Perineum Lump
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Try one of these related symptoms.
Lump on perineum
Lump near anus
Bump on perineal area
Perianal abscess
Perineal pain
Perianal bump
Pimple near anus
Tailbone pain when sitting
Boil near anus
Discomfort when sitting
Lump between vagina and anus
Lump between scrotum and anus
About the Symptom
The perineum is the space between the anus and scrotum in the male, or between the anus and the vulva in the female. Tumors in the perineum are rare and can feel like a painless lump which may be soft, firm or hard.
Possible Causes
Generally, Perineum lump can be related to:
- Condyloma Acuminatum
Often referred to as genital warts, this sexually transmitted infection is caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), and presents as small skin coloured bumps in the groin or perianal area. HPV is very common in women and men who have ever had sex - four out of five people will have HPV at some point in their lives, and most won't even know it.
- Papillary Hidradenoma
This is a non-cancerous tumor found most commonly on the vulva, in the female genital area. It presents as a firm, skin-red colored bump that is slow-growing. It can ulcerate and cause symptoms. Exact cause is unknown.
- Infection After Perineal Laceration Repair
When delivering a baby vaginally, it is common to have a tear in the perineum (the area between the anus and vulva). Depending on the type of tear, they can require stitches to repair and take some time to heal. Due to the good blood supply in that area, most of these will heal well and have no complications. Sometimes however, the stitches and wound may become infected, causing the area to be red, swollen, and painful. The wound may also open up as a result.
- Genital Rashes
- Hidradenitis Suppurativa
- Genital Herpes
- Behcet's Disease
Doctor's Diagnostic Questions
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this symptom:
- Do you feel any lumps between the genital and anus?
- How long have you had a lump in the space between the genitals and anus?
- How has the lump in your space between the genitals and anus changed over time?
Reviewed By:
Carlos Cuenca, MD (General Surgery)
Dr. Cuenca graduated from Rutgers New Jersey Medical School. He is currently a categorical surgical resident at UC Davis Health.
Yoshinori Abe, MD (Internal Medicine)
Dr. Abe graduated from The University of Tokyo School of Medicine in 2015. He completed his residency at the Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Longevity Medical Center. He co-founded Ubie, Inc. in May 2017, where he currently serves as CEO & product owner at Ubie. Since December 2019, he has been a member of the Special Committee for Activation of Research in Emergency AI of the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine. | | Dr. Abe has been elected in the 2020 Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia Healthcare & Science category.
Content updated on Jan 29, 2025
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
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- A lump/lumps in the space between the genital and anus
- Lump in the space between the genitals and anus
- Mass in the perineum
- Perineal lump/bump
- Perineal mass
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FAQs
Q.
Why Does My Knee Hurt When Sitting but Not Walking, and What Can Be Done to Relieve the Pain?
A.
Knee pain when sitting but not walking can sometimes be due to patellofemoral pain syndrome (often called "theater sign") or mild osteoarthritis, where pain worsens when the knee stays bent. Simple exercises, stretches, and proper seating can help relieve discomfort.
References:
Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Osteoarthritis of the knee: Learn More – What can you do to strengthen your knees? [Updated 2024 May 15].Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544978/
Updated 2024 Jan 30]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK561507
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK561507
Hsu H, Siwiec RM. Knee Osteoarthritis. [Updated 2023 Jun 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What Are the Possible Causes of a Painful Lump on the Perineum, and How Is It Treated?
A.
A painful lump on the perineum might be due to a cyst (like an epidermal cyst or another type between the muscles), an infection causing it to become inflamed or even, in rare cases, endometriosis in women. Treatment generally involves relieving pain and inflammation, and sometimes surgery is needed. Any painful lump of the perineum should be evaluated by a doctor.
References:
Lake E, Engledow A, Cohen C. An unusual perineal swelling: a cyst between the sphincters. J Surg Case Rep. 2010 Nov 1;2010(9):2. doi: 10.1093/jscr/2010.9.2. PMID: 24946354; PMCID: PMC3649172.
Gupta R, Verma P, Bansal N, Semwal T. A Case of Ruptured Perineal Epidermal Cyst. Cureus. 2020 Oct 22;12(10):e11099. doi: 10.7759/cureus.11099. PMID: 33240695; PMCID: PMC7681750.
McComb K, Barghash M, Eltayef S. Perianal Endometriosis: An Uncommon Site for a Common Problem. Cureus. 2023 Sep 7;15(9):e44840. doi: 10.7759/cureus.44840. PMID: 37809144; PMCID: PMC10559834.
Q.
What Should I Do If I Discover a Bump Near My Anus?
A.
If you find a bump near your anus, it is best to get it checked by a healthcare provider to know what it is, especially if it is painful, changes size, or is accompanied by other symptoms.
References:
Sagap I, Remzi FH. Controversies in the treatment of common anal problems. World J Gastroenterol. 2006 May 28;12(20):3146-54. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i20.3146. PMID: 16718832; PMCID: PMC4087955.
Lohsiriwat V. Anorectal emergencies. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Jul 14;22(26):5867-78. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i26.5867. PMID: 27468181; PMCID: PMC4948271.
Sigmon DF, Emmanuel B, Tuma F. Perianal Abscess. [Updated 2023 Jun 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What Could Cause a Lump on the Perineum in Males, and How Should It Be Treated?
A.
A lump on the perineum in males can be caused by a benign tumor or a cyst, such as a dermoid cyst, and it should be checked by a doctor who may recommend monitoring or even removal if needed.
References:
Erpenbach K, Rothe H. Perineale Tumoren beim männlichen Patienten [Perineal tumors in male patients]. Urologe A. 1990 Nov;29(6):350-3. German. PMID: 2291263.
Parnham AS, Freeman A, Kirkham A, Muneer A. An unusual swelling in the male perineum. BMJ Case Rep. 2015 Jan 22;2015:bcr2014206199. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-206199. PMID: 25612751; PMCID: PMC4307079.
Sloan M, Fantus RJ, Paner GP, Faris S. Perineal dermoid cyst in a young male. Urol Case Rep. 2020 Jul 22;33:101358. doi: 10.1016/j.eucr.2020.101358. PMID: 33102057; PMCID: PMC7573956.
Q.
Can Perineum Pain in Males Be a Sign of Cancer, and What Are the Symptoms to Watch For?
A.
Perineum pain in males is usually not a sign of cancer, but in some cases, especially when combined with other symptoms like changes in urination or unexplained weight loss, it could be a warning sign that needs further evaluation.
References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK13326/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK13326/
Giles LG. Perineal discomfort in prostatic adenocarcinoma. JRSM Short Rep. 2010 Oct 1;1(5):38. doi: 10.1258/shorts.2010.010047. PMID: 21103130; PMCID: PMC2984366.
Mehta P, Leslie SW, Reddivari AKR. Dysuria. [Updated 2023 Nov 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
How Common Is a Painless Lump Near the Anus in Females, and Should It Be a Cause for Concern?
A.
A painless lump near the anus in females is often due to common conditions like hemorrhoids or skin tags and is usually not worrisome, but any changes or symptoms should be checked by a healthcare provider.
References:
Updated 2021 Dec 9]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279467/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279467/
Poggio JL. Premalignant lesions of the anal canal and squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2011 Sep;24(3):177-92. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1286002. PMID: 22942800; PMCID: PMC3311505.
