Pregnancy Quiz
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Bloating
Nausea
Late period
Missed period
Frequent urination
Morning sickness
Vomiting
Stomach ache
Extreme fatigue
Food cravings
Abdominal lump
Not seeing your symptoms? No worries!
What is Pregnancy?
Pregnancy is the term used for the period when a fetus (baby) is developing inside the mother's uterus (womb). It typically lasts about 40 weeks (just over 9 months), measured from the last menstrual period to delivery. It occurs as a result of sexual intercourse, when the egg released by the female ovary is fertilized by a sperm. Pregnancy is medically divided into three parts (trimesters). The first sign of pregnancy is typically a missed period. Morning sickness (nausea/vomiting) may accompany it.
Typical Symptoms of Pregnancy
- Premenstrual symptoms like discomfort and irritability
- Possibility of being pregnant
- Irregular periods
- Breasts feel stretched, tight or full
- Abdominal bloating
- Increase in vaginal discharge
- Swelling leaves a dent when pressed for at least 15 seconds
- Excessive daytime sleepiness
Diagnostic Questions for Pregnancy
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this disease:
- Do you have premenstrual symptoms such as discomfort and irritability?
- Is there any chance that you might be pregnant?
- Are your periods irregular?
- Do your breasts feel stretched or tight?
- Are you experiencing abdominal bloating?
Treatment of Pregnancy
Pregnancy is often detected through a urine pregnancy test and usually confirmed by an ultrasound scan. The obstetrician/gynecologist (OB/GYN) will schedule regular check-ups for the mother and child. The specialist may recommend specific vaccinations and vitamin supplements. Depending on the patients medical history further recommendations may be made. It is important to get adequate prenatal care for your pregnancy, for the safety of both mom and baby.
Reviewed By:
Ravi P. Chokshi, MD (Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN), Critical Care)
Current Maternal Fetal Medicine Fellow with Dual board certification in Obstetrics & Gynecology and Critical Care Medicine. | 5+ years experience managing a general Ob/Gyn practice and working in the Intensive Care Unit. | Previously Physician Lead of a large single specialty practice with 8 Physicians and 10+ Advanced practitioners. | Member of the Society of Maternal Fetal Medicine Patient education committee. | Frequent Medscape Consult contributor.
Seiji Kanazawa, MD, PHD (Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN))
Dr. Kanazawa graduated from the Niigata University Faculty of Medicine and received his Ph.D. from the Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine. He is working on the front line of the General Perinatal Center, including the Tokyo Tama General Medical Center and the National Center for Research in Fertility Medicine, where he provides maternal and fetal care and undertakes clinical research. At Ubie, Dr. Kanazawa has been designing the Ubie AI Symptom Checker and has taken on the role of general obstetrics and gynecology consultation at FMC Tokyo Clinic by providing fetal ultrasound and prenatal consultation.
Content updated on Nov 22, 2024
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
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People with similar symptoms also use Ubie's symptom checker to find possible causes
- Premenstrual symptoms
- Discomfort when my period comes
- Irregular periods
- Emotional before the start of my period
- Tightness in breast
- Feel terrible before starting period
- Feeling uncomfortable before my menses
- Absent periods
- PMS
- Mood swings
- My breast feels heavy and fuller
- Tender breasts
- Menstrual delay
- Change in libido
- Stomach bloating after eating
See full list
Symptoms Related to Pregnancy
Diseases Related to Pregnancy
FAQs
Q.
What Are the Risk Factors for Developing an Ectopic Pregnancy?
A.
Some factors increase the risk of an ectopic pregnancy, including past pelvic infections, previous surgeries or ectopic pregnancies, and sometimes methods to help with fertility or smoking.
References:
Ankum WM, Mol BW, Van der Veen F, Bossuyt PM. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 1996 Jun;65(6):1093-9. PMID: 8641479.
Bouyer J, Coste J, Shojaei T, Pouly JL, Fernandez H, Gerbaud L, Job-Spira N. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a comprehensive analysis based on a large case-control, population-based study in France. Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Feb 1;157(3):185-94. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwf190. PMID: 12543617.
Karaer A, Avsar FA, Batioglu S. Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy: a case-control study. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2006 Dec;46(6):521-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2006.00653.x. PMID: 17116058.
Q.
What Could Cause an Abdominal Bulge After a DIEP Flap Procedure?
A.
An abdominal bulge after a DIEP flap procedure may happen due to weakened abdominal muscles, a separation of the muscle (rectus diastasis), or a small hernia. It’s important to talk with your doctor if you notice such a bulge.
References:
Nahabedian MY, Momen B. Lower abdominal bulge after deep inferior epigastric perforator flap (DIEP) breast reconstruction. Ann Plast Surg. 2005 Feb;54(2):124-9. doi: 10.1097/01.sap.0000147174.31409.3a. PMID: 15655459.
Haddock NT, Culver AJ, Teotia SS. Abdominal weakness, bulge, or hernia after DIEP flaps: An algorithm of management, prevention, and surgical repair with classification. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2021 Sep;74(9):2194-2201. doi: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.12.044. Epub 2020 Dec 26. PMID: 33487570.
Nelissen SH, Krijnen NA, Tsehaie J, Schellekens PPA, Paes EC, Simmermacher RKJ, Maarse W. Bulging after DIEP Breast Reconstruction: New Insights Concerning Rectus Diastasis and Medial Perforator Harvest. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2023 Mar 8;11(3):e4840. doi: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000004840. PMID: 36910724; PMCID: PMC9995098.
Q.
Could a Lump Near the Belly Button Be a Sign of Cancer?
A.
A lump near the belly button can sometimes be a sign of cancer, such as a Sister Mary Joseph nodule, but it is more often caused by benign conditions. It’s important to have any new or unusual lump evaluated by a doctor.
References:
Gabriele R, Conte M, Egidi F, Borghese M. Umbilical metastases: current viewpoint. World J Surg Oncol. 2005 Feb 21;3(1):13. doi: 10.1186/1477-7819-3-13. PMID: 15723695; PMCID: PMC552325.
Dar IH, Kamili MA, Dar SH, Kuchaai FA. Sister Mary Joseph nodule-A case report with review of literature. J Res Med Sci. 2009 Nov;14(6):385-7. PMID: 21772912; PMCID: PMC3129082.
Psarras K, Symeonidis N, Baltatzis M, Notopoulos A, Nikolaidou C. Umbilical metastasis as primary manifestation of cancer: a small series and review of the literature. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014 Oct;8(10):ND17-9. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/9690.4997. Epub 2014 Oct 20. PMID: 25478400; PMCID: PMC4253218.
Q.
What Could Cause an Abdominal Lump That Comes and Goes?
A.
An abdominal lump that comes and goes could be caused by a fluid-filled cyst like a mesenteric pseudocyst, a gas-filled mass, or a benign tumor that changes in size. It’s important to have it checked by a doctor to know exactly what is causing it.
References:
Bhullar JS, Orfanou P. The disappearing abdominal mass: mesenteric pseudocyst. JSLS. 2014 Apr-Jun;18(2):319-22. doi: 10.4293/108680813X13753907290991. PMID: 24960500; PMCID: PMC4035647.
Chong HM, Lee FY, Lo A, Li CM. A giant gas-filled abdominal mass in an elderly female: a case report. World J Gastroenterol. 2011 Aug 21;17(31):3659-62. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i31.3659. PMID: 21987615; PMCID: PMC3180025.
Nasa M, Choksey A, Phadke A, Sawant P. Gastric lipoma: an unusual cause of dyspeptic symptoms. BMJ Case Rep. 2016 Jun 22;2016:bcr2016215297. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2016-215297. PMID: 27335362; PMCID: PMC4932402.
Q.
What Are Some Examples of Weird Food Cravings During Pregnancy?
A.
Some unusual food cravings during pregnancy include odd combinations like pickles with ice cream, strong tastes such as raw onions or hot peppers, and even non-food items like clay or dirt (known as pica).
References:
Hook EB. Dietary cravings and aversions during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr. 1978 Aug;31(8):1355-62. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/31.8.1355. PMID: 277064.
