Narcolepsy Quiz
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Tired all the time
Sleep paralysis
Hallucinations
Sudden tiredness during the day
Auditory hallucinations
Tactile hallucinations
Sudden muscle weakness
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Can't stay asleep
Seeing things when waking up
Falling asleep at work
Cataplexy attack
Not seeing your symptoms? No worries!
What is Narcolepsy?
Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder causing excessive daytime drowsiness. The cause is unclear but may involve genetic factors and abnormal nerve cell signaling in the brain. In addition to daytime sleepiness, symptoms include sudden sleep attacks, loss of muscle tone, and, occasionally, hallucinations when awaking from sleep in the the morning.
Typical Symptoms of Narcolepsy
- Episodes of sudden, overwhelming daytime sleepiness
- Headache that worsens with lack of sleep
- Weakness in arms or legs triggered by strong emotions
- Headache that gets worse in the morning
- I frequently have nightmares.
- Experiences sleep paralysis frequently
- Difficulty concentrating
- Excessive daytime sleepiness
Diagnostic Questions for Narcolepsy
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this disease:
- Do you have episodes of sudden, overwhelming daytime sleepiness?
- Does your headache get worse when you haven't slept enough?
- Do you have weakness in your arms or legs when you feel strong emotions?
- Do your headaches get worse in the morning?
- Do you have frequent nightmares?
Treatment of Narcolepsy
There is no cure for narcolepsy, but medications (stimulants, cognitive-enhancing medications, antidepressants) and lifestyle modifications can improve symptoms.
Reviewed By:
Benjamin Kummer, MD (Neurology)
Dr Kummer is Assistant Professor of Neurology at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (ISMMS), with joint appointment in Digital and Technology Partners (DTP) at the Mount Sinai Health System (MSHS) as Director of Clinical Informatics in Neurology. As a triple-board certified practicing stroke neurologist and informaticist, he has successfully improved clinical operations at the point of care by acting as a central liaison between clinical neurology faculty and DTP teams to implement targeted EHR configuration changes and workflows, as well as providing subject matter expertise on health information technology projects across MSHS. | Dr Kummer also has several years’ experience building and implementing several informatics tools, presenting scientific posters, and generating a body of peer-reviewed work in “clinical neuro-informatics” – i.e., the intersection of clinical neurology, digital health, and informatics – much of which is centered on digital/tele-health, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. He has spearheaded the Clinical Neuro-Informatics Center in the Department of Neurology at ISMMS, a new research institute that seeks to establish the field of clinical neuro-informatics and disseminate knowledge to the neurological community on the effects and benefits of clinical informatics tools at the point of care.
Shohei Harase, MD (Neurology)
Dr. Harase spent his junior and senior high school years in Finland and the U.S. After graduating from the University of Washington (Bachelor of Science, Molecular and Cellular Biology), he worked for Apple Japan Inc. before entering the University of the Ryukyus School of Medicine. He completed his residency at Okinawa Prefectural Chubu Hospital, where he received the Best Resident Award in 2016 and 2017. In 2021, he joined the Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine at the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, specializing in hyperacute stroke.
Content updated on Dec 6, 2024
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
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Symptoms Related to Narcolepsy
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FAQs
Q.
Can you provide examples of tactile hallucinations and their effects?
A.
Tactile hallucinations involve feeling things that aren't there, like the sensation of if bugs were crawling on the skin. Tactile hallucinations can be very upsetting and might lead to scratching or trying to remove the imagined sensation, which can cause injury or discomfort. If you or someone you know is experiencing these symptoms, it's important to seek help from a healthcare professional.
References:
Ukai K. (2019). Tactile hallucinations in dementia with Lewy bodies. Psychogeriatrics : the official journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society, 30734409.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30734409/
Lewandowski KE, DePaola J, Camsari GB, Cohen BM, & Ongür D. (2009). Tactile, olfactory, and gustatory hallucinations in psychotic .... Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 19521636.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19521636/
Wearne TA, & Cornish JL. (2018). A Comparison of Methamphetamine-Induced Psychosis .... Frontiers in psychiatry, 30364176.
Q.
What are the common causes of muscle weakness in the legs?
A.
Muscle weakness in the legs can be caused by various health conditions, including problems affecting nerves or muscles. It's important to consult a healthcare provider to determine the cause of these symptoms and the appropriate treatment.
References:
Riggs JE. (1985). Adult-onset muscle weakness. How to identify the .... Postgraduate medicine, 4034446.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4034446/
Larson ST, & Wilbur J. (2020). Muscle Weakness in Adults: Evaluation and Differential .... American family physician, 31939642.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31939642/
Schubert KM, & Schreiner B. (2023). Focus On Muscle Weakness. Praxis, 37632430.
Q.
What are the underlying causes of auditory hallucinations?
A.
Auditory hallucinations can happen due to various reasons, including certain medications and conditions affecting the brain such as schizophrenia and certain infections, dementias, and medications or substances (such as alcohol).
References:
Waters F, Blom JD, Jardri R, Hugdahl K, & Sommer IEC. (2018). Auditory hallucinations, not necessarily a hallmark of .... Psychological medicine, 28826411.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28826411/
Pierre JM. (2010). Hallucinations in nonpsychotic disorders: toward a .... Harvard review of psychiatry, 20047459.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20047459/
Ross CA. (2020). Voices: Are They Dissociative or Psychotic?. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 32868688.
Q.
What causes excessive daytime sleepiness in the elderly and how can it be addressed?
A.
Excessive daytime sleepiness in the elderly can be caused by medications and/or medical conditions (including but not limited to sleep disorders). A healthcare provider can provide a personalized medical assessment to determine the cause of these symptoms. The appropriate treatment for excessive daytime sleepiness will depend on what the healthcare provider identifies as the cause of these symptoms.
References:
Zalai D, Bingeliene A, & Shapiro C. (2017). Sleepiness in the Elderly. Sleep medicine clinics, 28778240.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28778240/
Pack AI, Dinges DF, Gehrman PR, Staley B, Pack FM, & Maislin G. (2006). Risk factors for excessive sleepiness in older adults. Annals of neurology, 16718691.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16718691/
Happe S. (2003). Excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep disturbances in .... Drugs, 14664652.
Q.
What could be causing me to fall asleep at my desk, and how can I prevent it?
A.
Falling asleep at your desk can be due to sleep habits or a medical condition (such as a sleep disorders). These symptoms might improve with better sleep habits, but consult a healthcare provider if symptoms do not improve.
References:
Verhoef VT, Smolders KC, Remmelswaal L, Peeters G, Overeem S, & de Kort YA. (2024). A Qualitative Study amongst Patients with Sleep Disorders. Clocks & Sleep, 10801535.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10801535/
Panossian LA, & Veasey SC. (2012). Daytime Sleepiness in Obesity: Mechanisms Beyond .... Sleep, 3321419.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3321419/
Mațotă AM, Bordeianu A, Severin E, & Jidovu A. (2023). Exploring the Literature on Narcolepsy. NeuroSci, 11523731.
Q.
What happens during a cataplexy attack and how can it be treated?
A.
During a cataplexy attack, a person suddenly and briefly loses muscle control. Cataplexy symptoms often are triggered by strong emotions like laughter, joy, surprise or anger. These symptoms can be mild (like slurred speech or knees that feel weak) or more severe (such as complete paralysis). Treatment can include medications and lifestyle changes to help prevent and reduce symptoms.
References:
Dauvilliers Y, Siegel JM, Lopez R, Torontali ZA, & Peever JH. (2014). Cataplexy--clinical aspects, pathophysiology and .... Nature reviews. Neurology, 24890646.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24890646/
Pillen S, Pizza F, Dhondt K, Scammell TE, & Overeem S. (2017). Cataplexy and Its Mimics: Clinical Recognition and .... Current treatment options in neurology, 28478511.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28478511/
Parmar A, Murray BJ, & Narang I. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of Cataplectic Attacks in Type 1 .... Current neurology and neuroscience reports, 32651734.
Q.
