362; PMCID: PMC4932402.
Q.
What could cause extreme fatigue before my period?
A.
Extreme fatigue before your period is often linked to the natural hormone changes of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) or, in some cases, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). These shifts can make you feel very tired, sometimes along with other symptoms like mood swings or sleep problems.
References:
Lin PC, Ko CH, Lin YJ, Yen JY. Insomnia, Inattention and Fatigue Symptoms of Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jun 8;18(12):6192. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18126192. PMID: 34201084; PMCID: PMC8230179.
Updated 2022 May 17]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279265/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279265/
Gudipally PR, Sharma GK. Premenstrual Syndrome. [Updated 2023 Jul 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What could cause sudden episodes of extreme fatigue during pregnancy?
A.
Sudden episodes of extreme fatigue during pregnancy can be due to normal hormonal changes, anemia, or more serious conditions. It’s best to talk with your healthcare provider if you feel overly tired or if the fatigue comes on suddenly.
References:
Poole CJ. Fatigue during the first trimester of pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1986 Sep-Oct;15(5):375-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1986.tb01409.x. PMID: 3639925.
Furara S, Maw M, Khan F, Powell K. Weakness in pregnancy - expect the unexpected. Obstet Med. 2008 Dec;1(2):99-101. doi: 10.1258/om.2008.080011. Epub 2008 Dec 1. PMID: 27582795; PMCID: PMC4989714.
Quigley J, Keating A, Byrd L. Fatigue and breathlessness in pregnancy: a rare and sinister cause. BMJ Case Rep. 2014 Oct 16;2014:bcr2014205441. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-205441. PMID: 25323281; PMCID: PMC4202050.
Q.
What could cause sudden extreme fatigue and body aches during pregnancy?
A.
Sudden extreme fatigue and body aches during pregnancy can happen because of normal changes like hormonal shifts and muscle adjustments, but they may also signal issues like anemia or another underlying condition.
References:
Poole CJ. Fatigue during the first trimester of pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1986 Sep-Oct;15(5):375-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1986.tb01409.x. PMID: 3639925.
Quigley J, Keating A, Byrd L. Fatigue and breathlessness in pregnancy: a rare and sinister cause. BMJ Case Rep. 2014 Oct 16;2014:bcr2014205441. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-205441. PMID: 25323281; PMCID: PMC4202050.
Kesikburun S, Güzelküçük Ü, Fidan U, Demir Y, Ergün A, Tan AK. Musculoskeletal pain and symptoms in pregnancy: a descriptive study. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2018 Nov 19;10(12):229-234. doi: 10.1177/1759720X18812449. PMID: 30515249; PMCID: PMC6262502.
Q.
What could cause sudden extreme fatigue in a child?
A.
Sudden extreme fatigue in a child can be due to simple reasons like not enough sleep or an infection, but it might also signal conditions like anemia or an immune system issue.
References:
Findlay SM. The tired teen: A review of the assessment and management of the adolescent with sleepiness and fatigue. Paediatr Child Health. 2008 Jan;13(1):37-42. doi: 10.1093/pch/13.1.37. PMID: 19119351; PMCID: PMC2528817.
Nijhof LN, van Brussel M, Pots EM, van Litsenburg RRL, van de Putte EM, van Montfrans JM, Nijhof SL. Severe Fatigue Is Common Among Pediatric Patients with Primary Immunodeficiency and Is Not Related to Disease Activity. J Clin Immunol. 2021 Aug;41(6):1198-1207. doi: 10.1007/s10875-021-01013-7. Epub 2021 Mar 17. PMID: 33728554; PMCID: PMC8310837.
De Nardi L, Lanzetta MA, Ghirigato E, Barbi E, Gortani G. Approach to the child with fatigue: A focus for the general pediatrician. Front Pediatr. 2022 Dec 2;10:1044170. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.1044170. PMID: 36533226; PMCID: PMC9755349.
Q.
What does vomiting yellow bitter liquid indicate during pregnancy?
A.
Vomiting yellow bitter liquid during pregnancy usually means your body is releasing bile, which is common when your stomach is empty. However, if it happens often or you feel very ill, it's important to talk with your healthcare provider.
References:
Sipiora ML, Murtaugh MA, Gregoire MB, Duffy VB. Bitter taste perception and severe vomiting in pregnancy. Physiol Behav. 2000 May;69(3):259-67. doi: 10.1016/s0031-9384(00)00223-7. PMID: 10869591.
Lee NM, Saha S. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2011 Jun;40(2):309-34, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2011.03.009. PMID: 21601782; PMCID: PMC3676933.