Nyaruhucha CN. Food cravings, aversions and pica among pregnant women in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2009 Jan;11(1):29-34. PMID: 19445102.
Blau LE, Lipsky LM, Dempster KW, Eisenberg Colman MH, Siega-Riz AM, Faith MS, Nansel TR. Women's Experience and Understanding of Food Cravings in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study in Women Receiving Prenatal Care at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2020 May;120(5):815-824. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2019.09.020. Epub 2019 Dec 6. PMID: 31813756; PMCID: PMC7186144.
Q.
What Are Common Food Cravings During a Period?
A.
Many women tend to crave chocolate, sweet treats, salty snacks, and carbohydrate-rich foods during their period. These cravings are often linked to hormonal changes and the body’s desire for comfort and energy.
References:
Tomelleri R, Grunewald KK. Menstrual cycle and food cravings in young college women. J Am Diet Assoc. 1987 Mar;87(3):311-5. PMID: 3819250.
Souza LB, Martins KA, Cordeiro MM, Rodrigues YS, Rafacho BPM, Bomfim RA. Do Food Intake and Food Cravings Change during the Menstrual Cycle of Young Women? Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2018 Nov;40(11):686-692. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1675831. Epub 2018 Nov 28. PMID: 30485899; PMCID: PMC10316899.
Krishnan S, Agrawal K, Tryon RR, Welch LC, Horn WF, Newman JW, Keim NL. Structural equation modeling of food craving across the menstrual cycle using behavioral, neuroendocrine, and metabolic factors. Physiol Behav. 2018 Oct 15;195:28-36. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.07.011. Epub 2018 Jul 18. PMID: 30031087; PMCID: PMC6251416.
Q.
How Is an Abdominal Hematoma Lump Diagnosed and Treated?
A.
An abdominal hematoma lump is diagnosed using a physical exam and imaging tests like an ultrasound or CT scan. Treatment varies based on severity—it may involve rest and pain relief or, in more serious cases, surgery.
References:
Cherry WB, Mueller PS. Rectus sheath hematoma: review of 126 cases at a single institution. Medicine (Baltimore). 2006 Mar;85(2):105-110. doi: 10.1097/01.md.0000216818.13067.5a. PMID: 16609349.
Dutta S, Sanjay P, Jones ML. Diagnosis and treatment of giant lateral abdominal wall haematoma after blunt trauma: a case report. Cases J. 2009 Dec 19;2:9358. doi: 10.1186/1757-1626-2-9358. PMID: 20066065; PMCID: PMC2804729.
Shikhman A, Tuma F. Abdominal Hematoma. [Updated 2023 Apr 10]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What Could Be the Causes of an Abdominal Lump During Pregnancy?
A.
An abdominal lump during pregnancy can be caused by benign tumors like abdominal wall desmoid tumors, cysts related to maternal or fetal tissues, or other soft tissue masses. If you notice a lump, it’s important to have it evaluated by your healthcare provider.
References:
Awwad J, Hammoud N, Farra C, Fares F, Abi Saad G, Ghazeeri G. Abdominal Wall Desmoid during Pregnancy: Diagnostic Challenges. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2013;2013:350894. doi: 10.1155/2013/350894. Epub 2013 Jan 3. PMID: 23346436; PMCID: PMC3549390.
Cass DL. Fetal abdominal tumors and cysts. Transl Pediatr. 2021 May;10(5):1530-1541. doi: 10.21037/tp-20-440. PMID: 34189111; PMCID: PMC8192983.
Stemmer SM, Gomes C, Cardonick EH. A Case of Painful Growing Abdominal Wall Mass during Pregnancy Requiring Resection in the Second Trimester. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol. 2024 Jan 8;2024:5881260. doi: 10.1155/2024/5881260. PMID: 38229587; PMCID: PMC10789513.
Q.
Are There Specific Food Cravings When Pregnant with a Boy?
A.
There is no strong evidence that pregnant women have specific food cravings solely because they are carrying a boy. Food cravings during pregnancy seem to be more about individual taste, hormonal changes, and personal experiences.
References:
Blau LE, Lipsky LM, Dempster KW, Eisenberg Colman MH, Siega-Riz AM, Faith MS, Nansel TR. Women's Experience and Understanding of Food Cravings in Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study in Women Receiving Prenatal Care at the University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2020 May;120(5):815-824. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2019.09.020. Epub 2019 Dec 6. PMID: 31813756; PMCID: PMC7186144.
Versele V, Stok FM, Aerenhouts D, Deforche B, Bogaerts A, Devlieger R, Clarys P, Deliens T. Determinants of changes in women's and men's eating behavior across the transition to parenthood: a focus group study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2021 Jul 12;18(1):95. doi: 10.1186/s12966-021-01137-4. PMID: 34253197; PMCID: PMC8276457.
Q.
What Are the Signs of a Hernia If I Notice an Abdominal Lump?
A.
A hernia may show up as a noticeable lump in your abdomen that can hurt or feel heavy, especially when you cough, lift, or strain. If the lump feels painful, increases in size, or comes with other symptoms like redness or nausea, it’s important to see a doctor.
References:
Kavic MS. Hernias as a source of abdominal pain: a matter of concern to general surgeons, gynecologists, and urologists. JSLS. 2005 Jul-Sep;9(3):249-51. PMID: 16121865; PMCID: PMC3015620.
Updated 2023 Dec 13]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK395554/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK395554/
Lanzetta MM, Masserelli A, Addeo G, Cozzi D, Maggialetti N, Danti G, Bartolini L, Pradella S, Giovagnoni A, Miele V. Internal hernias: a difficult diagnostic challenge. Review of CT signs and clinical findings. Acta Biomed. 2019 Apr 24;90(5-S):20-37. doi: 10.23750/abm.v90i5-S.8344. PMID: 31085971; PMCID: PMC6625567.
Q.
When Do Food Cravings Typically Start During Pregnancy?
A.
Food cravings in pregnancy often start early, usually during the first trimester, though the exact timing can vary from one woman to another.
References:
Orloff NC, Hormes JM. Pickles and ice cream! Food cravings in pregnancy: hypotheses, preliminary evidence, and directions for future research. Front Psychol. 2014 Sep 23;5:1076. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01076. PMID: 25295023; PMCID: PMC4172095.
Haddad-Tóvolli R, Ramírez S, Muñoz-Moreno E, Milà-Guasch M, Miquel-Rio L, Pozo M, Chivite I, Altirriba J, Obri A, Gómez-Valadés AG, Toledo M, Eyre E, Bortolozzi A, Valjent E, Soria G, Claret M. Food craving-like episodes during pregnancy are mediated by accumbal dopaminergic circuits. Nat Metab. 2022 Apr;4(4):424-434. doi: 10.1038/s42255-022-00557-1. Epub 2022 Apr 4. PMID: 35379970.
Lesniara-Stachon A, Quansah DY, Schenk S, Retsa C, Halter RJ, Murray MM, Lacroix A, Horsch A, Toepel U, Puder JJ. Brain responses to food viewing in women during pregnancy and post partum and their relationship with metabolic health: study protocol for the FOODY Brain Study, a prospective observational study. BMJ Open. 2023 Apr 18;13(4):e067013. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067013. PMID: 37072356; PMCID: PMC10124253.
Q.
What Should I Consider If My Period Is 3 Days Late?
A.
A period that is 3 days late is usually within normal variation, but factors like stress, travel, or an early sign of pregnancy could be involved. It's a good idea to monitor your cycle and consider additional testing if the delay continues.
References:
deProsse CA, Keettel WC. The missed menstrual period. Postgrad Med. 1977 Jan;61(1):251-2, 254, 256. doi: 10.1080/00325481.1977.11714526. PMID: 189296.
Attia GM, Alharbi OA, Aljohani RM. The Impact of Irregular Menstruation on Health: A Review of the Literature. Cureus. 2023 Nov 20;15(11):e49146. doi: 10.7759/cureus.49146. PMID: 38130524; PMCID: PMC10733621.
Nawaz G, Rogol AD, Jenkins SM. Amenorrhea. [Updated 2024 Feb 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
Can a Stomach Ache Be a Symptom of COVID-19?