What medical conditions are known to cause excessive daytime sleepiness?
A.
Excessive daytime sleepiness can be caused by a sleep disorder like sleep apnea. It can also result from other health conditions like depression or hypothyroidism. Besides medical conditions, a person's sleep habits can lead to excessive daytime sleepiness.
References:
Gandhi KD, Mansukhani MP, Silber MH, & Kolla BP. (2021). Excessive Daytime Sleepiness: A Clinical Review. Mayo Clinic proceedings, 33840518.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33840518/
Pagel JF. (2009). Excessive daytime sleepiness. American family physician, 19275068.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19275068/
Pérez-Carbonell L, Mignot E, Leschziner G, & Dauvilliers Y. (2022). Understanding and approaching excessive daytime .... Lancet (London, England), 36115367.
Q.
What tests are available to diagnose excessive daytime sleepiness?
A.
Tests to diagnose excessive daytime sleepiness include questionnaires (like the Epworth Sleepiness Scale), as well as sleep tests performed in a specialized healthcare facility, These tests help in understanding how sleepy a person is during the day.
References:
Taillard J, Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Martin VP, Peter-Derex L, & Vecchierini MF. (2024). Objective evaluation of excessive daytime sleepiness. Neurophysiologie clinique = Clinical neurophysiology, 38401239.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38401239/
Fong SY, Ho CK, & Wing YK. (2005). Comparing MSLT and ESS in the measurement of .... Journal of psychosomatic research, 15771871.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15771871/
Johns MW. (2000). Sensitivity and specificity of the multiple sleep latency test .... Journal of sleep research, 10733683.
Q.
At what age do babies typically begin to fall asleep on their own?
A.
Most babies typically can start to fall asleep on their own around 4 to 6 months of age, but this can vary for each child.
References:
St James-Roberts I, Roberts M, Hovish K, & Owen C. (2015). Video Evidence That London Infants Can Resettle .... Journal of developmental and behavioral pediatrics : JDBP, 26035139.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26035139/
Anders TF, Halpern LF, & Hua J. (1992). Sleeping through the night: a developmental perspective. Pediatrics, 1408509.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1408509/
Sadler S. (1994). Sleep: what is normal at six months?. Professional care of mother and child, 8680184.
Q.
Can narcolepsy develop later in life, and what are the signs?
A.
People with narcolepsy usually start to experience symptoms as a child, teenager, or young adult, but occasionally narcolepsy can develop and be diagnosed in people who are older. A key sign of narcolepsy is excessive daytime sleepiness. Also, some (but not all) people with narcolepsy can experience episodes of sudden muscle weakness usually triggered by strong emotions.
References:
Chakravorty SS, & Rye DB. (2003). Narcolepsy in the older adult: epidemiology, diagnosis and .... Drugs & aging, 12696996.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12696996/
Rye DB, Dihenia B, Weissman JD, Epstein CM, & Bliwise DL. (1998). Presentation of narcolepsy after 40. Neurology, 9484372.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9484372/
Silber MH. (2016). Autoimmune sleep disorders. Handbook of clinical neurology, 27112685.
Q.
Can you provide examples of auditory hallucinations and their impact?
A.
Auditory hallucinations are when a person hears something that others nearby would not hear. Examples of auditory hallucinations include speech (such as hearing voice commands or a spoken commentary) or sounds other than speech. Auditory hallucinations can impact daily life, functioning, and a person's well-being. If you are experiencing auditory hallucinations, talk to a healthcare provider.
References:
Ross CA. (2020). Voices: Are They Dissociative or Psychotic?. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 32868688.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32868688/
Lorente-Rovira E, Grasa E, Ochoa S, Corripio I, Peláez T, López-Carrillero R, et al. (2020). Positive and Useful Voices in Patients With Schizophrenia. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 32453282.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32453282/
Hersh K, & Borum R. (1998). Command hallucinations, compliance, and risk assessment. The journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 9785279.
Q.
How is cataplexy related to narcolepsy and what are its symptoms?
A.
Cataplexy is a sudden loss of muscle control linked to a certain type of narcolepsy (narcolepsy type 1). Episodes of cataplexy are often triggered by strong emotions like laughter, surprise, or anger.
References:
Dauvilliers Y, Arnulf I, & Mignot E. (2007). Narcolepsy with cataplexy. Lancet (London, England), 17292770.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17292770/
Plazzi G, Pizza F, Palaia V, Franceschini C, Poli F, Moghadam KK, et al. (2011). Complex movement disorders at disease onset in .... Brain : a journal of neurology, 21930661.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21930661/
Mattarozzi K, Bellucci C, Campi C, Cipolli C, Ferri R, Franceschini C, et al. (2008). Clinical, behavioural and polysomnographic correlates of .... Sleep medicine, 17681883.
Q.
How is narcolepsy defined and what are its key features?
A.
Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder that causes excessive daytime sleepiness. It disrupts normal sleep patterns and can make people feel very tired during the day. Some people with narcolepsy also experience sudden muscle weakness (called "cataplexy"), but not all people with narcolepsy will have episodes of cataplexy.
References:
Akintomide GS, & Rickards H. (2011). Narcolepsy: a review. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 21931493.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21931493/
Bassetti CLA, Adamantidis A, Burdakov D, Han F, Gay S, Kallweit U, et al. (2019). Narcolepsy - clinical spectrum, aetiopathophysiology, .... Nature reviews. Neurology, 31324898.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31324898/
Chavda V, Chaurasia B, Umana GE, Tomasi SO, Lu B, & Montemurro N. (2022). Narcolepsy-A Neuropathological Obscure Sleep Disorder. Brain sciences, 36358399.
Q.
Is it possible to fall asleep while standing up, and what does it suggest?
A.
It is possible to fall asleep while standing, but it is unusual. Falling asleep while standing could be a sign of a sleep disorder. It is also important to determine if something other than falling asleep is happening, such as fainting or a seizure, which have a variety of causes.
References:
Johns MW. (2002). Sleep propensity varies with behaviour and the situation in .... Journal of sleep research, 11869428.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11869428/
Riksen NP, Rutten J, Bloem BR, & Deinum J. (2022). [Dizziness upon standing: consider autonomic dysfunction]. Nederlands tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 35736363.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35736363/
Frauscher B, Nomura T, Duerr S, Ehrmann L, Gschliesser V, Wenning GK, et al. (2012). Investigation of autonomic function in idiopathic REM sleep .... Journal of neurology, 22064976.
Q.
Is it possible to fall asleep with your eyes open, and what does it indicate?
A.
Yes, it is possible to fall asleep with your eyes open, when your eyelids do not close completely. This condition is called nocturnal lagophthalmos and it can happen for various reasons.
References:
Filtness AJ, Anund A, Fors C, Ahlström C, Akerstedt T, & Kecklund G. (2014). Sleep-related eye symptoms and their potential for .... Journal of sleep research, 24861146.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24861146/
Latkany RL, Lock B, & Speaker M. (2006). Nocturnal lagophthalmos: an overview and classification. The ocular surface, 16671223.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16671223/
Leu-Semenescu S, & Arnulf I. (2010). [Disruptive nocturnal behavior in elderly subjects: could it .... Psychologie & neuropsychiatrie du vieillissement, 20525541.
Q.
Is it safe to fall asleep after sustaining a concussion?
A.
A concussion is a form of traumatic brain injury and it can range from mild to severe. If you or someone you know may have a concussion, it is important to seek medical care -- and it is especially important to seek medical care immediately if there are any signs of a severe concussion such as vomiting, seizure, inability to wake up, and trouble speaking or moving any limbs. After a healthcare provider determines it is safe to recover from a concussion at home (not in the hospital), getting enough sleep is part of how someone recovers from a concussion.
References:
Hoffman NL, O'Connor PJ, Schmidt MD, Lynall RC, & Schmidt JD. (2020). Relationships between Post-Concussion Sleep and .... Journal of neurotrauma, 31774024.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31774024/
Lavigne G, Khoury S, Chauny JM, & Desautels A. (2015). Pain and sleep in post-concussion/mild traumatic brain injury. Pain, 25789439.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25789439/
Donahue CC, & Resch JE. (2024). Concussion and the Sleeping Brain. Sports medicine - open, 38853235.