Schubert MC, Sridhar S, Schade RR, Wexner SD. What every gastroenterologist needs to know about common anorectal disorders. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Jul 14;15(26):3201-9. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.3201. PMID: 19598294; PMCID: PMC2710774.
Q.
What Could Cause a Bump on the Pubic Area in Males, and How Can It Be Treated?
A.
A bump on the pubic area in males can be caused by an inguinal hernia, a benign growth, or an infection like a yeast infection, and treatment will depend on the cause.
References:
LeBlanc KE, LeBlanc LL, LeBlanc KA. Inguinal hernias: diagnosis and management. Am Fam Physician. 2013 Jun 15;87(12):844-8. PMID: 23939566.
Erpenbach K, Rothe H. Perineale Tumoren beim männlichen Patienten [Perineal tumors in male patients]. Urologe A. 1990 Nov;29(6):350-3. German. PMID: 2291263.
Nyirjesy P, Sobel JD. Genital mycotic infections in patients with diabetes. Postgrad Med. 2013 May;125(3):33-46. doi: 10.3810/pgm.2013.05.2650. PMID: 23748505.
Q.
What Are the Potential Causes of a Lump between the Scrotum and Anus, and How Is It Diagnosed?
A.
A lump between the scrotum and anus may be caused by an infection like a perianal abscess, swelling from epididymitis, or a benign cyst.
References:
Stonier T, Simson N, Challacombe B. Diagnosing testicular lumps in primary care. Practitioner. 2017 Apr;261(1803):13-7. PMID: 29020728.
Rupp TJ, Leslie SW. Epididymitis. [Updated 2023 Jul 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Sigmon DF, Emmanuel B, Tuma F. Perianal Abscess. [Updated 2023 Jun 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
Is Vaginal Pain at 37 Weeks Pregnant Normal, and When Should I Contact My Healthcare Provider?
A.
Some vaginal pain near the end of pregnancy can be normal, but if the pain is severe or comes with other symptoms, you should call your healthcare provider right away.
References:
Wu WH, Meijer OG, Uegaki K, Mens JM, van Dieën JH, Wuisman PI, Ostgaard HC. Pregnancy-related pelvic girdle pain (PPP), I: Terminology, clinical presentation, and prevalence. Eur Spine J. 2004 Nov;13(7):575-89. doi: 10.1007/s00586-003-0615-y. Epub 2004 Aug 27. PMID: 15338362; PMCID: PMC3476662.
Kennedy CM, Turcea AM, Bradley CS. Prevalence of vulvar and vaginal symptoms during pregnancy and the puerperium. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009 Jun;105(3):236-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.01.024. Epub 2009 Mar 9. PMID: 19275950; PMCID: PMC2677128.
Pascual ZN, Langaker MD. Physiology, Pregnancy. [Updated 2023 May 16]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What Causes Transverse Perineal Muscle Pain, and How Can It Be Alleviated?
A.
Transverse perineal muscle pain is usually caused by strain, overuse, or injury in the pelvic floor area. It can be treated with gentle stretches, warm compresses, rest, and sometimes physical therapy.
References:
Leslie SW, Antolak S, Feloney MP, et al. Pudendal Neuralgia. [Updated 2024 Feb 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Tim S, Mazur-Bialy AI. The Most Common Functional Disorders and Factors Affecting Female Pelvic Floor. Life (Basel). 2021 Dec 14;11(12):1397. doi: 10.3390/life11121397. PMID: 34947928; PMCID: PMC8704638.
Andromanakos NP, Kouraklis G, Alkiviadis K. Chronic perineal pain: current pathophysiological aspects, diagnostic approaches and treatment. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Jan;23(1):2-7. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e32834164f6. PMID: 21079515.
Q.
Why Does My Back Hurt When Sitting Up Straight, and What Can Be Done to Improve Posture-Related Pain?
A.
Back pain when sitting up straight might happen because your muscles and spine are strained by poor support or weak core muscles. Using proper ergonomic support, stretching, and strengthening exercises can help ease this pain.
References:
Makhsous M, Lin F, Bankard J, Hendrix RW, Hepler M, Press J. Biomechanical effects of sitting with adjustable ischial and lumbar support on occupational low back pain: evaluation of sitting load and back muscle activity. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2009 Feb 5;10:17. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-10-17. PMID: 19193245; PMCID: PMC2654542.
Wernli K, O'Sullivan P, Smith A, Campbell A, Kent P. Movement, posture and low back pain. How do they relate? A replicated single-case design in 12 people with persistent, disabling low back pain. Eur J Pain. 2020 Oct;24(9):1831-1849. doi: 10.1002/ejp.1631. Epub 2020 Jul 27. PMID: 32621351.
Du SH, Zhang YH, Yang QH, Wang YC, Fang Y, Wang XQ. Spinal posture assessment and low back pain. EFORT Open Rev. 2023 Sep 1;8(9):708-718. doi: 10.1530/EOR-23-0025. PMID: 37655847; PMCID: PMC10548303.
Q.
How Can Genital Herpes Pain Be Managed Effectively, and What Are the Treatment Options?
A.
Genital herpes pain can be eased with antiviral medications, pain relievers, and soothing care during outbreaks. Effective treatment often combines medicines like acyclovir with self-care steps to help reduce discomfort.
References:
Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Genital herpes: Learn More – What are the treatment options for genital herpes? [Updated 2025 Jan 24].Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525771/
WHO Guidelines for the Treatment of Genital Herpes Simplex Virus. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. 4, RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TREATMENT OF GENITAL HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS.
Sauerbrei A. Herpes Genitalis: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2016 Dec;76(12):1310-1317. doi: 10.1055/s-0042-116494. Epub 2016 Oct 18. PMID: 28017972; PMCID: PMC5177552.
Q.
What Are the Possible Causes of a Bump on the Perineal Area, and When Should It Be Evaluated by a Doctor?
A.
A bump on the perineal area can be caused by infections (abscesses), blocked hair follicles, cysts, or skin tags, and it should be checked by a doctor if it grows, becomes painful, red, or is accompanied by fever.
References:
McGirt LY, Martins CR. Dermatologic diagnoses in the perianal area. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2004 Nov;17(4):241-5. doi: 10.1055/s-2004-836945. PMID: 20011266; PMCID: PMC2780053.
Sigmon DF, Emmanuel B, Tuma F. Perianal Abscess. [Updated 2023 Jun 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Ramar CN, Vadakekut ES, Grimes WR. Perineal Lacerations. [Updated 2024 Aug 11]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What Could Cause Chest Pain When Sitting Up, and When Should It Be Considered an Emergency?
A.
Chest pain when sitting can happen from conditions like pericarditis or costochondritis, and it usually means there is inflammation. It becomes an emergency if the pain is very severe or comes with symptoms like difficulty breathing, pain spreading to your arm or jaw, or feeling faint.
References:
Knockaert DC, Buntinx F, Stoens N, Bruyninckx R, Delooz H. Chest pain in the emergency department: the broad spectrum of causes. Eur J Emerg Med. 2002 Mar;9(1):25-30. doi: 10.1097/00063110-200203000-00007. PMID: 11989492.
Campbell KA, Madva EN, Villegas AC, Beale EE, Beach SR, Wasfy JH, Albanese AM, Huffman JC. Non-cardiac Chest Pain: A Review for the Consultation-Liaison Psychiatrist. Psychosomatics. 2017 May-Jun;58(3):252-265. doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2016.12.003. Epub 2016 Dec 9. PMID: 28196622; PMCID: PMC5526698.