Parker SE, Starr JR, Collett BR, Speltz ML, Werler MM. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2014 Nov;28(6):527-35. doi: 10.1111/ppe.12151. Epub 2014 Oct 18. PMID: 25327160; PMCID: PMC4232991.
Q.
What is a chemical pregnancy and how can it be diagnosed?
A.
A chemical pregnancy is an early loss of a fertilized egg, where pregnancy hormones show a positive test but no growing embryo is detected. It is diagnosed by monitoring hCG hormone levels and confirming with an ultrasound.
References:
Coulam CB, Roussev R. Chemical pregnancies: immunologic and ultrasonographic studies. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2002 Nov;48(5):323-8. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0897.2002.01137.x. PMID: 12516655.
Annan JJ, Gudi A, Bhide P, Shah A, Homburg R. Biochemical pregnancy during assisted conception: a little bit pregnant. J Clin Med Res. 2013 Aug;5(4):269-74. doi: 10.4021/jocmr1008w. Epub 2013 Jun 21. PMID: 23864915; PMCID: PMC3712881.
Lee HM, Lee HJ, Yang KM, Cha SH, Ahn HK, Kim YJ. Etiological evaluation of repeated biochemical pregnancy in infertile couples who have undergone _in vitro_ fertilization. Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2017 Nov;60(6):565-570. doi: 10.5468/ogs.2017.60.6.565. Epub 2017 Sep 27. PMID: 29184865; PMCID: PMC5694731.
Q.
What is considered a late period and when should I be concerned?
A.
A late period is usually when your menstrual cycle is more than 7 days past the expected date. You should be concerned if this happens repeatedly or if you experience other unusual symptoms. If sexually active it's important to start with a pregnancy test.
References:
deProsse CA, Keettel WC. The missed menstrual period. Postgrad Med. 1977 Jan;61(1):251-2, 254, 256. doi: 10.1080/00325481.1977.11714526. PMID: 189296.
Attia GM, Alharbi OA, Aljohani RM. The Impact of Irregular Menstruation on Health: A Review of the Literature. Cureus. 2023 Nov 20;15(11):e49146. doi: 10.7759/cureus.49146. PMID: 38130524; PMCID: PMC10733621.
Thiyagarajan DK, Basit H, Jeanmonod R. Physiology, Menstrual Cycle. 2024 Sep 27. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. PMID: 29763196.
Q.
What is pregnancy nose and why does it occur?
A.
"Pregnancy nose" is a term used to describe the nasal congestion and runny nose that many pregnant people experience due to hormonal changes. It occurs because the increased levels of hormones cause swelling in the nasal tissues.
References:
Ellegård EK. The etiology and management of pregnancy rhinitis. Am J Respir Med. 2003;2(6):469-75. doi: 10.1007/BF03256674. PMID: 14719986.
Dzieciolowska-Baran E, Teul-Swiniarska I, Gawlikowska-Sroka A, Poziomkowska-Gesicka I, Zietek Z. Rhinitis as a cause of respiratory disorders during pregnancy. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;755:213-20. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-4546-9_27. PMID: 22826069.
Giambanco L, Iannone V, Borriello M, Scibilia G, Scollo P. The way a nose could affect pregnancy: severe and recurrent epistaxis. Pan Afr Med J. 2019 Sep 24;34:49. doi: 10.11604/pamj.2019.34.49.19558. PMID: 31762915; PMCID: PMC6859019.
Q.
What might cause a stomach ache after eating during pregnancy?
A.
A stomach ache after eating during pregnancy can be caused by common issues like heartburn or indigestion due to hormonal changes, but other problems like gallbladder issues or constipation can also be factors.
References:
Vazquez JC. Constipation, haemorrhoids, and heartburn in pregnancy. BMJ Clin Evid. 2010 Aug 3;2010:1411. PMID: 21418682; PMCID: PMC3217736.
Dunbar K, Yadlapati R, Konda V. Heartburn, Nausea, and Vomiting During Pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Oct 1;117(10S):10-15. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001958. PMID: 36194028; PMCID: PMC10782592.
Dhamecha R, Pajai S, Bhasin T. Acute Abdomen in Pregnancy: A Comprehensive Review of Diagnosis and Management. Cureus. 2023 Jun 20;15(6):e40679. doi: 10.7759/cureus.40679. PMID: 37485109; PMCID: PMC10357893.
Q.
What might cause sudden extreme fatigue in the elderly?
A.
Sudden extreme fatigue in the elderly can come from health issues like infections, anemia, heart or lung problems, or from poor nutrition and medication side effects. It's important to see a doctor to find out why you’re feeling so tired.