Q.
Is narcolepsy considered a disability and what support is available for those affected?
A.
Narcolepsy can significantly impact daily life. Support is available to help reduce symptoms and impacts on daily life. Different countries and organizations (even within the same country) can differ in what they consider a disability. Whether narcolepsy is considered a disability can also vary based on how severely it impacts daily life.
References:
Ingravallo F, Vignatelli L, Brini M, Brugaletta C, Franceschini C, Lugaresi F, et al. (2008). Medico-legal assessment of disability in narcolepsy. Journal of sleep research, 18275561.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18275561/
Mayer G, Pollmächer T, Meier-Ewert K, & Schulz H. (1993). [Assessment of the degree of disability in narcolepsy]. Gesundheitswesen (Bundesverband der Arzte des Offentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes (Germany)), 8369601.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8369601/
Bassetti C. (1999). Narcolepsy. Current treatment options in neurology, 11096716.
Q.
Is there a genetic component to narcolepsy, and can it be inherited?
A.
Narcolepsy has a genetic component and can rarely run in families, but most narcolepsy is not inherited.
References:
Mignot E. (1998). Genetic and familial aspects of narcolepsy. Neurology, 9484418.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9484418/
Miyagawa T, & Tokunaga K. (2019). Genetics of narcolepsy. Human genome variation, 30652006.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30652006/
Chabas D, Taheri S, Renier C, & Mignot E. (2003). The genetics of narcolepsy. Annual review of genomics and human genetics, 14527309.
Q.
Is there a quiz or assessment I can take to determine if I have narcolepsy?
A.
If you are wondering if you have narcolepsy, you can start by assessing whether you have symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness. For example, you can ask yourself if you have the sudden urge to sleep even after getting a full night's sleep, or if you fall asleep in the middle of eating, working, or talking with someone. To be certain about a diagnosis of narcolepsy, you will need to consult a healthcare provider. This healthcare provider will provide a personalized medical assessment of your symptoms. Also, the healthcare provider may recommend specialized sleep testing, such as the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (which evaluates how quickly you fall asleep in a quiet environment during the day).
References:
Arand DL, & Bonnet MH. (2019). The multiple sleep latency test. Handbook of clinical neurology, 31277864.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31277864/
Ruoff C, & Rye D. (2016). The ICSD-3 and DSM-5 guidelines for diagnosing narcolepsy. Current medical research and opinion, 27359185.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27359185/
Lopez R, Doukkali A, Barateau L, Evangelista E, Chenini S, Jaussent I, & Dauvilliers Y. (2017). Test-Retest Reliability of the Multiple Sleep Latency Test in .... Sleep, 29099966.
Q.
What are the common causes of muscle weakness and how can it be treated?
A.
Muscle weakness can be caused by a wide variety of health conditions, including but not limited to certain medications, long-term heavy alcohol use, and nerve or muscle problems. Also, the common causes of muscle weakness vary depending on whether the weakness affects muscles all over the body versus only part of the body (for example, weakness may only affect the legs or one leg). Another consideration is that the common causes of muscle weakness differ depending on a person's age. A healthcare provider can provide a personalized medical assessment of your muscle weakness symptoms in order to determine the exact cause and appropriate treatment plan.
References:
Larson ST, & Wilbur J. (2020). Muscle Weakness in Adults: Evaluation and Differential .... American family physician, 31939642.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31939642/
Saguil A. (2005). Evaluation of the patient with muscle weakness. American family physician, 15832536.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15832536/
Schubert KM, & Schreiner B. (2023). Focus On Muscle Weakness. Praxis, 37632430.
Q.
What are the steps involved in diagnosing narcolepsy?
A.
To diagnose narcolepsy, a healthcare provider usually starts by asking you questions about your health, including questions about your sleep and sleepiness. The healthcare provider also will perform a physical examination of your body. After considering your answers to questions and your physical examination results, the healthcare provider might order some testing. One common approach often used for narcolepsy is a combination of tests. The first test is called polysomnography (PSG), which is an overnight test in a specialized test facility. The morning after the PSG, there is a second test called the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), which measures how quickly a person falls asleep in a quiet environment during the day.
References:
Chakravorty SS, & Rye DB. (2003). Narcolepsy in the older adult: epidemiology, diagnosis and .... Drugs & aging, 12696996.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12696996/
Richardson JW, Fredrickson PA, & Lin SC. (1990). Narcolepsy update. Mayo Clinic proceedings, 2198399.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2198399/
Feldman NT. (2003). Narcolepsy. Southern medical journal, 12659360.
Q.
What are the symptoms of narcolepsy without cataplexy?
A.
Narcolepsy without cataplexy mainly causes excessive daytime sleepiness. In addition, some people with narcolepsy may experience sleep paralysis, hallucinations, and/or disturbed nighttime sleep, but not everyone with narcolepsy experiences these particular symptoms.
References:
Baumann CR, Mignot E, Lammers GJ, Overeem S, Arnulf I, Rye D, et al. (2014). Challenges in diagnosing narcolepsy without cataplexy. Sleep, 24882898.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24882898/
Merino-Andréu M, & Martínez-Bermejo A. (2009). Narcolepsy with and without cataplexy. Anales de pediatria (Barcelona, Spain : 2003), 19892609.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19892609/
Leu-Semenescu S, De Cock VC, Le Masson VD, Debs R, Lavault S, Roze E, et al. (2011). Hallucinations in Narcolepsy With and Without Cataplexy. Sleep medicine, 21486708.
Q.
What could be causing me to feel so tired all the time?
A.
Feeling tired all the time can be due to various reasons including anemia, depression, a thyroid problem, or a sleep disorder. If you are wondering why you often feel tired, you should contact a healthcare provider to receive a personalized medical evaluation and advice.
References:
Baldwin DS, & Papakostas GI. (2006). Symptoms of fatigue and sleepiness in major depressive .... The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 16848671.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16848671/
Maestri M, Romigi A, Schirru A, Fabbrini M, Gori S, Bonuccelli U, & Bonanni E. (2020). Excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue in neurological .... Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung, 31444679.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31444679/
Ridsdale L, Evans A, Jerrett W, Mandalia S, Osler K, & Vora H. (1994). Patients who consult with tiredness. The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 8790655.
Q.
What could cause sudden leg weakness in a child and how should it be addressed?
A.
Sudden leg weakness in children can be caused by various conditions, and it is important to seek urgent medical attention to determine the exact cause and appropriate treatment.
References:
Torricelli RPJE. (2017). Acute muscular weakness in children. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria, 28489146.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28489146/
Huzior MC, Chernicki BP, Nguyen L, & Kumar B. (2023). Benign Acute Childhood Myositis in a Pediatric Patient .... Cureus, 38283530.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38283530/
Cavirani B, Baga M, Cesaroni CA, Rizzi S, Spagnoli C, Frattini D, et al. (2024). Guillain-Barrè Syndrome-Retrospective Analysis of Data .... Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 39336531.
Q.
What criteria are used to diagnose narcolepsy?
A.
To diagnose narcolepsy, a healthcare provider usually starts by asking you questions about your health, including questions about your sleep and sleepiness. The healthcare provider also will perform a physical examination of your body. After considering your answers to questions and your physical examination results, the healthcare provider might order some testing. One common approach often used for narcolepsy is a combination of tests. The first test is called polysomnography (PSG), which is an overnight test in a specialized test facility. The morning after the PSG, there is a second test called the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), which measures how quickly a person falls asleep in a quiet environment during the day.
References:
Bassetti CLA, Adamantidis A, Burdakov D, Han F, Gay S, Kallweit U, et al. (2019). Narcolepsy - clinical spectrum, aetiopathophysiology, .... Nature reviews. Neurology, 31324898.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31324898/
Ahmed I, & Thorpy M. (2010). Clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of narcolepsy. Clinics in chest medicine, 20488294.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20488294/
Ruoff C, & Rye D. (2016). The ICSD-3 and DSM-5 guidelines for diagnosing narcolepsy. Current medical research and opinion, 27359185.