A.
Yes, a stomach ache can be a symptom of COVID-19, though it is less common than respiratory symptoms. It may occur along with other gastrointestinal issues such as nausea or diarrhea.
References:
Zhai LL, Wang W, Wu L, Tang ZG. COVID-19 with abdominal symptoms and acute abdominal pain: a guide to identification for general practice. Br J Gen Pract. 2020 Jun 25;70(696):358-359. doi: 10.3399/bjgp20X710693. PMID: 32586824; PMCID: PMC7319657.
Mandala S, Kodati R, Tadepalli A, Reddy C, Kalyan S. An Unusual Cause of Acute Abdominal Pain in Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Report of Two Cases. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2022 Sep;26(9):1045-1048. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24310. PMID: 36213717; PMCID: PMC9492738.
Gurung S, Karki S, Pathak BD, Yadav GK, Bhatta G, Thapa S, Banmala S, Thapa AJ, Roka K. Gastrointestinal symptoms among COVID-19 patients presenting to a primary health care center of Nepal: A cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep. 2023 Sep 14;6(9):e1568. doi: 10.1002/hsr2.1568. PMID: 37720170; PMCID: PMC10501051.
Q.
What Might Cause Sudden Extreme Fatigue in the Elderly?
A.
Sudden extreme fatigue in the elderly can come from health issues like infections, anemia, heart or lung problems, or from poor nutrition and medication side effects. It's important to see a doctor to find out why you’re feeling so tired.
References:
Hardy SE, Studenski SA. Fatigue predicts mortality in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Oct;56(10):1910-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01957.x. Epub 2008 Sep 22. PMID: 18811604; PMCID: PMC2596279.
Azzolino D, Arosio B, Marzetti E, Calvani R, Cesari M. Nutritional Status as a Mediator of Fatigue and Its Underlying Mechanisms in Older People. Nutrients. 2020 Feb 10;12(2):444. doi: 10.3390/nu12020444. PMID: 32050677; PMCID: PMC7071235.
Maisel P, Baum E, Donner-Banzhoff N. Fatigue as the Chief Complaint–Epidemiology, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2021 Aug 23;118(33-34):566-576. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0192. PMID: 34196270; PMCID: PMC8579431.
Q.
What Could Cause Sudden Extreme Fatigue in a Child?
A.
Sudden extreme fatigue in a child can be due to simple reasons like not enough sleep or an infection, but it might also signal conditions like anemia or an immune system issue.
References:
Findlay SM. The tired teen: A review of the assessment and management of the adolescent with sleepiness and fatigue. Paediatr Child Health. 2008 Jan;13(1):37-42. doi: 10.1093/pch/13.1.37. PMID: 19119351; PMCID: PMC2528817.
Nijhof LN, van Brussel M, Pots EM, van Litsenburg RRL, van de Putte EM, van Montfrans JM, Nijhof SL. Severe Fatigue Is Common Among Pediatric Patients with Primary Immunodeficiency and Is Not Related to Disease Activity. J Clin Immunol. 2021 Aug;41(6):1198-1207. doi: 10.1007/s10875-021-01013-7. Epub 2021 Mar 17. PMID: 33728554; PMCID: PMC8310837.
De Nardi L, Lanzetta MA, Ghirigato E, Barbi E, Gortani G. Approach to the child with fatigue: A focus for the general pediatrician. Front Pediatr. 2022 Dec 2;10:1044170. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.1044170. PMID: 36533226; PMCID: PMC9755349.
Q.
What Could Cause Extreme Fatigue Before My Period?
A.
Extreme fatigue before your period is often linked to the natural hormone changes of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) or, in some cases, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). These shifts can make you feel very tired, sometimes along with other symptoms like mood swings or sleep problems.
References:
Lin PC, Ko CH, Lin YJ, Yen JY. Insomnia, Inattention and Fatigue Symptoms of Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Jun 8;18(12):6192. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18126192. PMID: 34201084; PMCID: PMC8230179.
Updated 2022 May 17]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279265/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279265/
Gudipally PR, Sharma GK. Premenstrual Syndrome. [Updated 2023 Jul 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What Is Considered a Late Period and When Should I Be Concerned?
A.
A late period is usually when your menstrual cycle is more than 7 days past the expected date. You should be concerned if this happens repeatedly or if you experience other unusual symptoms. If sexually active it's important to start with a pregnancy test.
References:
deProsse CA, Keettel WC. The missed menstrual period. Postgrad Med. 1977 Jan;61(1):251-2, 254, 256. doi: 10.1080/00325481.1977.11714526. PMID: 189296.
Attia GM, Alharbi OA, Aljohani RM. The Impact of Irregular Menstruation on Health: A Review of the Literature. Cureus. 2023 Nov 20;15(11):e49146. doi: 10.7759/cureus.49146. PMID: 38130524; PMCID: PMC10733621.
Thiyagarajan DK, Basit H, Jeanmonod R. Physiology, Menstrual Cycle. 2024 Sep 27. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. PMID: 29763196.
Q.
What Steps Should I Take If I've Missed 2 Months of Periods with a Negative Pregnancy Test?
A.
If you've missed 2 months of periods and a pregnancy test is negative, it's important to follow up with your healthcare provider for further evaluation to identify any underlying health issues.
References:
Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Dunson D, McChesney R, Weinberg CR. Natural limits of pregnancy testing in relation to the expected menstrual period. JAMA. 2001 Oct 10;286(14):1759-61. doi: 10.1001/jama.286.14.1759. Erratum in: JAMA 2002 Jan 9;287(2):192. PMID: 11594902.
Gnoth C, Johnson S. Strips of Hope: Accuracy of Home Pregnancy Tests and New Developments. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2014 Jul;74(7):661-669. doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1368589. PMID: 25100881; PMCID: PMC4119102.
Q.
How Early Can Morning Sickness Start During Pregnancy?
A.
Morning sickness can start as early as around 4 weeks after your last menstrual period, but most women begin to notice it between 4 and 6 weeks. However, the timing can vary from one pregnancy to another.
References:
Internet]. Brentwood (TN): Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS); 1994-. Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy (NVP) 2024 Feb. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582541/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582541/
Chan RL, Olshan AF, Savitz DA, Herring AH, Daniels JL, Peterson HB, Martin SL. Maternal influences on nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Matern Child Health J. 2011 Jan;15(1):122-7. doi: 10.1007/s10995-009-0548-0. PMID: 20012346; PMCID: PMC4182010.
Festin M. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. BMJ Clin Evid. 2014 Mar 19;2014:1405. PMID: 24646807; PMCID: PMC3959188.
Q.
What Could Cause a Late Period with Brown Spotting When I Wipe?
A.
A late period with brown spotting when you wipe can be due to minor hormonal changes, old blood from a delayed or beginning period, or even early changes in a pregnancy. It’s best to monitor your symptoms, get a pregnancy test if sexually active, and speak with a healthcare provider if you’re concerned.
References:
Bishop GB. Vaginal Discharge. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Chapter 172. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK281/
Jeanmonod R, Skelly CL, Jenkins SM, et al. Vaginal Bleeding. [Updated 2023 Nov 13]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Hasan R, Baird DD, Herring AH, Olshan AF, Jonsson Funk ML, Hartmann KE. Patterns and predictors of vaginal bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy. Ann Epidemiol. 2010 Jul;20(7):524-31. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.02.006. PMID: 20538195; PMCID: PMC2884141.
Q.
What Should I Consider If My Period Is 4 Days Late?
A.
If your period is 4 days late, consider that menstrual cycles can vary a bit, and stress, weight changes, or hormonal shifts might be the cause. Checking with a pregnancy test and monitoring your cycle can help decide next steps.
References:
deProsse CA, Keettel WC. The missed menstrual period. Postgrad Med. 1977 Jan;61(1):251-2, 254, 256. doi: 10.1080/00325481.1977.11714526. PMID: 189296.