Dababneh E, Siddique MS. Pericarditis. [Updated 2023 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Schumann JA, Sood T, Parente JJ. Costochondritis. [Updated 2024 Apr 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
Why Does Stomach Pain Occur When Sitting but Not Standing, and What Can Be Done to Alleviate It?
A.
Stomach pain when sitting could be caused by pressure on nerves or changes in how gas moves in your intestines. Changing your posture and using a supportive cushion while taking breaks from sitting can help relieve the pain.
References:
Applegate WV. Abdominal Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome (ACNES): A Commonly Overlooked Cause of Abdominal Pain. Perm J. 2002 Summer;6(3):20–7. PMCID: PMC6220638.
Dainese R, Serra J, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Influence of body posture on intestinal transit of gas. Gut. 2003 Jul;52(7):971-4. doi: 10.1136/gut.52.7.971. PMID: 12801953; PMCID: PMC1773697.
Kim Y, Kang HW, Kim SH, Park KN. Prolonged sitting-induced back pain influences abdominal muscle thickness in a sitting but not a supine position. Sci Rep. 2021 Aug 12;11(1):16369. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95795-w. PMID: 34385531; PMCID: PMC8360962.
Q.
What Can Be Done to Treat a Hair Bump on the Pubic Area in Females, and How Can Future Occurrences Be Prevented?
A.
To treat a hair bump on the pubic area, you can use warm compresses, gentle cleansing, and possibly an over-the-counter cream to reduce irritation. Preventing future bumps involves using careful hair removal methods, proper exfoliation, and clean tools.
References:
Javidi H, Walsh-Buhi ML, Houghton RF, Herbenick D, Walsh-Buhi ER. Pubic hair removal practices among women: Findings from a U.S. nationally representative survey. Womens Health (Lond). 2024 Jan-Dec;20:17455057241296982. doi: 10.1177/17455057241296982. PMID: 39534947; PMCID: PMC11558735.
Galbarczyk A, Marcinkowska UM, Klimek M, Jasienska G. Extreme pubic hair removal as a potential risk factor for recurrent urinary tract infections in women. Sci Rep. 2023 Nov 3;13(1):19045. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-46481-6. PMID: 37923873; PMCID: PMC10624866.
Rouzi AA, Berg RC, Turkistani J, Alamoudi R, Alsinani N, Alkafy S, Alwazzan A. Practices and complications of pubic hair removal among Saudi women. BMC Womens Health. 2018 Oct 22;18(1):172. doi: 10.1186/s12905-018-0661-6. PMID: 30348152; PMCID: PMC6196448.
Q.
What Could Cause a Lump under the Skin in the Pubic Area, and How Is It Treated?
A.
A lump under the skin in the pubic area can be caused by benign issues like a cyst or a lipoma, an infection, or even swollen veins in pregnancy. The treatment depends on what is causing the lump and may range from monitoring it to removing it with a simple procedure.
References:
Aslam MZ, Kheradmund F, Patel NS, Turner G, Cranston D. Dermoid cyst of the spermatic cord: a rare cause of benign inguinal lump. Can Urol Assoc J. 2009 Aug;3(4):E29-E30. doi: 10.5489/cuaj.1136. PMID: 19672433; PMCID: PMC2723886.
Sally R, Shaw KS, Pomeranz MK. Benign "lumps and bumps" of the vulva: A review. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2021 May 12;7(4):383-390. doi: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2021.04.007. PMID: 34621949; PMCID: PMC8484947.
Yeo JHL, Tashi S. A Rare but Noteworthy Diagnosis for "Lumps in the Groin" During Pregnancy: Round Ligament Varices. Am J Case Rep. 2021 Dec 16;22:e934313. doi: 10.12659/AJCR.934313. PMID: 34911925; PMCID: PMC8689378.
Q.
What Are the Potential Causes of a Bump on the Pubic Area in Females, and How Can It Be Treated?
A.
A bump in the pubic area in females can be caused by several factors, including benign cysts or fibromas, genital warts from a viral infection, or sometimes an abscess due to infection. Treatment depends on the cause and ranges from simple observation and topical treatments to minor procedures or medications.
References:
Sally R, Shaw KS, Pomeranz MK. Benign "lumps and bumps" of the vulva: A review. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2021 May 12;7(4):383-390. doi: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2021.04.007. PMID: 34621949; PMCID: PMC8484947.
Leslie SW, Sajjad H, Kumar S. Genital Warts. [Updated 2023 May 30]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Khaliq K, Nama N, Lopez RA. Pelvic Abscess. [Updated 2023 Apr 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
How Can Bumps on the Pubic Area in Males Be Prevented After Shaving?
A.
To help prevent bumps on your pubic area after shaving, take steps like softening the hair and skin, using a clean razor, and shaving in the direction of hair growth. Also, using a soothing lotion after shaving can help keep your skin smooth and calm.
References:
DeMaria AL, Flores M, Hirth JM, Berenson AB. Complications related to pubic hair removal. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Jun;210(6):528.e1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.01.036. Epub 2014 Jan 31. PMID: 24486227; PMCID: PMC4040320.
Ogunbiyi A. Pseudofolliculitis barbae; current treatment options. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2019 Apr 16;12:241-247. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S149250. PMID: 31354326; PMCID: PMC6585396.
Winters RD, Mitchell M. Folliculitis. [Updated 2023 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
How Can Tailbone Pain During Pregnancy Be Managed, Especially When Sitting?
A.
Tailbone pain during pregnancy can be eased by using supportive cushions when sitting, shifting positions often, doing gentle stretches, and applying warm or cold packs. If the pain continues, it's important to talk with a healthcare provider for safe advice.
References:
Katonis P, Kampouroglou A, Aggelopoulos A, Kakavelakis K, Lykoudis S, Makrigiannakis A, Alpantaki K. Pregnancy-related low back pain. Hippokratia. 2011 Jul;15(3):205-10. PMID: 22435016; PMCID: PMC3306025.
Lirette LS, Chaiban G, Tolba R, Eissa H. Coccydynia: an overview of the anatomy, etiology, and treatment of coccyx pain. Ochsner J. 2014 Spring;14(1):84-7. PMID: 24688338; PMCID: PMC3963058.
Foye PM. Coccydynia: Tailbone Pain. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2017 Aug;28(3):539-549. doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2017.03.006. Epub 2017 May 27. PMID: 28676363.
Q.
What Should I Do If I Find a Lump between My Vulva and Anus?
A.
If you find a lump between your vulva and anus, it is important to have it evaluated by a healthcare provider to determine its cause and decide whether treatment is needed.
References:
AlShalabi O, Alahmar FO, Aljasem H, Alsaid B, AlShalabi A. Pelvic Myxoid Leiomyoma Mass between Vagina and Rectum. Case Rep Surg. 2016;2016:3479132. doi: 10.1155/2016/3479132. Epub 2016 Jun 26. PMID: 27429825; PMCID: PMC4939208.
Sally R, Shaw KS, Pomeranz MK. Benign "lumps and bumps" of the vulva: A review. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2021 May 12;7(4):383-390. doi: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2021.04.007. PMID: 34621949; PMCID: PMC8484947.
Ning Y, Ling R, Zhang F, Zhang G, Zhang H. Common and uncommon lesions of the vulva and vagina on magnetic resonance imaging: correlations with pathological findings. BJR Open. 2023 Jun 28;5(1):20230002. doi: 10.1259/bjro.20230002. PMID: 37389007; PMCID: PMC10302693.