Q.
What distinguishes narcolepsy type 1 from type 2?
A.
Narcolepsy type 1 is different from narcolepsy type 2 in two key ways. First, people with narcolepsy type 1 can experience cataplexy, which is episodic sudden muscle weakness usually triggered by strong emotions. Second, people with narcolepsy type 1 have low levels of a brain chemical called hypocretin (even if these individuals do not have cataplexy). In contrast, cataplexy and low hypocretin levels do not occur in narcolepsy type 2.
References:
Gandhi K, & Ferdous S. (2024). Tetrad of Narcolepsy Type 1: Treatment and Management. Cureus, 38562323.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38562323/
Bassetti CLA, Adamantidis A, Burdakov D, Han F, Gay S, Kallweit U, et al. (2019). Narcolepsy - clinical spectrum, aetiopathophysiology, .... Nature reviews. Neurology, 31324898.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31324898/
Zhang Z, Mayer G, Dauvilliers Y, Plazzi G, Pizza F, Fronczek R, et al. (2018). Exploring the clinical features of narcolepsy type 1 versus .... Scientific reports, 30006563.
Q.
What strategies can help prevent falling asleep at work?
A.
To stay awake at work, try to keep a regular sleep schedule and take short breaks. Avoid caffeine too late in the day and get some sunlight if possible. Consult a healthcare provider if you are having difficulty staying awake at work. A healthcare provider can provide a personalized medical evaluation to better understand and treat the cause of these symptoms.
References:
Jay SM, Aisbett B, Sprajcer M, & Ferguson SA. (2015). Sleeping at work: not all about location, .... Sleep medicine reviews, 24908476.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24908476/
Rajaratnam SM, Howard ME, & Grunstein RR. (2013). Sleep loss and circadian disruption in shift work. The Medical journal of Australia, 24138359.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24138359/
Wagner DR. (1999). Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders. Current treatment options in neurology, 11096717.
Q.
What symptoms should I look for if I suspect I have narcolepsy?
A.
If you are wondering if you have narcolepsy, you can start by looking for symptoms of excessive daytime sleepiness. These symptoms include having the sudden urge to sleep even after getting a full night's sleep or falling asleep in the middle of eating, working, or talking with someone. To be certain about a diagnosis of narcolepsy, you will need to consult a healthcare provider. This healthcare provider will provide a personalized assessment of your symptoms to determine if you have narcolepsy.
References:
Aldrich MS. (1998). Diagnostic aspects of narcolepsy. Neurology, 9484416.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9484416/
Chakravorty SS, & Rye DB. (2003). Narcolepsy in the older adult: epidemiology, diagnosis and .... Drugs & aging, 12696996.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12696996/
Coelho FMS. (2024). Narcolepsy: an interface among neurology, immunology, .... Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria, 38565187.
Q.
What treatments are available for excessive daytime sleepiness?
A.
Various treatments are available for excessive daytime sleepiness, including behavior changes and medications. The best treatment plan for excessive daytime sleepiness depends on what is causing these symptoms. A healthcare provider can provide a personalized medical assessment to better understand why you are experiencing excessive daytime sleepiness, so that you can receive the appropriate treatment.
References:
Ono T, Takenoshita S, & Nishino S. (2022). Pharmacologic Management of Excessive Daytime .... Sleep medicine clinics, 36150809.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36150809/
Boulos MI, & Murray BJ. (2010). Current evaluation and management of excessive daytime .... The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques, 20437926.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20437926/
Gandhi KD, Mansukhani MP, Silber MH, & Kolla BP. (2021). Excessive Daytime Sleepiness: A Clinical Review. Mayo Clinic proceedings, 33840518.
Q.
Why might auditory hallucinations occur more frequently at night?
A.
In general, research has not shown that auditory hallucinations occur more frequently at night for all people with auditory hallucinations. However, individuals can have different experiences with hallucinations and the timing of these hallucinations. If you are experiencing auditory hallucinations more frequently at night, it might be worth considering if these hallucinations are happening when you are falling asleep or waking up from sleep. A healthcare provider can provide a personalized medical assessment of your symptoms to better understand the cause.
References:
Ngo HV, Oster H, Andreou C, & Obleser J. (2023). Circadian rhythms in auditory hallucinations and psychosis. Acta physiologica (Oxford, England), 36744985.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36744985/
Kompanje EJ. (2008). 'The devil lay upon her and held her down'. Hypnagogic .... Journal of sleep research, 18691361.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18691361/
Koizumi T, Suzuki T, Pillai NS, Bies RR, Takeuchi H, Yoshimura K, et al. (2019). Circadian patterns of hallucinatory experiences in patients .... Journal of psychiatric research, 31254838.
Q.
Why might women experience tiredness all the time more frequently than men?
A.
Feeling tired all the time can be due to various reasons including anemia, depression, a thyroid problem, or a sleep disorder. Some of these health conditions are more common in women than men, such as iron deficiency anemia, depression, and chronic fatigue syndrome. If you are wondering why you often feel tired, you should contact a healthcare provider to receive a personalized medical evaluation and advice.
References:
Stewart D, Abbey S, Meana M, & Boydell KM. (1998). What makes women tired? A community sample. Journal of women's health, 9511134.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9511134/
Oginska H, & Pokorski J. (2006). Fatigue and mood correlates of sleep length in three age- .... Chronobiology international, 17190716.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17190716/
Judd LL, Rapaport MH, Paulus MP, & Brown JL. (1994). Subsyndromal symptomatic depression: a new mood .... The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 8077164.
Q.
Are there specific medical conditions that cause persistent tiredness?
A.
Persistent tiredness can be caused by medical conditions like cancer, depression, and certain neurological disorders.
References:
Madden J, & Newton S. (2006). Why am I so tired all the time? Understanding cancer- .... Clinical journal of oncology nursing, 17063618.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17063618/
Baldwin DS, & Papakostas GI. (2006). Symptoms of fatigue and sleepiness in major depressive .... The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 16848671.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16848671/
Maestri M, Romigi A, Schirru A, Fabbrini M, Gori S, Bonuccelli U, & Bonanni E. (2020). Excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue in neurological .... Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung, 31444679.
Q.
Are there specific reasons why women might feel tired all the time?
A.
Women may feel tired all the time due to factors like pregnancy, changes after childbirth, or interrupted sleep while breastfeeding. These can affect energy levels and lead to persistent fatigue. Some health conditions (including depression and iron deficiency anemia) can affect both men and women, but are more likely to affect women.
References:
Judd LL, Rapaport MH, Paulus MP, & Brown JL. (1994). Subsyndromal symptomatic depression: a new mood .... The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 8077164.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8077164/
Troy NW. (1999). A comparison of fatigue and energy levels at 6 weeks .... Clinical nursing research, 10887866.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10887866/
Callahan S, Séjourné N, & Denis A. (2006). Fatigue and breastfeeding: an inevitable partnership?. Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association, 16684906.
Q.
How are tactile hallucinations linked to sleep paralysis?
A.
Tactile hallucinations during sleep paralysis are sensations of touch that feel real but aren't. These can happen because the brain is awake, but the body is still in a sleep state.
References:
McNally RJ, & Clancy SA. (2005). Sleep paralysis in adults reporting repressed, recovered, or .... Journal of anxiety disorders, 15749576.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15749576/
Cheyne JA, & Girard TA. (2007). a prospective study of sleep paralysis experiences. Consciousness and cognition, 17337212.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17337212/
Herrero NL, Gallo FT, Gasca-Rolín M, Gleiser PM, & Forcato C. (2023). Spontaneous and induced out-of-body experiences during .... Journal of sleep research, 36053735.
Q.
How are tactile hallucinations related to alcohol withdrawal?
A.
Tactile hallucinations, like feeling things on your skin that aren't there, can happen during alcohol withdrawal, especially in severe cases like delirium tremens.