Thiyagarajan DK, Basit H, Jeanmonod R. Physiology, Menstrual Cycle. [Updated 2024 Sep 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Nawaz G, Rogol AD, Jenkins SM. Amenorrhea. [Updated 2024 Feb 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What Are the Possible Causes of Nausea and Vomiting in Women?
A.
Nausea and vomiting in women can be caused by a wide range of factors, including gastrointestinal issues, hormonal changes, infections, and psychological factors. Understanding these potential causes is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment.
References:
Johns T, Lawrence E. Evaluation and Treatment of Nausea and Vomiting in Adults. Am Fam Physician. 2024 May;109(5):417-425. PMID: 38804756.
Heckroth M, Luckett RT, Moser C, Parajuli D, Abell TL. Nausea and Vomiting in 2021: A Comprehensive Update. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2021 Apr 1;55(4):279-299. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000001485. PMID: 33471485; PMCID: PMC7933092.
Q.
Why Might I Experience Extreme Fatigue After Eating During Pregnancy?
A.
After eating during pregnancy, extreme fatigue may happen because your body is working hard to digest food while also supporting your growing baby, and hormonal changes can affect your energy levels.
References:
Poole CJ. Fatigue during the first trimester of pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1986 Sep-Oct;15(5):375-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1986.tb01409.x. PMID: 3639925.
Bai G, Korfage IJ, Groen EH, Jaddoe VW, Mautner E, Raat H. Associations between Nausea, Vomiting, Fatigue and Health-Related Quality of Life of Women in Early Pregnancy: The Generation R Study. PLoS One. 2016 Nov 4;11(11):e0166133. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166133. PMID: 27814390; PMCID: PMC5096665.
Effati-Daryani F, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Mohammadi A, Zarei S, Mirghafourvand M. Fatigue and sleep quality in different trimesters of pregnancy. Sleep Sci. 2021 Jan-Mar;14(Spec 1):69-74. doi: 10.5935/1984-0063.20200091. PMID: 34917276; PMCID: PMC8663733.
Q.
Is There Any Truth to When Morning Sickness Starts If Pregnant with a Boy?
A.
There isn’t strong evidence that morning sickness starts earlier if you are pregnant with a boy. Most research shows that the timing of morning sickness is similar regardless of whether you have a boy or a girl.
References:
Lee NM, Saha S. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2011 Jun;40(2):309-34, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2011.03.009. PMID: 21601782; PMCID: PMC3676933.
Mitsuda N, Eitoku M, Maeda N, Fujieda M, Suganuma N. Severity of Nausea and Vomiting in Singleton and Twin Pregnancies in Relation to Fetal Sex: The Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS). J Epidemiol. 2019 Sep 5;29(9):340-346. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE20180059. Epub 2018 Nov 10. PMID: 30416162; PMCID: PMC6680056.
Young NR, La Rosa M, Mehr SA, Krasnow MM. Does greater morning sickness predict carrying a girl? Analysis of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy from retrospective report. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2021 May;303(5):1161-1166. doi: 10.1007/s00404-020-05839-1. Epub 2020 Oct 24. PMID: 33098451.
Q.
What Could Cause Sudden Extreme Fatigue and Body Aches During Pregnancy?
A.
Sudden extreme fatigue and body aches during pregnancy can happen because of normal changes like hormonal shifts and muscle adjustments, but they may also signal issues like anemia or another underlying condition.
References:
Poole CJ. Fatigue during the first trimester of pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1986 Sep-Oct;15(5):375-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1986.tb01409.x. PMID: 3639925.
Quigley J, Keating A, Byrd L. Fatigue and breathlessness in pregnancy: a rare and sinister cause. BMJ Case Rep. 2014 Oct 16;2014:bcr2014205441. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-205441. PMID: 25323281; PMCID: PMC4202050.
Kesikburun S, Güzelküçük Ü, Fidan U, Demir Y, Ergün A, Tan AK. Musculoskeletal pain and symptoms in pregnancy: a descriptive study. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2018 Nov 19;10(12):229-234. doi: 10.1177/1759720X18812449. PMID: 30515249; PMCID: PMC6262502.
Q.
Do Food Cravings Differ When Pregnant with a Girl?
A.
Current research does not show clear evidence that food cravings differ when you are pregnant with a girl, though some studies suggest that hormonal changes may influence taste and cravings in different ways.
References:
Faas MM, Melgert BN, de Vos P. A Brief Review on How Pregnancy and Sex Hormones Interfere with Taste and Food Intake. Chemosens Percept. 2010 Mar;3(1):51-56. doi: 10.1007/s12078-009-9061-5. Epub 2009 Nov 4. PMID: 20352054; PMCID: PMC2844535.
Al-Mehaisen LM, Al-Husban NA, Matalka AI, Al-Kuran OA. Is there a relationship between children's behaviour and food cravings during pregnancy? J Taibah Univ Med Sci. 2018 Oct 30;13(6):547-551. doi: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2018.09.004. PMID: 31435376; PMCID: PMC6694992.
Kloub SM, Banihani SA. Exploring associations between pregnancy cravings and sociodemographic, lifestyle and health factors: insights from a cross-sectional population study in Jordan. BMJ Open. 2024 Mar 5;14(3):e078082. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078082. PMID: 38448075; PMCID: PMC10916096.
Q.
What Should I Do If My Period Is 7 Days Late but I Have No Pregnancy Symptoms?
A.
If your period is 7 days late and you have no pregnancy symptoms, and your pregnancy test is negative at 10-14 days after that missed period, it might not be pregnancy—it could just be a temporary change in your cycle, but it's still a good idea to monitor your situation.
References:
Sayle AE, Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Baird DD. A prospective study of the onset of symptoms of pregnancy. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002 Jul;55(7):676-80. doi: 10.1016/s0895-4356(02)00402-x. PMID: 12160915.
Nobles J, Cannon L, Wilcox AJ. Menstrual irregularity as a biological limit to early pregnancy awareness. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Jan 4;119(1):e2113762118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2113762118. PMID: 34969843; PMCID: PMC8740731.
Attia GM, Alharbi OA, Aljohani RM. The Impact of Irregular Menstruation on Health: A Review of the Literature. Cureus. 2023 Nov 20;15(11):e49146. doi: 10.7759/cureus.49146. PMID: 38130524; PMCID: PMC10733621.
Q.
How Can Mental Exhaustion Be Managed During Pregnancy?
A.
Managing mental exhaustion during pregnancy can include getting enough rest, ensuring adequate nutrition and exercise, talking to someone you trust, and using simple relaxation techniques to help you feel better.
References:
Dunkel Schetter C, Tanner L. Anxiety, depression and stress in pregnancy: implications for mothers, children, research, and practice. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2012 Mar;25(2):141-8. doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283503680. PMID: 22262028; PMCID: PMC4447112.
Cheng CY, Pickler RH. Perinatal stress, fatigue, depressive symptoms, and immune modulation in late pregnancy and one month postpartum. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014 Jan 22;2014:652630. doi: 10.1155/2014/652630. PMID: 24587741; PMCID: PMC3920647.
Chauhan A, Potdar J. Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy: A Critical Review. Cureus. 2022 Oct 25;14(10):e30656. doi: 10.7759/cureus.30656. PMID: 36426343; PMCID: PMC9681705.
Q.
How Long Does Morning Sickness Typically Last During Pregnancy?
A.
Morning sickness is most common in the first trimester and typically lasts from several weeks up to about 12 to 16 weeks of pregnancy.
References:
Internet]. Brentwood (TN): Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS); 1994-. Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy (NVP) 2024 Feb. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582541/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582541/
Festin M. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. BMJ Clin Evid. 2014 Mar 19;2014:1405. PMID: 24646807; PMCID: PMC3959188.
Liu C, Zhao G, Qiao D, Wang L, He Y, Zhao M, Fan Y, Jiang E. Emerging Progress in Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy and Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Challenges and Opportunities. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Jan 10;8:809270. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.809270. PMID: 35083256; PMCID: PMC8785858.
Q.
What Should I Consider If I Have a Late Period but a Negative Pregnancy Test?
A.
If you have a late period but a negative pregnancy test, it might be because you tested too early or because other factors are affecting your cycle. Always consider retesting or speaking with your healthcare provider for more guidance.