References:
Hardy SE, Studenski SA. Fatigue predicts mortality in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Oct;56(10):1910-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01957.x. Epub 2008 Sep 22. PMID: 18811604; PMCID: PMC2596279.
Azzolino D, Arosio B, Marzetti E, Calvani R, Cesari M. Nutritional Status as a Mediator of Fatigue and Its Underlying Mechanisms in Older People. Nutrients. 2020 Feb 10;12(2):444. doi: 10.3390/nu12020444. PMID: 32050677; PMCID: PMC7071235.
Maisel P, Baum E, Donner-Banzhoff N. Fatigue as the Chief Complaint–Epidemiology, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2021 Aug 23;118(33-34):566-576. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0192. PMID: 34196270; PMCID: PMC8579431.
Q.
What should I consider if I have a late period but a negative pregnancy test?
A.
If you have a late period but a negative pregnancy test, it might be because you tested too early or because other factors are affecting your cycle. Always consider retesting or speaking with your healthcare provider for more guidance.
References:
Wiwanitkit V. Implication of negative urine pregnancy testing in subjects with unknown last menstrual period. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2006;33(1):26-7. PMID: 16761534.
Reitz J, Hartman BC, Chase ME, Krause D, Cates AL. A Case of a Negative Urine Pregnancy Test in a Multiple Gestation Pregnancy. Cureus. 2022 Oct 26;14(10):e30725. doi: 10.7759/cureus.30725. PMID: 36447678; PMCID: PMC9699690.
Anderson J, Ghaffarian KR. Early Pregnancy Diagnosis. [Updated 2023 Jan 2]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What should I consider if my period is 3 days late?
A.
A period that is 3 days late is usually within normal variation, but factors like stress, travel, or an early sign of pregnancy could be involved. It's a good idea to monitor your cycle and consider additional testing if the delay continues.
References:
deProsse CA, Keettel WC. The missed menstrual period. Postgrad Med. 1977 Jan;61(1):251-2, 254, 256. doi: 10.1080/00325481.1977.11714526. PMID: 189296.
Attia GM, Alharbi OA, Aljohani RM. The Impact of Irregular Menstruation on Health: A Review of the Literature. Cureus. 2023 Nov 20;15(11):e49146. doi: 10.7759/cureus.49146. PMID: 38130524; PMCID: PMC10733621.
Nawaz G, Rogol AD, Jenkins SM. Amenorrhea. [Updated 2024 Feb 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What should I consider if my period is 4 days late?
A.
If your period is 4 days late, consider that menstrual cycles can vary a bit, and stress, weight changes, or hormonal shifts might be the cause. Checking with a pregnancy test and monitoring your cycle can help decide next steps.
References:
deProsse CA, Keettel WC. The missed menstrual period. Postgrad Med. 1977 Jan;61(1):251-2, 254, 256. doi: 10.1080/00325481.1977.11714526. PMID: 189296.
Thiyagarajan DK, Basit H, Jeanmonod R. Physiology, Menstrual Cycle. [Updated 2024 Sep 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Nawaz G, Rogol AD, Jenkins SM. Amenorrhea. [Updated 2024 Feb 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What should I do if my newborn baby vomits milk after feeding?
A.
It is common for newborns to spit up a little milk, but watch your baby closely. If you notice forceful or bloody vomiting, swelling of the abdomen, poor weight gain, or signs of infection such as fever or persistent inconsolability, call your pediatrician.
References:
Updated 2018 Mar 22]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK343315/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK343315/
Indrio F, Riezzo G, Raimondi F, Cavallo L, Francavilla R. Regurgitation in healthy and non healthy infants. Ital J Pediatr. 2009 Dec 9;35(1):39. doi: 10.1186/1824-7288-35-39. PMID: 20003194; PMCID: PMC2796655.
Czinn SJ, Blanchard S. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in neonates and infants : when and how to treat. Paediatr Drugs. 2013 Feb;15(1):19-27. doi: 10.1007/s40272-012-0004-2. PMID: 23322552.
Q.
What should I do if my period is 7 days late but I have no pregnancy symptoms?
A.
If your period is 7 days late and you have no pregnancy symptoms, and your pregnancy test is negative at 10-14 days after that missed period, it might not be pregnancy—it could just be a temporary change in your cycle, but it's still a good idea to monitor your situation.
References:
Sayle AE, Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Baird DD. A prospective study of the onset of symptoms of pregnancy. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002 Jul;55(7):676-80. doi: 10.1016/s0895-4356(02)00402-x. PMID: 12160915.