References:
Miller F. (1982). Prodromal syndromes in delirium tremens. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 7188003.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7188003/
Platz WE, Oberlaender FA, & Seidel ML. (1995). The phenomenology of perceptual hallucinations in .... Psychopathology, 8559948.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8559948/
Mayer M, & Masoud A. (2023). Blood Alcohol Level as a Predictor of Withdrawal Severity. Cureus, 37791217.
Q.
How can auditory hallucinations be distinguished from other types of hallucinations?
A.
Auditory hallucinations involve hearing sounds or voices that aren't present, and they differ from other hallucinations like visual ones, which involve seeing things that aren't there.
References:
Waters F, Blom JD, Jardri R, Hugdahl K, & Sommer IEC. (2018). Auditory hallucinations, not necessarily a hallmark of .... Psychological medicine, 28826411.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28826411/
Blom JD. (2015). Auditory hallucinations. Handbook of clinical neurology, 25726283.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25726283/
Nayani TH, & David AS. (1996). The auditory hallucination: a phenomenological survey. Psychological medicine, 8643757.
Q.
How can I manage feeling tired all the time effectively?
A.
Feeling tired all the time can be due to various reasons, including sleep issues, medical conditions, and lifestyle factors. It's important to identify the cause to manage it effectively.
References:
Maestri M, Romigi A, Schirru A, Fabbrini M, Gori S, Bonuccelli U, & Bonanni E. (2020). Excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue in neurological .... Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung, 31444679.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31444679/
Handjiev S, Nobes J, & Murphy MJ. (2025). 'Tired all the time': What general practitioners request and .... Annals of clinical biochemistry, 40085492.
Evans KM, Flanagan DE, & Wilkin TJ. (2009). Chronic fatigue: is it endocrinology?. Clinical medicine (London, England), 19271598.
Q.
How can I prevent sleep paralysis from occurring?
A.
To help prevent sleep paralysis, try to get enough sleep, manage stress, and maintain a regular sleep schedule.
References:
Bhalerao V, Gotarkar S, Vishwakarma D, & Kanchan S. (2024). Recent Insights Into Sleep Paralysis: Mechanisms and .... Cureus, 39184697.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39184697/
Stefani A, & Högl B. (2021). Nightmare Disorder and Isolated Sleep Paralysis. Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, 33230689.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33230689/
Stefani A, & Tang Q. (2024). Recurrent Isolated Sleep Paralysis. Sleep medicine clinics, 38368058.
Q.
How do hallucinations in schizophrenia differ from those in narcolepsy?
A.
Hallucinations in schizophrenia and narcolepsy are different in their causes and types. Schizophrenia often involves auditory hallucinations, while narcolepsy may include vivid dreams or auditory hallucinations during sleep transitions (for example, while falling asleep). A healthcare provider can give you a personalized assessment of why you are experiencing hallucinations.
References:
Mueser KT, Bellack AS, & Brady EU. (1990). Hallucinations in schizophrenia. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 2399817.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2399817/
Waters F, & Fernyhough C. (2017). Hallucinations: A Systematic Review of Points of Similarity .... Schizophrenia bulletin, 27872259.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27872259/
Leptourgos P, Fortier-Davy M, Carhart-Harris R, Corlett PR, Dupuis D, Halberstadt AL, et al. (2020). Hallucinations Under Psychedelics and in the .... Schizophrenia bulletin, 32944778.
Q.
How does narcolepsy with cataplexy differ from narcolepsy without cataplexy?
A.
Narcolepsy with cataplexy includes sudden muscle weakness triggered by emotions, while narcolepsy without cataplexy does not have this symptom.
References:
Dauvilliers Y, Arnulf I, & Mignot E. (2007). Narcolepsy with cataplexy. Lancet (London, England), 17292770.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17292770/
Dauvilliers Y, & Lopez R. (2016). [NARCOLEPSY WITH CATAPLEXY: TYPE 1 .... La Revue du praticien, 27538328.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27538328/
Kallweit U, & Bassetti CL. (2017). Pharmacological management of narcolepsy with and .... Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 28443381.
Q.
How long do cataplexy attacks typically last and how can they be managed?
A.
Cataplexy attacks usually last from a few seconds to a couple of minutes and can be managed with medications like pitolisant, which has been shown to be safe and effective.
References:
Chakravorty SS, & Rye DB. (2003). Narcolepsy in the older adult: epidemiology, diagnosis and .... Drugs & aging, 12696996.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12696996/
Pillen S, Pizza F, Dhondt K, Scammell TE, & Overeem S. (2017). Cataplexy and Its Mimics: Clinical Recognition and .... Current treatment options in neurology, 28478511.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28478511/
Szakacs Z, Dauvilliers Y, Mikhaylov V, Poverennova I, Krylov S, Jankovic S, et al. (2017). Safety and efficacy of pitolisant on cataplexy in patients .... The Lancet. Neurology, 28129985.
Q.
Is cataplexy considered dangerous and what precautions should be taken?
A.
Cataplexy is not usually dangerous, but it can cause sudden muscle weakness. People should avoid situations where sudden weakness could lead to injury, like driving or operating machinery.
References:
Overeem S, Lammers GJ, & van Dijk JG. (2002). Cataplexy: 'tonic immobility' rather than 'REM-sleep atonia'?. Sleep medicine, 14592141.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14592141/
Hershner S, Kakkar R, Chung F, Singh M, Wong J, & Auckley D. (2019). Narcolepsy, Anesthesia, and Sedation: A Survey of the .... Anesthesia and analgesia, 30540615.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30540615/
Guilleminault C, Billiard M, Montplaisir J, & Dement WC. (1975). Altered states of consciousness in disorders of daytime .... Journal of the neurological sciences, 1185238.
Q.
Is it possible for sleep paralysis to be life-threatening?
A.
Sleep paralysis itself is not life-threatening, but it can be scary. Some people with sleep problems may experience other issues, so it's important to talk to someone if you're worried.
References:
McNally RJ, & Clancy SA. (2005). Sleep paralysis, sexual abuse, and space alien abduction. Transcultural psychiatry, 15881271.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15881271/
Kaada B. (1987). The sudden infant death syndrome induced by "the fear .... Medical hypotheses, 3647223.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3647223/
Khazaie H, Zakiei A, McCall WV, Noori K, Rostampour M, Sadeghi Bahmani D, & Brand S. (2021). Relationship between Sleep Problems and Self-Injury. Behavioral sleep medicine, 32991212.
Q.
What are hypnagogic hallucinations and when do they occur?
A.
Hypnagogic hallucinations are vivid, dream-like experiences that occur as you are falling asleep. They are common and usually harmless, happening during the transition from wakefulness to sleep.
References:
Kompanje EJ. (2008). 'The devil lay upon her and held her down'. Hypnagogic .... Journal of sleep research, 18691361.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18691361/
Cheyne JA, Rueffer SD, & Newby-Clark IR. (1999). Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations during sleep .... Consciousness and cognition, 10487786.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10487786/
Ghibellini R, & Meier B. (2023). The hypnagogic state: A brief update. Journal of sleep research, 36017720.
Q.
What are hypnopompic hallucinations and how do they differ from hypnagogic ones?
A.
Hypnopompic hallucinations occur as you wake up, while hypnagogic ones happen as you fall asleep. Both involve seeing or hearing things that aren't there.
References:
Ohayon MM, Priest RG, Caulet M, & Guilleminault C. (1996). Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations: pathological .... The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science, 8894197.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8894197/
Cheyne JA, Rueffer SD, & Newby-Clark IR. (1999). Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations during sleep .... Consciousness and cognition, 10487786.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10487786/
Kompanje EJ. (2008). 'The devil lay upon her and held her down'. Hypnagogic .... Journal of sleep research, 18691361.
Q.
What are olfactory hallucinations and how are they related to other sensory hallucinations?
A.
Olfactory hallucinations are when someone smells something that isn't there. They can happen in conditions like schizophrenia and are related to other sensory hallucinations, like hearing or seeing things that aren't real.