References:
Wiwanitkit V. Implication of negative urine pregnancy testing in subjects with unknown last menstrual period. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2006;33(1):26-7. PMID: 16761534.
Reitz J, Hartman BC, Chase ME, Krause D, Cates AL. A Case of a Negative Urine Pregnancy Test in a Multiple Gestation Pregnancy. Cureus. 2022 Oct 26;14(10):e30725. doi: 10.7759/cureus.30725. PMID: 36447678; PMCID: PMC9699690.
Anderson J, Ghaffarian KR. Early Pregnancy Diagnosis. [Updated 2023 Jan 2]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What Might Cause a Stomach Ache After Eating During Pregnancy?
A.
A stomach ache after eating during pregnancy can be caused by common issues like heartburn or indigestion due to hormonal changes, but other problems like gallbladder issues or constipation can also be factors.
References:
Vazquez JC. Constipation, haemorrhoids, and heartburn in pregnancy. BMJ Clin Evid. 2010 Aug 3;2010:1411. PMID: 21418682; PMCID: PMC3217736.
Dunbar K, Yadlapati R, Konda V. Heartburn, Nausea, and Vomiting During Pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Oct 1;117(10S):10-15. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001958. PMID: 36194028; PMCID: PMC10782592.
Dhamecha R, Pajai S, Bhasin T. Acute Abdomen in Pregnancy: A Comprehensive Review of Diagnosis and Management. Cureus. 2023 Jun 20;15(6):e40679. doi: 10.7759/cureus.40679. PMID: 37485109; PMCID: PMC10357893.
Q.
How Long Can the Symptoms of Heat Exhaustion Last?
A.
Heat exhaustion symptoms usually improve within a few hours once you cool down and rehydrate, but in some cases, they might last for up to a day or two.
References:
Glazer JL. Management of heatstroke and heat exhaustion. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Jun 1;71(11):2133-40. PMID: 15952443.
Kenny GP, Wilson TE, Flouris AD, Fujii N. Heat exhaustion. Handb Clin Neurol. 2018;157:505-529. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64074-1.00031-8. PMID: 30459023.
Savioli G, Zanza C, Longhitano Y, Nardone A, Varesi A, Ceresa IF, Manetti AC, Volonnino G, Maiese A, La Russa R. Heat-Related Illness in Emergency and Critical Care: Recommendations for Recognition and Management with Medico-Legal Considerations. Biomedicines. 2022 Oct 12;10(10):2542. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10102542. PMID: 36289804; PMCID: PMC9599879.
Q.
What Could Be the Reasons for a Late Period If Not Pregnant?
A.
A late period can be caused by many things besides pregnancy, such as stress, hormonal imbalances, significant weight changes, or underlying health conditions.
References:
Sher N. Delayed Menstruation: Causes and Treatment. Br Med J. 1946 Mar 9;1(4444):347-9. PMID: 20786589; PMCID: PMC2058399.
Bae J, Park S, Kwon JW. Factors associated with menstrual cycle irregularity and menopause. BMC Womens Health. 2018 Feb 6;18(1):36. doi: 10.1186/s12905-018-0528-x. PMID: 29409520; PMCID: PMC5801702.
Attia GM, Alharbi OA, Aljohani RM. The Impact of Irregular Menstruation on Health: A Review of the Literature. Cureus. 2023 Nov 20;15(11):e49146. doi: 10.7759/cureus.49146. PMID: 38130524; PMCID: PMC10733621.
Q.
What Are the Potential Causes of a Missed Period Besides Pregnancy?
A.
A missed period can happen for many reasons besides pregnancy, such as stress, hormonal imbalances, or changes in body weight.
References:
deProsse CA, Keettel WC. The missed menstrual period. Postgrad Med. 1977 Jan;61(1):251-2, 254, 256. doi: 10.1080/00325481.1977.11714526. PMID: 189296.
Gasner A, Rehman A. Primary Amenorrhea. [Updated 2023 Dec 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Nawaz G, Rogol AD, Jenkins SM. Amenorrhea. [Updated 2024 Feb 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
Is There a Difference in When Morning Sickness Starts If Pregnant with a Girl?
A.
Most research shows that morning sickness tends to start at about the same time no matter if you're carrying a girl or a boy, though some studies suggest there may be differences in how severe the nausea feels.
References:
Chan RL, Olshan AF, Savitz DA, Herring AH, Daniels JL, Peterson HB, Martin SL. Maternal influences on nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Matern Child Health J. 2011 Jan;15(1):122-7. doi: 10.1007/s10995-009-0548-0. PMID: 20012346; PMCID: PMC4182010.
Lee NM, Saha S. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2011 Jun;40(2):309-34, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2011.03.009. PMID: 21601782; PMCID: PMC3676933.
Young NR, La Rosa M, Mehr SA, Krasnow MM. Does greater morning sickness predict carrying a girl? Analysis of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy from retrospective report. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2021 May;303(5):1161-1166. doi: 10.1007/s00404-020-05839-1. Epub 2020 Oct 24. PMID: 33098451.
Q.
What Does Vomiting Yellow Bitter Liquid Indicate During Pregnancy?
A.
Vomiting yellow bitter liquid during pregnancy usually means your body is releasing bile, which is common when your stomach is empty. However, if it happens often or you feel very ill, it's important to talk with your healthcare provider.
References:
Sipiora ML, Murtaugh MA, Gregoire MB, Duffy VB. Bitter taste perception and severe vomiting in pregnancy. Physiol Behav. 2000 May;69(3):259-67. doi: 10.1016/s0031-9384(00)00223-7. PMID: 10869591.
Lee NM, Saha S. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2011 Jun;40(2):309-34, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2011.03.009. PMID: 21601782; PMCID: PMC3676933.
Parker SE, Starr JR, Collett BR, Speltz ML, Werler MM. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2014 Nov;28(6):527-35. doi: 10.1111/ppe.12151. Epub 2014 Oct 18. PMID: 25327160; PMCID: PMC4232991.
Q.
What Causes Frequent Urination at Night During Pregnancy?
A.
Frequent nighttime urination during pregnancy is common due to your growing uterus pressing on your bladder and changes in your body that increase urine production. These normal shifts help prepare your body for your baby’s arrival.
References:
Adaji SE, Shittu OS, Bature SB, Nasir S, Olatunji O. Bothersome lower urinary symptoms during pregnancy: a preliminary study using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire. Afr Health Sci. 2011 Aug;11 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S46-52. doi: 10.4314/ahs.v11i3.70070. PMID: 22135644; PMCID: PMC3220122.
Wang X, Jin Y, Xu P, Feng S. Urinary incontinence in pregnant women and its impact on health-related quality of life. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2022 Jan 21;20(1):13. doi: 10.1186/s12955-022-01920-2. PMID: 35062969; PMCID: PMC8781026.
Beyazıt A, Hakverdi AU, Gözükara KH. The Effect of Pregnancy on Urinary Symptoms. Cureus. 2023 Aug 28;15(8):e44232. doi: 10.7759/cureus.44232. PMID: 37772213; PMCID: PMC10523107.
Q.
How Can You Differentiate between Heat Stroke and Heat Exhaustion?
A.
Heat exhaustion is less severe and usually comes with heavy sweating and weakness, while heat stroke is more serious with high body temperature, confusion, and sometimes little or no sweating.
References:
Glazer JL. Management of heatstroke and heat exhaustion. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Jun 1;71(11):2133-40. PMID: 15952443.
Maule AL, Scatliffe-Carrion KD, Kotas KS, Smith JD, Ambrose JF. Heat exhaustion and heat stroke among active component members of the U.S. Armed Forces, 2019-2023. MSMR. 2024 Apr 20;31(4):3-8. PMID: 38722363; PMCID: PMC11107842.
Morris A, Patel G. Heat Stroke. [Updated 2023 Feb 13]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What Could Cause Sudden Episodes of Extreme Fatigue During Pregnancy?
A.
Sudden episodes of extreme fatigue during pregnancy can be due to normal hormonal changes, anemia, or more serious conditions. It’s best to talk with your healthcare provider if you feel overly tired or if the fatigue comes on suddenly.