Q.
What Could a Hard Lump between the Anus and Scrotum Indicate, and How Should It Be Evaluated?
A.
A hard lump between the anus and scrotum could be a benign growth like a lipoma or something more serious like a tumor or infection, and it should be checked by a doctor. A healthcare professional can perform tests to determine its cause.
References:
Nassif MO, Trabulsi NH, Bullard Dunn KM, Nahal A, Meguerditchian AN. Soft tissue tumors of the anorectum: rare, complex and misunderstood. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2013 Mar;4(1):82-94. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2012.042. PMID: 23450454; PMCID: PMC3562632.
Bruketa T, Majerovic M, Augustin G. Rectal cancer and Fournier's gangrene - current knowledge and therapeutic options. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Aug 14;21(30):9002-20. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i30.9002. PMID: 26290629; PMCID: PMC4533034.
Sigmon DF, Emmanuel B, Tuma F. Perianal Abscess. [Updated 2023 Jun 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
Is a Painless Lump between the Scrotum and Anus a Cause for Concern, and When Should It Be Checked by a Doctor?
A.
A painless lump between the scrotum and anus is often not a sign of a serious problem, but it is still wise to have it checked by a doctor if it changes size, shape, or is accompanied by other symptoms.
References:
Aldean H, Pantling A, Raja MA. A painful buttock lump: common complaint, rare diagnosis. JRSM Short Rep. 2010 Aug 31;1(3):26. doi: 10.1258/shorts.2010.010046. PMID: 21103118; PMCID: PMC2984350.
Parnham AS, Freeman A, Kirkham A, Muneer A. An unusual swelling in the male perineum. BMJ Case Rep. 2015 Jan 22;2015:bcr2014206199. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-206199. PMID: 25612751; PMCID: PMC4307079.
Rupp TJ, Leslie SW. Epididymitis. [Updated 2023 Jul 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
How Can Tailbone Pain From Prolonged Sitting at a Desk Be Alleviated?
A.
Tailbone pain from sitting long hours at a desk can be eased by using proper cushioning, changing positions often, and doing gentle stretches to relieve pressure.
References:
Lirette LS, Chaiban G, Tolba R, Eissa H. Coccydynia: an overview of the anatomy, etiology, and treatment of coccyx pain. Ochsner J. 2014 Spring;14(1):84-7. PMID: 24688338; PMCID: PMC3963058.
Sandrasegaram N, Gupta R, Baloch M. Diagnosis and management of sacrococcygeal pain. BJA Educ. 2020 Mar;20(3):74-79. doi: 10.1016/j.bjae.2019.11.004. Epub 2020 Jan 30. PMID: 33456933; PMCID: PMC7807997.
Mabrouk A, Alloush A, Foye P. Coccyx Pain. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What Should Be Done If a Small Lump Is Found between the Scrotum and Anus?
A.
If you find a small lump between your scrotum and anus, it is important to have it checked by a healthcare professional to be sure it is harmless.
References:
Lee JI, Jung HG. Perineal accessory scrotum with a lipomatous hamartoma in an adult male. J Korean Surg Soc. 2013 Dec;85(6):305-8. doi: 10.4174/jkss.2013.85.6.305. Epub 2013 Nov 26. PMID: 24368990; PMCID: PMC3868684.
Nassif MO, Trabulsi NH, Bullard Dunn KM, Nahal A, Meguerditchian AN. Soft tissue tumors of the anorectum: rare, complex and misunderstood. J Gastrointest Oncol. 2013 Mar;4(1):82-94. doi: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2012.042. PMID: 23450454; PMCID: PMC3562632.
Sigmon DF, Emmanuel B, Tuma F. Perianal Abscess. [Updated 2023 Jun 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What Are the Common Causes of Tailbone Pain When Sitting, and How Can It Be Relieved?
A.
Tailbone pain when sitting is often caused by an injury to or irritation of the coccyx, e.g. from a fall, long periods of sitting on hard surfaces, or childbirth. It can be relieved by using supportive cushions, applying warm or cold packs, and changing sitting habits.
References:
Lirette LS, Chaiban G, Tolba R, Eissa H. Coccydynia: an overview of the anatomy, etiology, and treatment of coccyx pain. Ochsner J. 2014 Spring;14(1):84-7. PMID: 24688338; PMCID: PMC3963058.
Mabrouk A, Alloush A, Foye P. Coccyx Pain. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Garg B, Ahuja K. Coccydynia-A comprehensive review on etiology, radiological features and management options. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2021 Jan;12(1):123-129. doi: 10.1016/j.jcot.2020.09.025. Epub 2020 Sep 24. Erratum in: J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2021 Oct;21:101561. doi: 10.1016/j.jcot.2021.101561. PMID: 33716437; PMCID: PMC7920198.
Q.
How Can a Small Boil Near the Anus Be Treated at Home, and When Should I See a Doctor?
A.
A small boil near the anus can often be managed at home with warm compresses and good hygiene. However, if the boil becomes very painful, larger, or is accompanied by other symptoms like fever, you should see a doctor.
References:
Updated 2022 Nov 22]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513136/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513136/
Lin HS, Lin PT, Tsai YS, Wang SH, Chi CC. Interventions for bacterial folliculitis and boils (furuncles and carbuncles). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Feb 26;2(2):CD013099. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013099.pub2. PMID: 33634465; PMCID: PMC8130991.
Sigmon DF, Emmanuel B, Tuma F. Perianal Abscess. [Updated 2023 Jun 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What Could a Boil-Like Bump Near the Anus Indicate, and How Should It Be Treated?
A.
A boil-like bump near the anus might be an abscess or an infected follicle. If it becomes more painful, larger, or is accompanied by fever or redness, it should be seen by a healthcare professional.
References:
Gupta PJ. Hypertrophied anal papillae and fibrous anal polyps, should they be removed during anal fissure surgery? World J Gastroenterol. 2004 Aug 15;10(16):2412-4. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i16.2412. PMID: 15285031; PMCID: PMC4576300.
Lin HS, Lin PT, Tsai YS, Wang SH, Chi CC. Interventions for bacterial folliculitis and boils (furuncles and carbuncles). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Aug 15;2018(8):CD013099. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013099. PMCID: PMC6513076.
Sigmon DF, Emmanuel B, Tuma F. Perianal Abscess. [Updated 2023 Jun 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What Could a Pea-Sized Lump between the Anus and Scrotum Indicate, and Should It Be Evaluated by a Healthcare Professional?
A.
A pea-sized lump between the anus and scrotum might be a harmless growth like a lipoma or accessory tissue, but it can also be a sign of an infection or warts. It’s best to have it checked by a healthcare professional.
References:
Lee JI, Jung HG. Perineal accessory scrotum with a lipomatous hamartoma in an adult male. J Korean Surg Soc. 2013 Dec;85(6):305-8. doi: 10.4174/jkss.2013.85.6.305. Epub 2013 Nov 26. PMID: 24368990; PMCID: PMC3868684.
Stonier T, Simson N, Challacombe B. Diagnosing testicular lumps in primary care. Practitioner. 2017 Apr;261(1803):13-7. PMID: 29020728.
Leslie SW, Sajjad H, Kumar S. Genital Warts. [Updated 2023 May 30]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What Are the Possible Causes of a Swollen Lump between the Scrotum and Anus, and How Is It Treated?