References:
Wehling E, Bless JJ, Hirnstein M, Kråkvik B, Vedul-Kjelsås E, Hugdahl K, et al. (2021). Olfactory hallucinations in a population-based sample. Psychiatry research, 34391204.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34391204/
Kopala LC, Good KP, & Honer WG. (1994). Olfactory hallucinations and olfactory identification ability in .... Schizophrenia research, 8054312.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8054312/
Stevenson RJ, Langdon R, & McGuire J. (2011). Olfactory hallucinations in schizophrenia and .... Psychiatry research, 20727597.
Q.
What are tactile hallucinations and what might cause them?
A.
Tactile hallucinations are feelings of touch or movement on the skin that aren't real, and they can be caused by drugs or conditions like Parkinson's Disease.
References:
Nakamura M, & Koo J. (2016). Drug-Induced Tactile Hallucinations Beyond Recreational .... American journal of clinical dermatology, 27637620.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27637620/
Fénelon G, Thobois S, Bonnet AM, Broussolle E, & Tison F. (2002). Tactile hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Journal of neurology, 12529792.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12529792/
Huang SS. (2025). Challenges in the management of visual and tactile .... World journal of psychiatry, 39831009.
Q.
What are the characteristics of narcolepsy type 2?
A.
Narcolepsy type 2 is a sleep disorder that causes excessive daytime sleepiness but does not involve cataplexy (which involves episodes of muscle weakness while you are awake). On the other hand, people with narcolepsy type 1 experience both excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy.
References:
Baumann-Vogel H, Schreckenbauer L, Valko PO, Werth E, & Baumann CR. (2021). Narcolepsy type 2: A rare, yet existing entity. Journal of sleep research, 32989797.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32989797/
Barateau L, Chenini S, Denis C, Lorber Q, Béziat S, Jaussent I, & Dauvilliers Y. (2024). Narcolepsy Severity Scale-2 and Idiopathic Hypersomnia .... Sleep, 38197577.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38197577/
Blattner M, & Maski K. (2023). Narcolepsy and Idiopathic Hypersomnia. Sleep medicine clinics, 37120161.
Q.
What are the common causes of excessive daytime sleepiness?
A.
Excessive daytime sleepiness is often caused by sleep disorders like sleep apnea, insomnia, or narcolepsy, and can also be due to insufficient sleep or certain medications.
References:
Gandhi KD, Mansukhani MP, Silber MH, & Kolla BP. (2021). Excessive Daytime Sleepiness: A Clinical Review. Mayo Clinic proceedings, 33840518.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33840518/
Bittencourt LR, Silva RS, Santos RF, Pires ML, & Mello MT. (2005). [Excessive daytime sleepiness]. Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999), 16082450.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16082450/
Pagel JF. (2009). Excessive daytime sleepiness. American family physician, 19275068.
Q.
What are the common hallucinations experienced during sleep paralysis?
A.
During sleep paralysis, people often experience hallucinations that vary but can include seeing or sensing a presence in the room, feeling pressure on the chest, or hearing strange sounds. These experiences can be frightening but are not harmful.
References:
Cheyne JA, Rueffer SD, & Newby-Clark IR. (1999). Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations during sleep .... Consciousness and cognition, 10487786.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10487786/
Stores G. (1998). Sleep paralysis and hallucinosis. Behavioural neurology, 11568409.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11568409/
Cheyne JA. (2005). Sleep paralysis episode frequency and number, types, and .... Journal of sleep research, 16120108.
Q.
What are the different types of hallucinations and their characteristics?
A.
Hallucinations can involve seeing, hearing, or feeling things that aren't there and can be common in conditions like schizophrenia.
References:
Mueser KT, Bellack AS, & Brady EU. (1990). Hallucinations in schizophrenia. Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica, 2399817.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2399817/
Kasper BS, Kasper EM, Pauli E, & Stefan H. (2010). Phenomenology of hallucinations, illusions, and delusions .... Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 20483670.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20483670/
Blom JD. (2015). Auditory hallucinations. Handbook of clinical neurology, 25726283.
Q.
What are the different types of narcolepsy and how are they classified?
A.
There are two types of narcolepsy, which is a sleep disorder that causes excessive daytime sleepiness. Narcolepsy type 1 involves excessive daytime sleepiness as well as cataplexy (episodes of muscle weakness when you are awake). Narcolepsy type 2 does not involve cataplexy.
References:
Bassetti CLA, Adamantidis A, Burdakov D, Han F, Gay S, Kallweit U, et al. (2019). Narcolepsy - clinical spectrum, aetiopathophysiology, .... Nature reviews. Neurology, 31324898.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31324898/
Miyagawa T, & Tokunaga K. (2019). Genetics of narcolepsy. Human genome variation, 30652006.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30652006/
Monaca C, Franco P, Philip P, & Dauvilliers Y. (2017). French consensus. Type 1 and type 2 Narcolepsy. Revue neurologique, 27838095.
Q.
What are the different types of tactile hallucinations and their causes?
A.
Tactile hallucinations are feelings of touch or movement on the skin that aren't real. They can be caused by drug use, Parkinson's disease, or certain mental health issues
References:
Nakamura M, & Koo J. (2016). Drug-Induced Tactile Hallucinations Beyond Recreational .... American journal of clinical dermatology, 27637620.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27637620/
Fénelon G, Thobois S, Bonnet AM, Broussolle E, & Tison F. (2002). Tactile hallucinations in Parkinson's disease. Journal of neurology, 12529792.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12529792/
de Leon J, Antelo RE, & Simpson G. (1992). Delusion of parasitosis or chronic tactile hallucinosis. Comprehensive psychiatry, 1555406.
Q.
What are the genetic and environmental factors that cause narcolepsy?
A.
While the exact causes of narcolepsy are currently unknown, some genetic factors and infections have been linked to an increased risk of narcolepsy.
References:
Mignot E. (1998). Genetic and familial aspects of narcolepsy. Neurology, 9484418.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9484418/
Thorpy M. (2001). Current concepts in the etiology, diagnosis and treatment .... Sleep medicine, 11152978.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11152978/
Longstreth WT Jr, Koepsell TD, Ton TG, Hendrickson AF, & van Belle G. (2007). The epidemiology of narcolepsy. Sleep, 17310860.
Q.
What are the main factors that contribute to sleep paralysis?
A.
Sleep paralysis is often linked to stress, lack of sleep, and sleep disorders. It can also be influenced by certain mental health issues and lifestyle factors.
References:
Stefani A, & Högl B. (2021). Nightmare Disorder and Isolated Sleep Paralysis. Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, 33230689.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33230689/
Denis D, French CC, & Gregory AM. (2018). A systematic review of variables associated with sleep .... Sleep medicine reviews, 28735779.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28735779/
Wróbel-Knybel P, Flis M, Rog J, Jalal B, Wołkowski L, & Karakuła-Juchnowicz H. (2022). Characteristics of Sleep Paralysis and Its Association with .... International journal of environmental research and public health, 35805480.
Q.
What are the main symptoms of narcolepsy and how is it diagnosed?
A.
Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder marked by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden muscle weakness called cataplexy. It is diagnosed through sleep studies and medical history.
References:
Akintomide GS, & Rickards H. (2011). Narcolepsy: a review. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 21931493.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21931493/
Bassetti CLA, Adamantidis A, Burdakov D, Han F, Gay S, Kallweit U, et al. (2019). Narcolepsy - clinical spectrum, aetiopathophysiology, .... Nature reviews. Neurology, 31324898.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31324898/
Kornum BR, Knudsen S, Ollila HM, Pizza F, Jennum PJ, Dauvilliers Y, & Overeem S. (2017). Narcolepsy. Nature reviews. Disease primers, 28179647.
Q.
What are the most effective treatments for managing narcolepsy?
A.
The most effective treatments for narcolepsy include medications like modafinil and sodium oxybate, as well as lifestyle changes to manage symptoms.