Nobles J, Cannon L, Wilcox AJ. Menstrual irregularity as a biological limit to early pregnancy awareness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Jan 4;119(1):e2113762118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2113762118. PMID: 34969843; PMCID: PMC8740731.
Attia GM, Alharbi OA, Aljohani RM. The Impact of Irregular Menstruation on Health: A Review of the Literature. Cureus. 2023 Nov 20;15(11):e49146. doi: 10.7759/cureus.49146. PMID: 38130524; PMCID: PMC10733621.
Q.
What steps should I take if I've missed 2 months of periods with a negative pregnancy test?
A.
If you've missed 2 months of periods and a pregnancy test is negative, it's important to follow up with your healthcare provider for further evaluation to identify any underlying health issues.
References:
Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Dunson D, McChesney R, Weinberg CR. Natural limits of pregnancy testing in relation to the expected menstrual period. JAMA. 2001 Oct 10;286(14):1759-61. doi: 10.1001/jama.286.14.1759. Erratum in: JAMA 2002 Jan 9;287(2):192. PMID: 11594902.
Gnoth C, Johnson S. Strips of Hope: Accuracy of Home Pregnancy Tests and New Developments. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2014 Jul;74(7):661-669. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1368589. PMID: 25100881; PMCID: PMC4119102.
Q.
What types of discharge are normal during pregnancy?
A.
During pregnancy, it is normal to have some vaginal discharge that is clear or white, thin, and has a light, mild odor.
References:
Prasad D, Parween S, Kumari K, Singh N. Prevalence, Etiology, and Associated Symptoms of Vaginal Discharge During Pregnancy in Women Seen in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bihar. Cureus. 2021 Jan 14;13(1):e12700. doi: 10.7759/cureus.12700. PMID: 33614308; PMCID: PMC7883588.
Khaskheli M, Baloch S, Baloch AS, Shah SGS. Vaginal discharge during pregnancy and associated adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Pak J Med Sci. 2021 Sep-Oct;37(5):1302-1308. doi: 10.12669/pjms.37.5.4187. PMID: 34475902; PMCID: PMC8377920.
National Guideline Alliance (UK). Management of symptomatic vaginal discharge in pregnancy: Antenatal care: Evidence review T. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE); 2021 Aug. (NICE Guideline, No. 201.)
Q.
When do food cravings typically start during pregnancy?
A.
Food cravings in pregnancy often start early, usually during the first trimester, though the exact timing can vary from one woman to another.
References:
Orloff NC, Hormes JM. Pickles and ice cream! Food cravings in pregnancy: hypotheses, preliminary evidence, and directions for future research. Front Psychol. 2014 Sep 23;5:1076. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01076. PMID: 25295023; PMCID: PMC4172095.
Haddad-Tóvolli R, Ramírez S, Muñoz-Moreno E, Milà-Guasch M, Miquel-Rio L, Pozo M, Chivite I, Altirriba J, Obri A, Gómez-Valadés AG, Toledo M, Eyre E, Bortolozzi A, Valjent E, Soria G, Claret M. Food craving-like episodes during pregnancy are mediated by accumbal dopaminergic circuits. Nat Metab. 2022 Apr;4(4):424-434. doi: 10.1038/s42255-022-00557-1. Epub 2022 Apr 4. PMID: 35379970.
Lesniara-Stachon A, Quansah DY, Schenk S, Retsa C, Halter RJ, Murray MM, Lacroix A, Horsch A, Toepel U, Puder JJ. Brain responses to food viewing in women during pregnancy and post partum and their relationship with metabolic health: study protocol for the FOODY Brain Study, a prospective observational study. BMJ Open. 2023 Apr 18;13(4):e067013. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067013. PMID: 37072356; PMCID: PMC10124253.
Q.
When does frequent urination typically start during pregnancy?
A.
Frequent urination usually starts early in pregnancy, around the first trimester, and may continue or even increase as the pregnancy progresses.
References:
Uzelpasaci E, Çinar GN, Baran E, Gürşen C, Nakip G, Ozgul S, Beksac K, Unal C, Orgul G, Beksac AT, Akbayrak T, Beksac MS. Trimester-based changes in urogenital symptoms and their impact on the quality of life in pregnant women: A preliminary report. Curr Urol. 2021 Sep;15(3):167-171. doi: 10.1097/CU9.0000000000000021. Epub 2021 May 25. PMID: 34552457; PMCID: PMC8451322.
Chen HJ, Hsiao SM, Yang CF, Lee CN, Wang YW, Guo DW, Chang SR. Overactive Bladder during Pregnancy: A Prospective Longitudinal Study. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Feb 6;58(2):243. doi: 10.3390/medicina58020243. PMID: 35208567; PMCID: PMC8875611.