A.
A swollen lump between the scrotum and anus can be caused by an infection like a perianal abscess or a benign cyst, and treatment depends on the cause, ranging from conservative home care to minor surgical procedures.
References:
Lake E, Engledow A, Cohen C. An unusual perineal swelling: a cyst between the sphincters. J Surg Case Rep. 2010 Nov 1;2010(9):2. doi: 10.1093/jscr/2010.9.2. PMID: 24946354; PMCID: PMC3649172.
Parnham AS, Freeman A, Kirkham A, Muneer A. An unusual swelling in the male perineum. BMJ Case Rep. 2015 Jan 22;2015:bcr2014206199. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2014-206199. PMID: 25612751; PMCID: PMC4307079.
Sigmon DF, Emmanuel B, Tuma F. Perianal Abscess. [Updated 2023 Jun 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What Are the Symptoms and Treatment Options for a Perianal Abscess?
A.
A perianal abscess is an infection near the anus that causes pain, redness, and swelling, and it is treated by draining the pus and sometimes using antibiotics.
References:
Sigmon DF, Emmanuel B, Tuma F. Perianal Abscess. [Updated 2023 Jun 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Amato A, Bottini C, De Nardi P, Giamundo P, Lauretta A, Realis Luc A, Piloni V. Evaluation and management of perianal abscess and anal fistula: SICCR position statement. Tech Coloproctol. 2020 Feb;24(2):127-143. doi: 10.1007/s10151-019-02144-1. Epub 2020 Jan 23. PMID: 31974827.
Malik AI, Nelson RL, Tou S. Incision and drainage of perianal abscess with or without treatment of anal fistula. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jul 7;(7):CD006827. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006827.pub2. PMID: 20614450.
Q.
What Are the Possible Causes of a Bump on the Vaginal Area, and How Can It Be Prevented?
A.
There are several causes of vaginal bumps, including gland cysts like a Bartholin gland cyst, genital warts from HPV, and other less common growths. You can help prevent some of these by practicing good hygiene, safe sex, and regular check-ups.
References:
Lee WA, Wittler M. Bartholin Gland Cyst. [Updated 2023 Jul 5]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Leslie SW, Sajjad H, Kumar S. Genital Warts. [Updated 2023 May 30]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Seppings SC, Samir H, Abdelrahman I. An unusual vaginal lump. BMJ Case Rep. 2017 Feb 13;2017:bcr2016218027. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2016-218027. PMID: 28193643; PMCID: PMC5318585.
Q.
Why Does My Tailbone Hurt When Sitting, and What Can Be Done to Alleviate the Pain?
A.
Your tailbone can hurt from too much pressure, injury, or poor posture when sitting, and using a cushion or adjusting your seating habits may help ease the pain.
References:
Sandrasegaram N, Gupta R, Baloch M. Diagnosis and management of sacrococcygeal pain. BJA Educ. 2020 Mar;20(3):74-79. doi: 10.1016/j.bjae.2019.11.004. Epub 2020 Jan 30. PMID: 33456933; PMCID: PMC7807997.
Mabrouk A, Alloush A, Foye P. Coccyx Pain. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Lin CH, Wu SY, Hu WL, Hung CH, Hung YC, Aurea Kuo CE. Laser acupuncture for refractory coccydynia after traumatic coccyx fracture: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Feb;99(6):e18860. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000018860. PMID: 32028396; PMCID: PMC7015655.
Q.
What Are the Common Causes of Perineal Pain, and How Can It Be Managed Effectively?
A.
Perineal pain is often caused by childbirth-related tears or an episiotomy, and it can be managed with pain medications like NSAIDs, cold packs, sitz baths, and proper rest.
References:
Luxey X, Lemoine A, Dewinter G, Joshi GP, Le Ray C, Raeder J, Van de Velde M, Bonnet MP; PROSPECT Working Group of the European Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Therapy. Acute pain management after vaginal delivery with perineal tears or episiotomy. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2024 Jun 14:rapm-2024-105478. doi: 10.1136/rapm-2024-105478. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 38772634.
Wuytack F, Smith V, Cleary BJ. Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (single dose) for perineal pain in the early postpartum period. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Jan 11;1(1):CD011352. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011352.pub3. PMID: 33427305; PMCID: PMC8092572.
Achariyapota V, Titapant V. Relieving perineal pain after perineorrhaphy by diclofenac rectal suppositories: a randomized double-blinded placebo controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2008 Jun;91(6):799-804. PMID: 18697376.
Q.
What Could a Lump Near the Anus Indicate in Males, and When Is Medical Evaluation Necessary?
A.
A lump near the anus in males can show many things, ranging from common issues like hemorrhoids or infections, to rarer concerns such as lymphoma or metastasis. See a doctor if the lump is persistent, growing, painful, or accompanied by other symptoms.
References:
Burkes RL, Meyer PR, Gill PS, Parker JW, Rasheed S, Levine AM. Rectal lymphoma in homosexual men. Arch Intern Med. 1986 May;146(5):913-5. PMID: 3457557.
Yuhan R, Orsay C, DelPino A, Pearl R, Pulvirenti J, Kay S, Abcarian H. Anorectal disease in HIV-infected patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 1998 Nov;41(11):1367-70. doi: 10.1007/BF02237051. PMID: 9823801.
Bardac OD, Baciu AB, Bogdan-Duică IS. Anal Metastasis from Lung Cancer: Report of a Case and Systematic Review of the Literature. Chirurgia (Bucur). 2020 Sept-Oct;115(5):681-689. doi: 10.21614/chirurgia.115.5.681. PMID: 33138907.
Q.
What Should I Do If I Discover a Hard Lump under the Skin Near My Anus?
A.
If you find a hard lump under the skin near your anus, it could be things like an abscess, a cyst, or even hardened hemorrhoids. It's a good idea to have it checked by your healthcare provider to make sure you get the right treatment.
References:
Whiteford MH. Perianal abscess/fistula disease. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2007 May;20(2):102-9. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-977488. PMID: 20011384; PMCID: PMC2780182.
Bendewald FP, Cima RR. Pilonidal disease. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2007 May;20(2):86-95. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-977486. PMID: 20011382; PMCID: PMC2780177.
Acheson AG, Scholefield JH. Management of haemorrhoids. BMJ. 2008 Feb 16;336(7640):380-3. doi: 10.1136/bmj.39465.674745.80. PMID: 18276714; PMCID: PMC2244760.
Q.
How Should a Pimple Near the Anus Be Treated to Prevent Infection?
A.
Keep the area clean and avoid picking the pimple; using warm compresses and gentle over-the-counter treatments can help prevent infection.
References:
Sutaria AH, Masood S, Saleh HM, et al. Acne Vulgaris. [Updated 2023 Aug 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Duldulao PM, Ortega AE, Delgadillo X. Mycotic and Bacterial Infections. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2019 Sep;32(5):333-339. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1687828. Epub 2019 Sep 6. PMID: 31507342; PMCID: PMC6731118.
Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Overview: Boils and carbuncles. [Updated 2022 Nov 22]
Q.
What Are the Potential Causes of a Lump Near the Anus, and How Can They Be Differentiated?
A.
A lump near the anus can be caused by swollen veins (hemorrhoids), an infection (perirectal abscess), or even a tumor, and doctors use things like a physical exam and sometimes imaging or a biopsy to tell them apart.