References:
Barateau L, Lopez R, & Dauvilliers Y. (2016). Treatment Options for Narcolepsy. CNS drugs, 27155860.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27155860/
Barateau L, & Dauvilliers Y. (2019). Recent advances in treatment for narcolepsy. Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders, 31632459.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31632459/
Bassetti CLA, Kallweit U, Vignatelli L, Plazzi G, Lecendreux M, Baldin E, et al. (2021). European guideline and expert statements on the .... Journal of sleep research, 34173288.
Q.
What could cause sudden muscle weakness in my legs?
A.
Sudden muscle weakness in your legs can be caused by various factors, including nerve issues, muscle problems, or even infections.
References:
Riggs JE. (1985). Adult-onset muscle weakness. How to identify the .... Postgraduate medicine, 4034446.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4034446/
Haddad H, & Rotblatt M. (2015). A case report of sudden-onset upper and lower extremity .... The Physician and sportsmedicine, 25556330.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25556330/
Larson ST, & Wilbur J. (2020). Muscle Weakness in Adults: Evaluation and Differential .... American family physician, 31939642.
Q.
What could cause sudden tiredness during the day?
A.
Sudden tiredness during the day can be caused by neurological issues, vitamin B12 deficiency, or other medical factors affecting sleep.
References:
Maestri M, Romigi A, Schirru A, Fabbrini M, Gori S, Bonuccelli U, & Bonanni E. (2020). Excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue in neurological .... Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung, 31444679.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31444679/
Khawaja I, Yingling K, Bukamur H, & Abusnina W. (2019). Vitamin B12 Deficiency: A Rare Cause of Excessive .... Journal of clinical sleep medicine : JCSM : official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 31538608.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31538608/
Volná J, & Sonka K. (2006). Medical factors of falling asleep behind the wheel. Prague medical report, 17385401.
Q.
What could cause visual hallucinations when waking up or falling asleep?
A.
Visual hallucinations when waking up or falling asleep can be due to normal sleep transitions, but they can also be caused by certain medical conditions or medications.
References:
Manford M, & Andermann F. (1998). Complex visual hallucinations. Clinical and .... Brain : a journal of neurology, 9798740.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9798740/
Pelak VS, & Liu GT. (2004). Visual Hallucinations. Current treatment options in neurology, 14664772.
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Weil RS, & Lees AJ. (2021). Visual hallucinations. Practical neurology, 33986117.
Q.
What does a cataplexy attack mean for someone with narcolepsy?
A.
A cataplexy attack in someone with narcolepsy is when they suddenly lose muscle strength, often triggered by strong emotions like laughter or surprise.
References:
Manford E, Garg A, & Manford M. (2024). Drop attacks: a practical guide. Practical neurology, 37891001.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37891001/
Xu XM, Wei YD, Liu Y, & Li ZX. (2019). Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) for narcolepsy in adults. Sleep medicine, 31671326.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31671326/
Poryazova R, Khatami R, Werth E, & Bassetti CL. (2009). Weak with sex: sexual intercourse as a trigger for cataplexy. The journal of sexual medicine, 19493288.
Q.
What is a narcolepsy sleep attack and how can it be managed?
A.
A narcolepsy sleep attack is when someone suddenly falls asleep at any time. Managing these attacks involves medication and lifestyle changes.
References:
Kales A, Vela-Bueno A, & Kales JD. (1987). Sleep disorders: sleep apnea and narcolepsy. Annals of internal medicine, 3544995.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3544995/
Chavda V, Chaurasia B, Umana GE, Tomasi SO, Lu B, & Montemurro N. (2022). Narcolepsy-A Neuropathological Obscure Sleep Disorder. Brain sciences, 36358399.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36358399/
Akintomide GS, & Rickards H. (2011). Narcolepsy: a review. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 21931493.
Q.
What is excessive daytime sleepiness disorder and how is it treated?
A.
Excessive daytime sleepiness disorder is when someone feels very sleepy during the day, even after a good night's sleep. It can be treated with lifestyle changes and sometimes medication.
References:
Gandhi KD, Mansukhani MP, Silber MH, & Kolla BP. (2021). Excessive Daytime Sleepiness: A Clinical Review. Mayo Clinic proceedings, 33840518.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33840518/
Pérez-Carbonell L, Mignot E, Leschziner G, & Dauvilliers Y. (2022). Understanding and approaching excessive daytime .... Lancet (London, England), 36115367.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36115367/
Takenoshita S, & Nishino S. (2017). Pharmacologic Management of Excessive Daytime .... Sleep medicine clinics, 28778242.
Q.
What is the difference between hallucinations and delusions?
A.
Hallucinations are when you see or hear things that aren't there, while delusions are strong beliefs that are not based in reality.
References:
Zigler E, & Levine J. (1983). Hallucinations vs. Delusions. A Developmental Approach. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 6827252.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6827252/
Carota A, & Bogousslavsky J. (2019). Neurology versus Psychiatry? Hallucinations, Delusions, .... Frontiers of neurology and neuroscience, 31220856.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31220856/
Maher BA. (2006). The relationship between delusions and hallucinations. Current psychiatry reports, 19817067.
Q.
What is the meaning of narcolepsy and how does it affect daily life?
A.
Narcolepsy is a type of sleep disorder that makes people very sleepy during the day, affecting daily activities.
References:
Chavda V, Chaurasia B, Umana GE, Tomasi SO, Lu B, & Montemurro N. (2022). Narcolepsy-A Neuropathological Obscure Sleep Disorder. Brain sciences, 36358399.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36358399/
Bassetti CLA, Adamantidis A, Burdakov D, Han F, Gay S, Kallweit U, et al. (2019). Narcolepsy - clinical spectrum, aetiopathophysiology, .... Nature reviews. Neurology, 31324898.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31324898/
Malter M, Neuneier J, Triller A, & Kallweit U. (2021). [Narcolepsy in adults: Definition, etiology and treatment]. Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie, 33339064.
Q.
What is the meaning of sleep paralysis in medical terms?
A.
In medical terms, sleep paralysis is a type of REM parasomnia. A REM parasomnia involves undesired events that happen during transition in or out of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep. Sleep paralysis is the experience of being awake but unable to move, either when falling asleep or waking up.
References:
Herrero NL, Gallo FT, Gasca-Rolín M, Gleiser PM, & Forcato C. (2023). Spontaneous and induced out-of-body experiences during .... Journal of sleep research, 36053735.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36053735/
McNally RJ, & Clancy SA. (2005). Sleep paralysis, sexual abuse, and space alien abduction. Transcultural psychiatry, 15881271.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15881271/
Jalal B, & Ramachandran VS. (2014). Sleep paralysis and "the bedroom intruder". Medical hypotheses, 25459150.
Q.
What is the phenomenon called when you wake up and see things that aren't there?
A.
When you wake up and see things that aren't there, it might be a type of hallucination related to sleep. These experiences can happen during transitions between sleep and waking up.
References:
Bressloff PC, Cowan JD, Golubitsky M, Thomas PJ, & Wiener MC. (2002). What geometric visual hallucinations tell us about the .... Neural computation, 11860679.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11860679/
Herrero NL, Gallo FT, Gasca-Rolín M, Gleiser PM, & Forcato C. (2023). Spontaneous and induced out-of-body experiences during .... Journal of sleep research, 36053735.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36053735/
Felthous AR, Wenger PJ, & Hoevet R. (2010). Acute psychosis associated with dissociated sleep- .... Pharmacotherapy, 20334466.
Q.
What medical conditions could cause me to feel light-headed and tired constantly?
A.
Feeling light-headed and tired all the time can be due to conditions like gastroparesis, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
References:
Cherian D, Paladugu S, Pathikonda M, & Parkman HP. (2012). Fatigue: a prevalent symptom in gastroparesis. Digestive diseases and sciences, 22669206.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22669206/
Pollak L, & Stryjer R. (2015). Fatigue during an episode of benign paroxysmal positional .... European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 24728232.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24728232/
Newton JL. (2010). Systemic symptoms in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Digestive diseases (Basel, Switzerland), 20460914.