References:
Poole CJ. Fatigue during the first trimester of pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1986 Sep-Oct;15(5):375-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1986.tb01409.x. PMID: 3639925.
Furara S, Maw M, Khan F, Powell K. Weakness in pregnancy - expect the unexpected. Obstet Med. 2008 Dec;1(2):99-101. doi: 10.1258/om.2008.080011. Epub 2008 Dec 1. PMID: 27582795; PMCID: PMC4989714.
Quigley J, Keating A, Byrd L. Fatigue and breathlessness in pregnancy: a rare and sinister cause. BMJ Case Rep. 2014 Oct 16;2014:bcr2014205441. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-205441. PMID: 25323281; PMCID: PMC4202050.
Q.
What Can Cause Vomiting and Diarrhea During Pregnancy?
A.
Vomiting and diarrhea during pregnancy can be caused by common infections, food poisoning, or pregnancy-related conditions like hyperemesis gravidarum. It’s important to contact your healthcare provider if symptoms become severe or lead to dehydration.
References:
Einarson A, Maltepe C, Boskovic R, Koren G. Treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: an updated algorithm. Can Fam Physician. 2007 Dec;53(12):2109-11. Erratum in: Can Fam Physician. 2019 Jan;65(1):8. PMID: 18077743; PMCID: PMC2231543.
Body C, Christie JA. Gastrointestinal Diseases in Pregnancy: Nausea, Vomiting, Hyperemesis Gravidarum, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Constipation, and Diarrhea. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2016 Jun;45(2):267-83. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2016.02.005. PMID: 27261898.
Gomes CF, Sousa M, Lourenço I, Martins D, Torres J. Gastrointestinal diseases during pregnancy: what does the gastroenterologist need to know? Ann Gastroenterol. 2018 Jul-Aug;31(4):385-394. doi: 10.20524/aog.2018.0264. Epub 2018 Apr 27. PMID: 29991883; PMCID: PMC6033757.
Q.
What Could Be the Causes of Vomiting Blood and When Should I Seek Help?
A.
Vomiting blood, or hematemesis, can be caused by problems like a tear, an ulcer, or bleeding in the digestive tract. It is important to seek help right away if you notice this symptom along with other warning signs.
References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK411/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK411/
Kim BS, Li BT, Engel A, Samra JS, Clarke S, Norton ID, Li AE. Diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding: A practical guide for clinicians. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2014 Nov 15;5(4):467-78. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v5.i4.467. PMID: 25400991; PMCID: PMC4231512.
Boysen SR. Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Small Animal Critical Care Medicine. 2015:630–4. doi: 10.1016/B978-1-4557-0306-7.00119-7. Epub 2014 Jun 25. PMCID: PMC7152172.
Q.
What Should I Do If My Newborn Baby Vomits Milk After Feeding?
A.
It is common for newborns to spit up a little milk, but watch your baby closely. If you notice forceful or bloody vomiting, swelling of the abdomen, poor weight gain, or signs of infection such as fever or persistent inconsolability, call your pediatrician.
References:
Updated 2018 Mar 22]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK343315/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK343315/
Indrio F, Riezzo G, Raimondi F, Cavallo L, Francavilla R. Regurgitation in healthy and non healthy infants. Ital J Pediatr. 2009 Dec 9;35(1):39. doi: 10.1186/1824-7288-35-39. PMID: 20003194; PMCID: PMC2796655.
Czinn SJ, Blanchard S. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in neonates and infants : when and how to treat. Paediatr Drugs. 2013 Feb;15(1):19-27. doi: 10.1007/s40272-012-0004-2. PMID: 23322552.
Q.
What Could Be Causing Headache and Nausea During Pregnancy?
A.
Headaches and nausea during pregnancy can happen because of normal changes in hormone levels and blood flow, and sometimes they are related to migraine or other conditions triggered by smells.
References:
Heinrichs L. Linking olfaction with nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, recurrent abortion, hyperemesis gravidarum, and migraine headache. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002 May;186(5 Suppl Understanding):S215-9. doi: 10.1067/mob.2002.123053. PMID: 12011889.
Digre KB. Headaches during pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jun;56(2):317-29. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0b013e31828f25e6. PMID: 23563877.
Khoromi S. Secondary headaches in pregnancy and the puerperium. Front Neurol. 2023 Sep 28;14:1239078. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1239078. PMID: 37840942; PMCID: PMC10569305.
Q.
What Are the Causes of Extreme Fatigue During Pregnancy?
A.
Extreme fatigue in pregnancy is often due to the body’s many changes—like rising hormone levels, increased energy needs, and sometimes sleep problems or anemia.
References:
Poole CJ. Fatigue during the first trimester of pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1986 Sep-Oct;15(5):375-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1986.tb01409.x. PMID: 3639925.
Mortazavi F, Borzoee F. Fatigue in Pregnancy: The validity and reliability of the Farsi Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue scale. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2019 Feb;19(1):e44-e50. doi: 10.18295/squmj.2019.19.01.009. Epub 2019 May 30. PMID: 31198595; PMCID: PMC6544060.
Effati-Daryani F, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Mohammadi A, Zarei S, Mirghafourvand M. Fatigue and sleep quality in different trimesters of pregnancy. Sleep Sci. 2021 Jan-Mar;14(Spec 1):69-74. doi: 10.5935/1984-0063.20200091. PMID: 34917276; PMCID: PMC8663733.
Q.
What Are Some Hidden Signs of Pregnancy That Might Be Overlooked?
A.
Hidden signs of pregnancy might include subtle changes like mild nausea, slight breast tenderness, and changes in urination that can easily be mistaken for normal everyday issues. If you are sexually active and experiencing these symptoms, it is important to get tested for pregnancy to be certain.
References:
Laubach GE, Wilchins SA. Ill patient with unknown or hidden pregnancy. Postgrad Med. 1975 Aug;58(2):115-8. doi: 10.1080/00325481.1975.11714126. PMID: 1053379.
Lou S, Frumer M, Schlütter MM, Petersen OB, Vogel I, Nielsen CP. Experiences and expectations in the first trimester of pregnancy: a qualitative study. Health Expect. 2017 Dec;20(6):1320-1329. doi: 10.1111/hex.12572. Epub 2017 May 18. PMID: 28521069; PMCID: PMC5689234.
Dai C, Peng J, Chen R. Acute Urinary Retention in the First-trimester of Pregnancy: A Case Report. Cureus. 2022 Mar 11;14(3):e23057. doi: 10.7759/cureus.23057. PMID: 35419239; PMCID: PMC8994868.
Q.
What Is Pregnancy Nose and Why Does It Occur?
A.
"Pregnancy nose" is a term used to describe the nasal congestion and runny nose that many pregnant people experience due to hormonal changes. It occurs because the increased levels of hormones cause swelling in the nasal tissues.
References:
Ellegård EK. The etiology and management of pregnancy rhinitis. Am J Respir Med. 2003;2(6):469-75. doi: 10.1007/BF03256674. PMID: 14719986.
Dzieciolowska-Baran E, Teul-Swiniarska I, Gawlikowska-Sroka A, Poziomkowska-Gesicka I, Zietek Z. Rhinitis as a cause of respiratory disorders during pregnancy. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;755:213-20. doi: 10.1007/978-94-007-4546-9_27. PMID: 22826069.
Giambanco L, Iannone V, Borriello M, Scibilia G, Scollo P. The way a nose could affect pregnancy: severe and recurrent epistaxis. Pan Afr Med J. 2019 Sep 24;34:49. doi: 10.11604/pamj.2019.34.49.19558. PMID: 31762915; PMCID: PMC6859019.
Q.
What Are Common Causes of Stomach Ache During Pregnancy?
A.
Most stomach aches during pregnancy are caused by common changes in your body, like gas, constipation, and stretching ligaments. More serious issues are rare but should be checked by a doctor if pain becomes severe.
References:
Klufio CA, Amoa AB, Rageau O. Abdominal pain in pregnancy. P N G Med J. 1993 Dec;36(4):342-52. PMID: 7941766.