References:
Leonard D, Beddy D, Dozois EJ. Neoplasms of anal canal and perianal skin. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2011 Mar;24(1):54-63. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1272824. PMID: 22379406; PMCID: PMC3140334.
Fontem RF, Eyvazzadeh D. Internal Hemorrhoid. [Updated 2023 Jul 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Turner SV, Singh J. Perirectal Abscess. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
Can a Lump on the Perineum Be a Sign of Cancer, and What Are the Warning Signs to Look For?
A.
While most lumps on the perineum are not cancer, in some cases, they can be a sign of cancer. Warning signs include changes in the lump's size, shape, or color, persistent pain, bleeding, or non-healing lesions.
References:
Boaz E, Freund MR, Harbi A, Dagan A, Gilshtein H, Reissman P, Yellinek S. Anorectal Malignancies Presenting as a Perianal Abscess or Fistula. Am Surg. 2023 Jun;89(6):2572-2576. doi: 10.1177/00031348221101481. Epub 2022 May 27. PMID: 35621130.
Deckers C, Dumitru L, Corbisier F. Perineal aggressive angiomyxoma in a menopausal woman. BMJ Case Rep. 2017 Dec 7;2017:bcr2017222622. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2017-222622. PMID: 29222207; PMCID: PMC5728223.
Wang X, Yang H, Zhang H, Shi T, Ren W. Transvaginal sonographic features of perineal masses in the female lower urogenital tract: a retrospective study of 71 patients. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Jun;43(6):702-10. doi: 10.1002/uog.13251. PMID: 24254259.
Q.
What Are the Common Causes of a Perineum Lump in Females, and How Are They Diagnosed?
A.
A lump on the perineum in females can be caused by benign conditions such as an epidermoid cyst, endometriosis, or a soft-tissue tumor like a myoma, and doctors usually diagnose these with a physical exam, imaging tests, and sometimes a tissue biopsy.
References:
Saeed U, Mazhar N. Epidermoid cyst of perineum: a rare case in a young female. BJR Case Rep. 2016 Oct 7;3(1):20150352. doi: 10.1259/bjrcr.20150352. PMID: 30363255; PMCID: PMC6159278.
Nasu K, Okamoto M, Nishida M, Narahara H. Endometriosis of the perineum. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2013 May;39(5):1095-7. doi: 10.1111/jog.12003. Epub 2013 Mar 17. PMID: 23496239.
Ben Haj Hassine MA, Arfaoui R, Siala H, Trabelsi H, Rachdi R. Soft-tissue tumor of the perineum: an exceptional case of bilateral perineal myoma. Clin Case Rep. 2015 Feb;3(2):99-101. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.164. Epub 2014 Nov 17. PMID: 25767706; PMCID: PMC4352362.
Q.
What Could a Lump Inside the Anus Indicate, and How Is It Typically Treated?
A.
A lump inside the anus can be due to common issues like hemorrhoids, especially if a clot has formed, or less commonly, other causes such as an abscess or even a tumor. It is important to have it checked by a doctor if it is painful, persistent, or changing
References:
Greenspon J, Williams SB, Young HA, Orkin BA. Thrombosed external hemorrhoids: outcome after conservative or surgical management. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004 Sep;47(9):1493-8. doi: 10.1007/s10350-004-0607-y. Epub 2004 Aug 12. PMID: 15486746.
Boaz E, Freund MR, Harbi A, Dagan A, Gilshtein H, Reissman P, Yellinek S. Anorectal Malignancies Presenting as a Perianal Abscess or Fistula. Am Surg. 2023 Jun;89(6):2572-2576. doi: 10.1177/00031348221101481. Epub 2022 May 27. PMID: 35621130.
Bertagni A, Vagliasindi A, Ascari Raccagni A, Valmori L, Verdecchia GM. Perianal Bowen's disease: a case report and review of the literature [Perianal Bowen's disease: a case report and review of the literature]. Tumori. 2003 Jul-Aug;89(4 Suppl):16-8. Italian. PMID: 12903534.
Bardac OD, Baciu AB, Bogdan-Duică IS. Anal Metastasis from Lung Cancer: Report of a Case and Systematic Review of the Literature. Chirurgia (Bucur). 2020 Sept-Oct;115(5):681-689. doi: 10.21614/chirurgia.115.5.681. PMID: 33138907.
Q.
Why Might I Experience Leg Pain When Sitting but Not When Walking, and How Can It Be Relieved?
A.
Leg pain when sitting can happen when nerves or blood vessels are under pressure from sitting in one position for too long, and this discomfort might be relieved by adjusting your posture, taking breaks, and doing gentle stretches.
References:
Goldman SM, Funk JD, Christensen VM. Spinal stenosis. A common cause of podiatric symptoms. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1997 Mar;87(3):117-24. doi: 10.7547/87507315-87-3-117. PMID: 9086718.
Hu MH, Wu KW, Jian YM, Wang CT, Wu IH, Yang SH. Vascular compression syndrome of sciatic nerve caused by gluteal varicosities. Ann Vasc Surg. 2010 Nov;24(8):1134.e1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2010.02.043. Epub 2010 May 15. PMID: 20472387.
Sontag SJ, Wanner JN. The cause of leg cramps and knee pains: an hypothesis and effective treatment. Med Hypotheses. 1988 Jan;25(1):35-41. doi: 10.1016/0306-9877(88)90044-8. PMID: 3343944.
Q.
What Are the Possible Causes of a Hard Lump on the Anus, and Should It Be Biopsied?
A.
A hard lump on the anus can be caused by conditions ranging from benign growths to premalignant or malignant lesions, and if it appears suspicious, a biopsy is often recommended to determine its nature.
References:
Sahai A, Kodner IJ. Premalignant neoplasms and squamous cell carcinoma of the anal margin. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2006 May;19(2):88-93. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-942349. PMID: 20011315; PMCID: PMC2780101.
Leonard D, Beddy D, Dozois EJ. Neoplasms of anal canal and perianal skin. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2011 Mar;24(1):54-63. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1272824. PMID: 22379406; PMCID: PMC3140334.
Abbass MA, Valente MA. Premalignant and Malignant Perianal Lesions. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2019 Sep;32(5):386-393. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1687835. Epub 2019 Aug 22. PMID: 31507349; PMCID: PMC6731115.
Q.
What Should I Do If I Find a Lump between My Vagina and Anus?
A.
A lump between the vagina and anus can have different causes, and it’s important to have it examined by a doctor to ensure proper care, especially if it is painful, growing, or changing.
References:
Seppings SC, Samir H, Abdelrahman I. An unusual vaginal lump. BMJ Case Rep. 2017 Feb 13;2017:bcr2016218027. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2016-218027. PMID: 28193643; PMCID: PMC5318585.
Wallace S, Gurland B. Approaching Combined Rectal and Vaginal Prolapse. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2022 Jan 17;34(5):302-310. doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1726351. PMID: 35069022; PMCID: PMC8763579.
Orkin BA, Smith LE. Perineal manifestations of HIV infection. Dis Colon Rectum. 1992 Apr;35(4):310-4. doi: 10.1007/BF02048106. PMID: 1582350.
Q.
What Are the Best Home Remedies for Treating a Pimple Near the Anus in Females?
A.
A pimple near the anus can be a minor skin issue often caused by blocked pores or mild irritation. Gentle home care—like cleaning with warm water, using warm compresses, and applying mild over-the-counter treatments—may help, but seek medical care if it worsens or shows signs of infection.