Beyazıt A, Hakverdi AU, Gözükara KH. The Effect of Pregnancy on Urinary Symptoms. Cureus. 2023 Aug 28;15(8):e44232. doi: 10.7759/cureus.44232. PMID: 37772213; PMCID: PMC10523107.
Q.
When does morning sickness typically start during pregnancy?
A.
Morning sickness usually begins around 4 to 6 weeks of pregnancy and is most common during the early part of the first trimester.
References:
Chan RL, Olshan AF, Savitz DA, Herring AH, Daniels JL, Peterson HB, Martin SL. Maternal influences on nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Matern Child Health J. 2011 Jan;15(1):122-7. doi: 10.1007/s10995-009-0548-0. PMID: 20012346; PMCID: PMC4182010.
Festin M. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. BMJ Clin Evid. 2014 Mar 19;2014:1405. PMID: 24646807; PMCID: PMC3959188.
Mother To Baby | Fact Sheets [Internet]. Brentwood (TN): Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS); 1994-. Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy (NVP) 2024 Feb.Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582541/
Q.
Why might I experience extreme fatigue after eating during pregnancy?
A.
After eating during pregnancy, extreme fatigue may happen because your body is working hard to digest food while also supporting your growing baby, and hormonal changes can affect your energy levels.
References:
Poole CJ. Fatigue during the first trimester of pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1986 Sep-Oct;15(5):375-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1986.tb01409.x. PMID: 3639925.
Bai G, Korfage IJ, Groen EH, Jaddoe VW, Mautner E, Raat H. Associations between Nausea, Vomiting, Fatigue and Health-Related Quality of Life of Women in Early Pregnancy: The Generation R Study. PLoS One. 2016 Nov 4;11(11):e0166133. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166133. PMID: 27814390; PMCID: PMC5096665.
Effati-Daryani F, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Mohammadi A, Zarei S, Mirghafourvand M. Fatigue and sleep quality in different trimesters of pregnancy. Sleep Sci. 2021 Jan-Mar;14(Spec 1):69-74. doi: 10.5935/1984-0063.20200091. PMID: 34917276; PMCID: PMC8663733.
Our symptom checker AI is continuously refined with input from experienced physicians, empowering them to make more accurate diagnoses.

“World’s Best Digital
Health Companies”
Newsweek 2024

“Best With AI”
Google Play Best of 2023

“Best in Class”
Digital Health Awards 2023 (Quarterfinalist)

Which is the best Symptom Checker?
Ubie’s symptom checker demonstrated a Top-10 hit accuracy of 71.6%, surpassing the performance of several leading symptom checkers in the market, which averaged around 60% accuracy in similar assessments.
Link to full study:
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2024.08.29.24312810v1Carusi D. Pregnancy of unknown location: Evaluation and management. Semin Perinatol. 2019 Mar;43(2):95-100. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2018.12.006. Epub 2018 Dec 20. PMID: 30606496.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0146000518301423?via%3DihubSedgh G, Finer LB, Bankole A, Eilers MA, Singh S. Adolescent pregnancy, birth, and abortion rates across countries: levels and recent trends. J Adolesc Health. 2015 Feb;56(2):223-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.09.007. PMID: 25620306; PMCID: PMC4852976.
https://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X(14)00387-5/fulltextSebghati M, Khalil A. Reduction of multiple pregnancy: Counselling and techniques. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2021 Jan;70:112-122. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.06.013. Epub 2020 Aug 6. PMID: 32859535.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1521693420301243?via%3DihubAmorado P, Magann EF, Phillips AM, Moutos DM, Whittington JR, Hughes DS, Klausen JH. Is a Surrogate Pregnancy a High-Risk Pregnancy? Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2021 May;76(5):302-309. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000898. PMID: 34032862.
https://journals.lww.com/obgynsurvey/Abstract/2021/05000/Is_a_Surrogate_Pregnancy_a_High_Risk_Pregnancy_.20.aspxGoossens J, Van Den Branden Y, Van der Sluys L, Delbaere I, Van Hecke A, Verhaeghe S, Beeckman D. The prevalence of unplanned pregnancy ending in birth, associated factors, and health outcomes. Hum Reprod. 2016 Dec;31(12):2821-2833. doi: 10.1093/humrep/dew266. Epub 2016 Oct 24. PMID: 27798048.
https://academic.oup.com/humrep/article/31/12/2821/2354554NIH - About Pregnancy
https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancy/conditioninfoACOG Patient FAQ
https://www.acog.org/womens-health/pregnancy