Nathan L, Huddleston JF. Acute abdominal pain in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 1995 Mar;22(1):55-68. PMID: 7784041.
Dhamecha R, Pajai S, Bhasin T. Acute Abdomen in Pregnancy: A Comprehensive Review of Diagnosis and Management. Cureus. 2023 Jun 20;15(6):e40679. doi: 10.7759/cureus.40679. PMID: 37485109; PMCID: PMC10357893.
Q.
How Can I Manage Exhaustion During Pregnancy?
A.
To manage exhaustion during pregnancy, try balancing rest with gentle exercise, a healthy diet, and good sleep habits. Simple muscle strengthening exercises may help boost energy and reduce fatigue.
References:
Ward-Ritacco C, Poudevigne MS, O'Connor PJ. Muscle strengthening exercises during pregnancy are associated with increased energy and reduced fatigue. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;37(2):68-72. doi: 10.3109/0167482X.2016.1155552. PMID: 26984583; PMCID: PMC4978349.
Poole CJ. Fatigue during the first trimester of pregnancy. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 1986 Sep-Oct;15(5):375-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1986.tb01409.x. PMID: 3639925.
Mortazavi F, Borzoee F. Fatigue in Pregnancy: The validity and reliability of the Farsi Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue scale. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2019 Feb;19(1):e44-e50. doi: 10.18295/squmj.2019.19.01.009. Epub 2019 May 30. PMID: 31198595; PMCID: PMC6544060.
Q.
What Causes Morning Sickness and How Can It Be Alleviated?
A.
Morning sickness is thought to be caused by the changes in hormones during early pregnancy, and it can be eased by eating small, frequent meals, staying well-hydrated, and using safe remedies like ginger or vitamin B6 after talking to your doctor.
References:
Flaxman SM, Sherman PW. Morning sickness: a mechanism for protecting mother and embryo. Q Rev Biol. 2000 Jun;75(2):113-48. doi: 10.1086/393377. PMID: 10858967.
Festin M. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. BMJ Clin Evid. 2009 Jun 3;2009:1405. PMID: 21726485; PMCID: PMC2907767.
Lee NM, Saha S. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2011 Jun;40(2):309-34, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2011.03.009. PMID: 21601782; PMCID: PMC3676933.
Q.
What Are the Symptoms and Treatments for Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome?
A.
Cyclic vomiting syndrome is a condition that gives you bursts of vomiting, stomach pain, and nausea that come and go. Treatments include giving your body fluids, using medicines to calm the nausea, and sometimes using drugs to help prevent future episodes.
References:
Bhandari S, Jha P, Thakur A, Kar A, Gerdes H, Venkatesan T. Cyclic vomiting syndrome: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Clin Auton Res. 2018 Apr;28(2):203-209. doi: 10.1007/s10286-018-0506-2. Epub 2018 Feb 13. PMID: 29442203.
Davis A, Bryant JH. Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome. 2023 Jun 20. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. PMID: 29763194.
Frazier R, Li BUK, Venkatesan T. Diagnosis and Management of Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome: A Critical Review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023 Jul 1;118(7):1157-1167. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002216. Epub 2023 Feb 15. PMID: 36791365.
Q.
When Does Morning Sickness Typically Start During Pregnancy?
A.
Morning sickness usually begins around 4 to 6 weeks of pregnancy and is most common during the early part of the first trimester.
References:
Chan RL, Olshan AF, Savitz DA, Herring AH, Daniels JL, Peterson HB, Martin SL. Maternal influences on nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Matern Child Health J. 2011 Jan;15(1):122-7. doi: 10.1007/s10995-009-0548-0. PMID: 20012346; PMCID: PMC4182010.
Festin M. Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. BMJ Clin Evid. 2014 Mar 19;2014:1405. PMID: 24646807; PMCID: PMC3959188.
Mother To Baby | Fact Sheets [Internet]. Brentwood (TN): Organization of Teratology Information Specialists (OTIS); 1994-. Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy (NVP) 2024 Feb.Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582541/
Q.
What Could Be the Causes of Unexplained Vomiting in a Child?
A.
Unexplained vomiting in a child can be caused by several things, including problems with the brain, stomach, or even repeated bouts of vomiting with no clear cause.
References:
Ravelli AM, Milla PJ. Vomiting and gastroesophageal motor activity in children with disorders of the central nervous system. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998 Jan;26(1):56-63. doi: 10.1097/00005176-199801000-00010. PMID: 9443121.
Raucci U, Borrelli O, Di Nardo G, Tambucci R, Pavone P, Salvatore S, Baldassarre ME, Cordelli DM, Falsaperla R, Felici E, Ferilli MAN, Grosso S, Mallardo S, Martinelli D, Quitadamo P, Pensabene L, Romano C, Savasta S, Spalice A, Strisciuglio C, Suppiej A, Valeriani M, Zenzeri L, Verrotti A, Staiano A, Villa MP, Ruggieri M, Striano P, Parisi P. Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome in Children. Front Neurol. 2020 Nov 2;11:583425. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.583425. PMID: 33224097; PMCID: PMC7667239.
El Aissaoui F, Salhi H, Ammor A, Benhaddou H. Uncommon Cause of Chronic Vomiting in Children. Cureus. 2022 Jun 12;14(6):e25876. doi: 10.7759/cureus.25876. PMID: 35836464; PMCID: PMC9275784.
Q.
What Types of Discharge Are Normal During Pregnancy?
A.
During pregnancy, it is normal to have some vaginal discharge that is clear or white, thin, and has a light, mild odor.
References:
Prasad D, Parween S, Kumari K, Singh N. Prevalence, Etiology, and Associated Symptoms of Vaginal Discharge During Pregnancy in Women Seen in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Bihar. Cureus. 2021 Jan 14;13(1):e12700. doi: 10.7759/cureus.12700. PMID: 33614308; PMCID: PMC7883588.
Khaskheli M, Baloch S, Baloch AS, Shah SGS. Vaginal discharge during pregnancy and associated adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Pak J Med Sci. 2021 Sep-Oct;37(5):1302-1308. doi: 10.12669/pjms.37.5.4187. PMID: 34475902; PMCID: PMC8377920.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK573944/
Q.
What Are the Risks Associated with a Geriatric Pregnancy?
A.
When a pregnant person is older, there can be a higher chance of problems like high blood pressure, gestational diabetes, and complications during labor.
References:
Cavazos-Rehg PA, Krauss MJ, Spitznagel EL, Bommarito K, Madden T, Olsen MA, Subramaniam H, Peipert JF, Bierut LJ. Maternal age and risk of labor and delivery complications. Matern Child Health J. 2015 Jun;19(6):1202-11. doi: 10.1007/s10995-014-1624-7. PMID: 25366100; PMCID: PMC4418963.
Frick AP. Advanced maternal age and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2021 Jan;70:92-100. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.07.005. Epub 2020 Jul 15. PMID: 32741623.
Correa-de-Araujo R, Yoon SSS. Clinical Outcomes in High-Risk Pregnancies Due to Advanced Maternal Age. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2021 Feb;30(2):160-167. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2020.8860. Epub 2020 Nov 13. PMID: 33185505; PMCID: PMC8020515.
Q.
How Can I Differentiate between Normal Pregnancy Vomiting and Something More Serious?
A.
Normal pregnancy vomiting is usually mild and happens mainly in the morning, while something more serious may cause severe, ongoing vomiting with signs like dehydration, blood in your vomit and weight loss.
References:
Lee NM, Saha S. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2011 Jun;40(2):309-34, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.gtc.2011.03.009. PMID: 21601782; PMCID: PMC3676933.
Parker SE, Starr JR, Collett BR, Speltz ML, Werler MM. Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2014 Nov;28(6):527-35. doi: 10.1111/ppe.12151. Epub 2014 Oct 18. PMID: 25327160; PMCID: PMC4232991.
Dunbar K, Yadlapati R, Konda V. Heartburn, Nausea, and Vomiting During Pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Oct 1;117(10S):10-15. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001958. PMID: 36194028; PMCID: PMC10782592.