References:
Powell PR, Garza-Chapa JI, Susa JS, Weis SE. Perianal Comedones: A Rare Incidental Finding. Case Rep Dermatol Med. 2017;2017:9019682. doi: 10.1155/2017/9019682. Epub 2017 Dec 31. PMID: 29464128; PMCID: PMC5804107.
Asgeirsson T, Nunoo R, Luchtefeld MA. Hidradenitis suppurativa and pruritus ani. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2011 Mar;24(1):71-80. doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1272826. PMID: 22379408; PMCID: PMC3140336.
Tan AU, Schlosser BJ, Paller AS. A review of diagnosis and treatment of acne in adult female patients. Int J Womens Dermatol. 2017 Dec 23;4(2):56-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.10.006. PMID: 29872679; PMCID: PMC5986265.
Q.
What Are the Common Causes of Perineal Pain in Men, and How Is It Treated?
A.
Perineal pain in men is often related to issues like chronic prostatitis, pelvic floor muscle tension, or chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Treatment usually includes lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes physical therapy to help ease the pain but should be evaluated by a physician.
References:
Andromanakos NP, Kouraklis G, Alkiviadis K. Chronic perineal pain: current pathophysiological aspects, diagnostic approaches and treatment. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Jan;23(1):2-7. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e32834164f6. PMID: 21079515.
Schaeffer AJ. Etiology and management of chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men. Urology. 2004 Mar;63(3 Suppl 1):75-84. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2003.11.002. PMID: 15013657.
Strauss AC, Dimitrakov JD. New treatments for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Nat Rev Urol. 2010 Mar;7(3):127-35. doi: 10.1038/nrurol.2010.4. Epub 2010 Feb 9. PMID: 20142810; PMCID: PMC2837110.
Q.
What Could Cause a Painful Lump Near the Anus in Females, and When Should It Be Examined by a Doctor?
A.
Painful lumps near the anus in females can be caused by infections, cysts (like tailgut cysts or rectal duplication cysts), or skin changes such as perianal Bowen's disease. You should see a doctor if the lump causes persistent pain, grows bigger, or is accompanied by other symptoms.
References:
Wojciechowski J, Skołozdrzy T, Wojtasik P, Romanowski M. Two Cases of Symptomatic Tailgut Cysts. J Clin Med. 2024 Aug 29;13(17):5136. doi: 10.3390/jcm13175136. PMID: 39274348; PMCID: PMC11396497.
Bertagni A, Vagliasindi A, Ascari Raccagni A, Valmori L, Verdecchia GM. Perianal Bowen's disease: a case report and review of the literature [Perianal Bowen's disease: a case report and review of the literature]. Tumori. 2003 Jul-Aug;89(4 Suppl):16-8. Italian. PMID: 12903534.
Flint R, Strang J, Bissett I, Clark M, Neill M, Parry B. Rectal duplication cyst presenting as perianal sepsis: report of two cases and review of the literature. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004 Dec;47(12):2208-10. doi: 10.1007/s10350-004-0699-4. PMID: 15657675.
Q.
Is Vaginal Pain Common in Early Pregnancy, and What Can Be Done to Alleviate It?
A.
Vaginal pain in early pregnancy can happen due to natural changes and mild irritation; most times it is common and can be eased with simple self-care, but you should talk with your doctor if the pain becomes severe or does not go away.
References:
Kennedy CM, Turcea AM, Bradley CS. Prevalence of vulvar and vaginal symptoms during pregnancy and the puerperium. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009 Jun;105(3):236-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.01.024. Epub 2009 Mar 9. PMID: 19275950; PMCID: PMC2677128.
Duarte G, Linhares IM, Kreitchmann R, Tristão ADR, Traina E, Canti I, Takimura M, Andrade JQ. Vulvovaginitis in pregnant women. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2024 Apr 2;46:e-FPS03. doi: 10.61622/rbgo/2024FPS03. PMID: 38765512; PMCID: PMC11075393.
Ertmann RK, Nicolaisdottir DR, Siersma V, Overbeck G, Strøyer de Voss S, Modin FA, Lutterodt MC. Factors in early pregnancy predicting pregnancy-related pain in the second and third trimester. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2023 Oct;102(10):1269-1280. doi: 10.1111/aogs.14670. Epub 2023 Sep 28. PMID: 37771202; PMCID: PMC10541159.
Q.
What Are the Symptoms and Treatment Options for a Perianal Tumor?
A.
Perianal tumors can show up as lumps near the anus and may cause symptoms like bleeding, pain, or changes in the skin. Treatment depends on whether the tumor is benign, premalignant, or malignant and might include surgery, radiation, or other therapies.
References:
Wietfeldt ED, Thiele J. Malignancies of the anal margin and perianal skin. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2009 May;22(2):127-35. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1223845. PMID: 20436838; PMCID: PMC2780245.
Abbass MA, Valente MA. Premalignant and Malignant Perianal Lesions. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2019 Sep;32(5):386-393. doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1687835. Epub 2019 Aug 22. PMID: 31507349; PMCID: PMC6731115.
Tsai TY, Liao CK, Zhang BY, Huang YL, Tsai WS, You JF, Yeh CY, Hsieh PS. Perianal Basal Cell Carcinoma-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Real-World Data. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023 May 8;13(9):1650. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13091650. PMID: 37175041; PMCID: PMC10178443.
Q.
What Could a Bump Next to the Anus Mean, and How Is It Typically Evaluated?
A.
A bump next to the anus might be an external hemorrhoid or a small abscess, and it is usually checked with a physical exam by your healthcare provider.
References:
Lawrence A, McLaren ER. External Hemorrhoid. [Updated 2023 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Sigmon DF, Emmanuel B, Tuma F. Perianal Abscess. [Updated 2023 Jun 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Aldean H, Pantling A, Raja MA. A painful buttock lump: common complaint, rare diagnosis. JRSM Short Rep. 2010 Aug 31;1(3):26. doi: 10.1258/shorts.2010.010046. PMID: 21103118; PMCID: PMC2984350.
Q.
What Steps Should Be Taken If a Boil Develops Near the Anus?
A.
If you develop a boil near your anus, you should keep the area clean, use warm compresses, and avoid squeezing it, and see your doctor if it worsens or does not improve.
References:
Amato A, Bottini C, De Nardi P, Giamundo P, Lauretta A, Realis Luc A, Piloni V. Evaluation and management of perianal abscess and anal fistula: SICCR position statement. Tech Coloproctol. 2020 Feb;24(2):127-143. doi: 10.1007/s10151-019-02144-1. Epub 2020 Jan 23. PMID: 31974827.
Steele SR, Kumar R, Feingold DL, Rafferty JL, Buie WD; Standards Practice Task Force of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. Practice parameters for the management of perianal abscess and fistula-in-ano. Dis Colon Rectum. 2011 Dec;54(12):1465-74. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0b013e31823122b3. PMID: 22067173.
Q.
What Are the Potential Causes of Concurrent Pelvic and Perineal Pain, and When Should I See a Doctor?
A.
Pelvic and perineal pain can be caused by issues like nerve irritation, muscle tension, or problems with nearby organs, and you should see a doctor if the pain is severe, lasts a long time, or comes with other worrisome symptoms.