Q.
When Does Frequent Urination Typically Start During Pregnancy?
A.
Frequent urination usually starts early in pregnancy, around the first trimester, and may continue or even increase as the pregnancy progresses.
References:
Uzelpasaci E, Çinar GN, Baran E, Gürşen C, Nakip G, Ozgul S, Beksac K, Unal C, Orgul G, Beksac AT, Akbayrak T, Beksac MS. Trimester-based changes in urogenital symptoms and their impact on the quality of life in pregnant women: A preliminary report. Curr Urol. 2021 Sep;15(3):167-171. doi: 10.1097/CU9.0000000000000021. Epub 2021 May 25. PMID: 34552457; PMCID: PMC8451322.
Chen HJ, Hsiao SM, Yang CF, Lee CN, Wang YW, Guo DW, Chang SR. Overactive Bladder during Pregnancy: A Prospective Longitudinal Study. Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Feb 6;58(2):243. doi: 10.3390/medicina58020243. PMID: 35208567; PMCID: PMC8875611.
Beyazıt A, Hakverdi AU, Gözükara KH. The Effect of Pregnancy on Urinary Symptoms. Cureus. 2023 Aug 28;15(8):e44232. doi: 10.7759/cureus.44232. PMID: 37772213; PMCID: PMC10523107.
Q.
What Are the Causes and Symptoms of a Molar Pregnancy?
A.
A molar pregnancy is an abnormal growth of tissue instead of a normal baby, usually caused by an error during fertilization. It leads to symptoms such as unusual vaginal bleeding, severe nausea, and a quickly growing uterus.
References:
Joyce CM, Fitzgerald B, McCarthy TV, Coulter J, O'Donoghue K. Advances in the diagnosis and early management of gestational trophoblastic disease. BMJ Med. 2022 Dec 16;1(1):e000321. doi: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000321. PMID: 36936581; PMCID: PMC9978730.
Cue L, Farci F, Ghassemzadeh S, et al. Hydatidiform Mole. [Updated 2024 Dec 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Bruce S, Sorosky J. Gestational Trophoblastic Disease. [Updated 2024 Feb 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What Causes Bloating During Pregnancy and How Can It Be Relieved?
A.
Bloating during pregnancy is often caused by changes in hormones that slow down digestion, and it can be helped by making a few gentle lifestyle and dietary changes.
References:
Einarson A, Maltepe C, Boskovic R, Koren G. Treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: an updated algorithm. Can Fam Physician. 2007 Dec;53(12):2109-11. Erratum in: Can Fam Physician. 2019 Jan;65(1):8. PMID: 18077743; PMCID: PMC2231543.
Longo SA, Moore RC, Canzoneri BJ, Robichaux A. Gastrointestinal Conditions during Pregnancy. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2010 Jun;23(2):80-9. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1254294. PMID: 21629625; PMCID: PMC2967327.
Foley A, Burgell R, Barrett JS, Gibson PR. Management Strategies for Abdominal Bloating and Distension. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2014 Sep;10(9):561-71. PMID: 27551250; PMCID: PMC4991532.
Q.
What Is a Chemical Pregnancy and How Can It Be Diagnosed?
A.
A chemical pregnancy is an early loss of a fertilized egg, where pregnancy hormones show a positive test but no growing embryo is detected. It is diagnosed by monitoring hCG hormone levels and confirming with an ultrasound.
References:
Coulam CB, Roussev R. Chemical pregnancies: immunologic and ultrasonographic studies. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2002 Nov;48(5):323-8. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0897.2002.01137.x. PMID: 12516655.
Annan JJ, Gudi A, Bhide P, Shah A, Homburg R. Biochemical pregnancy during assisted conception: a little bit pregnant. J Clin Med Res. 2013 Aug;5(4):269-74. doi: 10.4021/jocmr1008w. Epub 2013 Jun 21. PMID: 23864915; PMCID: PMC3712881.
Lee HM, Lee HJ, Yang KM, Cha SH, Ahn HK, Kim YJ. Etiological evaluation of repeated biochemical pregnancy in infertile couples who have undergone _in vitro_ fertilization. Obstet Gynecol Sci. 2017 Nov;60(6):565-570. doi: 10.5468/ogs.2017.60.6.565. Epub 2017 Sep 27. PMID: 29184865; PMCID: PMC5694731.
Q.
What Are the Symptoms of Heat Exhaustion and How Can It Be Prevented?
A.
Heat exhaustion can cause heavy sweating, weakness, and dizziness, while preventing it involves staying cool, drinking plenty of water, and avoiding too much time in the sun.
References:
Barrow MW, Clark KA. Heat-related illnesses. Am Fam Physician. 1998 Sep 1;58(3):749-56, 759. PMID: 9750542.
Wexler RK. Evaluation and treatment of heat-related illnesses. Am Fam Physician. 2002 Jun 1;65(11):2307-14. PMID: 12074531.
Glazer JL. Management of heatstroke and heat exhaustion. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Jun 1;71(11):2133-40. PMID: 15952443.
Q.
How Common Is Cryptic Pregnancy and What Are Its Signs?
A.
Cryptic pregnancy is quite rare and occurs when a person is unaware they are pregnant until very late, often until delivery. Its signs are subtle, sometimes including minimal weight gain, few typical pregnancy symptoms, or irregular menstrual-like bleeding.
References:
Del Giudice M. The evolutionary biology of cryptic pregnancy: A re-appraisal of the "denied pregnancy" phenomenon. Med Hypotheses. 2007;68(2):250-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.05.066. Epub 2006 Sep 25. PMID: 16997498.
Chechko N, Losse E, Stickel S. A case report involving the experience of pervasive pregnancy denial: detailed observation of the first 12 postpartum weeks. BMC Psychiatry. 2022 Dec 9;22(1):774. doi: 10.1186/s12888-022-04377-1. PMID: 36494788; PMCID: PMC9732985.
Dunphy L, Boyle S, Coughlin L. Unexpected delivery: cryptic pregnancy. BMJ Case Rep. 2024 Nov 12;17(11):e261287. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2024-261287. PMID: 39532329.
Q.
How Soon Can I Detect Very Early Signs of Pregnancy, Possibly Within 1 Week?
A.
Some early pregnancy signs may show up about a week after conception, but most reliable detection happens around the time of a missed period.
References:
Sayle AE, Wilcox AJ, Weinberg CR, Baird DD. A prospective study of the onset of symptoms of pregnancy. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002 Jul;55(7):676-80. doi: 10.1016/s0895-4356(02)00402-x. PMID: 12160915.
Anderson J, Ghaffarian KR. Early Pregnancy Diagnosis. [Updated 2023 Jan 2]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Ertmann RK, Nicolaisdottir DR, Kragstrup J, Overbeck G, Kriegbaum M, Siersma V. The predictive value of common symptoms in early pregnancy for complications later in pregnancy and at birth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2023 Jan;102(1):33-42. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14474. Epub 2022 Oct 27. PMID: 36300886; PMCID: PMC9780714.
Q.
How Can I Manage Nausea During Pregnancy Effectively?
A.
Managing nausea during pregnancy often includes simple lifestyle changes like eating small, frequent meals, staying hydrated, and using remedies such as ginger and vitamin B6, along with guidance from your healthcare provider.
References:
Einarson A, Maltepe C, Boskovic R, Koren G. Treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: an updated algorithm. Can Fam Physician. 2007 Dec;53(12):2109-11. Erratum in: Can Fam Physician. 2019 Jan;65(1):8. PMID: 18077743; PMCID: PMC2231543.
Ebrahimi N, Maltepe C, Einarson A. Optimal management of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Int J Womens Health. 2010 Aug 4;2:241-8. doi: 10.2147/ijwh.s6794. PMID: 21151729; PMCID: PMC2990891.
Tsakiridis I, Mamopoulos A, Athanasiadis A, Dagklis T. The Management of Nausea and Vomiting of Pregnancy: Synthesis of National Guidelines. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2019 Mar;74(3):161-169. doi: 10.1097/OGX.0000000000000654. PMID: 31634919.
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