References:
Hompes R, Jones OM, Cunningham C, Lindsey I. What causes chronic idiopathic perineal pain? Colorectal Dis. 2011 Sep;13(9):1035-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2010.02422.x. PMID: 20860714.
Labat JJ, Robert R, Delavierre D, Sibert L, Rigaud J. Approche symptomatique des douleurs neuropathiques somatiques pelvipérinéales chroniques [Symptomatic approach to chronic neuropathic somatic pelvic and perineal pain]. Prog Urol. 2010 Nov;20(12):973-81. French. doi: 10.1016/j.purol.2010.08.062. Epub 2010 Oct 13. PMID: 21056374.
Chen Y, Song B, Jin XY, Xiong EQ, Zhang JH. Possible mechanism of referred pain in the perineum and pelvis associated with the prostate in rats. J Urol. 2005 Dec;174(6):2405-8. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000180421.90260.65. PMID: 16280857.
Q.
What Are the Treatment Options for a Lump on the Perineum?
A.
A lump on the perineum can be caused by infections, abnormal tissue growths, or congenital issues. Treatment can range from medications and minor procedures to surgical removal, depending on the cause.
References:
Shaul DB, Monforte HL, Levitt MA, Hong AR, Peña A. Surgical management of perineal masses in patients with anorectal malformations. J Pediatr Surg. 2005 Jan;40(1):188-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.09.027. PMID: 15868583.
Hanief MR, Yongue G, Leff D, Lamb BW, Karim S, Aref F, Vashisht R. A painful perineal lump: an unusual case of ectopic breast tissue. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2011 Oct;93(7):e147-8. doi: 10.1308/147870811X602186. PMID: 22004627; PMCID: PMC5827000.
Sigmon DF, Emmanuel B, Tuma F. Perianal Abscess. [Updated 2023 Jun 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
Why Does My Tailbone Hurt When Doing Sit-Ups, and How Can I Prevent This?
A.
Your tailbone might hurt during sit-ups because the exercise puts extra pressure on it, and changing your technique or using cushion support can help reduce discomfort.
References:
Fogel GR, Cunningham PY 3rd, Esses SI. Coccygodynia: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2004 Jan-Feb;12(1):49-54. doi: 10.5435/00124635-200401000-00007. PMID: 14753797.
Augeard N, Carroll SP. Core stability and low-back pain: a causal fallacy. J Exerc Rehabil. 2019 Jun 30;15(3):493-495. doi: 10.12965/jer.1938198.099. PMID: 31316947; PMCID: PMC6614774.
Garg B, Ahuja K. Coccydynia-A comprehensive review on etiology, radiological features and management options. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2021 Jan;12(1):123-129. doi: 10.1016/j.jcot.2020.09.025. Epub 2020 Sep 24. Erratum in: J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2021 Oct;21:101561. doi: 10.1016/j.jcot.2021.101561. PMID: 33716437; PMCID: PMC7920198.
Q.
What Could a Non-Painful Lump Near the Anus in Males Indicate, and Should It Be Monitored?
A.
A non-painful lump near the anus in males is usually benign, such as a small polyp or benign growth, but it is important to monitor it for any changes.
References:
AbdullGaffar B, Keloth T, Al-Hattawi M, Al Marzouqi M, ElTayeb Y. Benign anal and perianal polypoid neoplasms and tumor-like lesions. Pathol Res Pract. 2012 Dec 15;208(12):719-25. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.09.004. Epub 2012 Oct 22. PMID: 23089289.
Greenspon J, Williams SB, Young HA, Orkin BA. Thrombosed external hemorrhoids: outcome after conservative or surgical management. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004 Sep;47(9):1493-8. doi: 10.1007/s10350-004-0607-y. Epub 2004 Aug 12. PMID: 15486746.
Devaraj B, Khabassi S, Cosman BC. Recent smoking is a risk factor for anal abscess and fistula. Dis Colon Rectum. 2011 Jun;54(6):681-5. doi: 10.1007/DCR.0b013e31820e7c7a. PMID: 21552051.
Q.
Could Bumps on the Pubic Area in Males Be a Sign of an STD, and What Tests Are Recommended?
A.
Bumps on the pubic area in males can sometimes be a sign of a sexually transmitted disease (STD) like genital warts, and seeing a healthcare provider for testing is a good idea if you notice them.
References:
Garcia MR, Leslie SW, Wray AA. Sexually Transmitted Infections. [Updated 2024 Apr 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021 Jun. 10, GENITAL ULCER DISEASE SYNDROME. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572660/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK572660/
Leslie SW, Sajjad H, Kumar S. Genital Warts. [Updated 2023 May 30]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What Causes Hip Pain When Sitting Cross-Legged on the Floor, and How Can It Be Alleviated?
A.
Hip pain when sitting cross-legged can result from tight muscles, such as the piriformis, or extra stress on your hip and nearby joints. Stretching, adjusting your sitting position, and using support can often help ease the discomfort.
References:
Snijders CJ, Hermans PF, Kleinrensink GJ. Functional aspects of cross-legged sitting with special attention to piriformis muscles and sacroiliac joints. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2006 Feb;21(2):116-21. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.09.002. Epub 2005 Nov 2. PMID: 16260074.
Hopayian K, Song F, Riera R, Sambandan S. The clinical features of the piriformis syndrome: a systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2010 Dec;19(12):2095-109. doi: 10.1007/s00586-010-1504-9. Epub 2010 Jul 3. PMID: 20596735; PMCID: PMC2997212.
Farazdaghi MR, Motealleh A, Abtahi F, Panjan A, Šarabon N, Ghaffarinejad F. Effect of sacroiliac manipulation on postural sway in quiet standing: a randomized controlled trial. Braz J Phys Ther. 2018 Mar-Apr;22(2):120-126. doi: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.09.002. Epub 2017 Sep 8. PMID: 28993042; PMCID: PMC5883953.
Q.
What Can Cause Tailbone Pain When Sitting Down and Getting Up, and What Are the Treatment Options?
A.
Tailbone pain when sitting down and getting up is often called coccydynia and can be caused by an injury, long periods of sitting, or repetitive stress. Treatment options include using cushioned seats, medications, stretches, and sometimes physical therapy.
References:
Foye PM. Coccydynia: Tailbone Pain. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2017 Aug;28(3):539-549. doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2017.03.006. Epub 2017 May 27. PMID: 28676363.
Garg B, Ahuja K. Coccydynia-A comprehensive review on etiology, radiological features and management options. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2021 Jan;12(1):123-129. doi: 10.1016/j.jcot.2020.09.025. Epub 2020 Sep 24. Erratum in: J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2021 Oct;21:101561. doi: 10.1016/j.jcot.2021.101561. PMID: 33716437; PMCID: PMC7920198.
Mabrouk A, Alloush A, Foye P. Coccyx Pain. [Updated 2023 May 1]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What Should Be Done If a Small Lump Is Found Near the Anus?
A.
If you find a small lump near the anus, it's important to have it checked by a healthcare provider to make sure it isn’t a sign of something more serious, such as an infection or, rarely, a malignancy.
References:
Wietfeldt ED, Thiele J. Malignancies of the anal margin and perianal skin. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 2009 May;22(2):127-35. doi: 10.1055/s-0029-1223845. PMID: 20436838; PMCID: PMC2780245.
Sigmon DF, Emmanuel B, Tuma F. Perianal Abscess. [Updated 2023 Jun 12]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute (US); 2002-. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK65930/
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