Q.
What methods can help stop or manage tactile hallucinations?
A.
Tactile hallucinations can be managed by addressing underlying causes, such as medication side effects or vitamin deficiencies.
References:
Funakawa I, & Jinnai K. (2005). [Tactile hallucinations induced by trihexyphenidyl in a .... Rinsho shinkeigaku = Clinical neurology, 15782612.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15782612/
Carter E, Banerjee S, Alexopoulos GS, Bingham KS, Marino P, Meyers BS, et al. (2025). A machine learning approach. Journal of affective disorders, 40187431.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40187431/
Sahu P, Thippeswamy H, & Chaturvedi SK. (2022). Neuropsychiatric manifestations in vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamins and hormones, 35337631.
Q.
What might cause me to fall asleep immediately after work, and how can I manage it?
A.
Falling asleep right after work could be due to your body's internal clock being off or working long hours. You can try setting a regular sleep schedule and limiting work hours if possible.
References:
Wagner DR. (1999). Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders. Current treatment options in neurology, 11096717.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11096717/
Virtanen M, Ferrie JE, Gimeno D, Vahtera J, Elovainio M, Singh-Manoux A, et al. (2009). Long working hours and sleep disturbances: the Whitehall .... Sleep, 19544749.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19544749/
Choi H, Lee S, Jeon MJ, & Min YS. (2020). data from the 5th Korean Working Conditions Survey. Annals of occupational and environmental medicine, 34754456.
Q.
What might cause my eyes to feel heavy and tired constantly?
A.
Your eyes might feel heavy and tired if you are not getting enough sleep, experiencing a side effect from a medication, and/or experiencing a health condition.
References:
Filtness AJ, Anund A, Fors C, Ahlström C, Akerstedt T, & Kecklund G. (2014). Sleep-related eye symptoms and their potential for .... Journal of sleep research, 24861146.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24861146/
Zdebik N, Zdebik A, Bogusławska J, Przeździecka-Dołyk J, & Turno-Kręcicka A. (2021). Fibromyalgia syndrome and the eye-A review. Survey of ophthalmology, 32512032.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32512032/
Lee JD, Kim HY, Park JJ, Oh SB, Goo H, Cho KJ, et al. (2021). Metabolomics approach to biomarkers of dry eye disease .... Journal of toxicology and environmental health. Part A, 33393448.
Q.
What might cause sudden onset muscle weakness and how can it be treated?
A.
Sudden muscle weakness can be caused by many things, like nerve problems or infections, and treatment depends on the cause.
References:
Larson ST, & Wilbur J. (2020). Muscle Weakness in Adults: Evaluation and Differential .... American family physician, 31939642.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31939642/
Antoniuk SA. (2013). [Acute muscle weakness: differential diagnoses]. Revista de neurologia, 23897142.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23897142/
Nayak R. (2017). Practical approach to the patient with acute neuromuscular .... World journal of clinical cases, 28798922.
Q.
What might cause sudden tiredness in the mid-afternoon?
A.
Sudden tiredness in the afternoon can be due to various factors, including poor sleep quality, certain medications, and health conditions affecting sleep.
References:
Cockcroft K, Ashwal J, & Bentley A. (2009). Sleep and daytime sleepiness in methylphenidate .... African journal of psychiatry, 20033109.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20033109/
Newman AB, Spiekerman CF, Enright P, Lefkowitz D, Manolio T, Reynolds CF, & Robbins J. (2000). Daytime sleepiness predicts mortality and cardiovascular .... Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 10682939.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10682939/
Chedraui P, Pérez-López FR, Mendoza M, Leimberg ML, Martínez MA, Vallarino V, & Hidalgo L. (2010). Factors related to increased daytime sleepiness during the .... Maturitas, 19945237.
Q.
What physiological processes cause sleep paralysis to occur?
A.
Sleep paralysis happens when your body is unable to move during sleep, even though your mind is awake. This occurs because the body stays in a relaxed state while the brain becomes alert.
References:
Stefani A, & Högl B. (2021). Nightmare Disorder and Isolated Sleep Paralysis. Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics, 33230689.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33230689/
Abrams MP, Mulligan AD, Carleton RN, & Asmundson GJ. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of sleep paralysis in adults .... Journal of anxiety disorders, 18436428.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18436428/
Sharpless BA. (2016). A clinician's guide to recurrent isolated sleep paralysis. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 27486325.
Q.
What strategies can help me stay asleep throughout the night?
A.
To stay asleep all night, try keeping a regular sleep schedule and creating a bedtime routine. Avoid caffeine and electronics before bed.
References:
Wagner DR. (1999). Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders. Current treatment options in neurology, 11096717.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11096717/
Abad VC, & Guilleminault C. (2018). Insomnia in Elderly Patients: Recommendations for .... Drugs & aging, 30058034.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30058034/
Chaput JP, Dutil C, Featherstone R, Ross R, Giangregorio L, Saunders TJ, et al. (2020). Sleep timing, sleep consistency, and health in adults. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme, 33054339.
Q.
What tests are used to diagnose narcolepsy?
A.
To diagnose narcolepsy, one common approach doctors often use is a combination of tests. The first test is called polysomnography (PSG), which is an overnight test in a specialized test facility. The morning after the PSG, there is a second test called the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), which measures how quickly a person falls asleep in a quiet environment during the day.
References:
Arand DL, & Bonnet MH. (2019). The multiple sleep latency test. Handbook of clinical neurology, 31277864.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31277864/
Folkerts M, Rosenthal L, Roehrs T, Krstevska S, Murlidhar A, Zorick F, et al. (1996). The reliability of the diagnostic features in patients with .... Biological psychiatry, 8830954.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8830954/
Aldrich MS, Chervin RD, & Malow BA. (1997). Value of the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) for .... Sleep, 9351129.
Q.
What triggers a cataplexy attack and how can it be managed?
A.
Cataplexy attacks are often triggered by strong emotions like laughter or surprise. Management includes avoiding known triggers and, in some cases, medication under medical supervision.
References:
Dauvilliers Y, Siegel JM, Lopez R, Torontali ZA, & Peever JH. (2014). Cataplexy--clinical aspects, pathophysiology and .... Nature reviews. Neurology, 24890646.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24890646/
Pillen S, Pizza F, Dhondt K, Scammell TE, & Overeem S. (2017). Cataplexy and Its Mimics: Clinical Recognition and .... Current treatment options in neurology, 28478511.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28478511/
de Zambotti M, Pizza F, Covassin N, Vandi S, Cellini N, Stegagno L, & Plazzi G. (2014). Facing emotions in narcolepsy with cataplexy. Journal of sleep research, 24635684.
Q.
What types of hallucinations are commonly experienced with narcolepsy?
A.
People with narcolepsy often experience hallucinations that can be visual, like seeing things that aren't there, or auditory, like hearing sounds that aren't real.
References:
Waters F, & Fernyhough C. (2017). Hallucinations: A Systematic Review of Points of Similarity .... Schizophrenia bulletin, 27872259.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27872259/
Collerton D, Barnes J, Diederich NJ, Dudley R, Ffytche D, Friston K, et al. (2023). Understanding visual hallucinations: A new synthesis. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 37141962.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37141962/
Manford M, & Andermann F. (1998). Complex visual hallucinations. Clinical and .... Brain : a journal of neurology, 9798740.
Q.
Why do people often describe a 'demon' during sleep paralysis?
A.
People often describe seeing a 'demon' during sleep paralysis due to cultural stories and the frightening sensations of being unable to move while half-awake.
References:
Cox AM. (2015). Sleep paralysis and folklore. JRSM open, 28008370.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28008370/
de Sá JF, & Mota-Rolim SA. (2016). Sleep Paralysis in Brazilian Folklore and Other Cultures. Frontiers in psychology, 27656151.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27656151/
Aina OF, & Famuyiwa OO. (2007). Ogun Oru: a traditional explanation for nocturnal .... Transcultural psychiatry, 17379609.
Q.
Why does muscle weakness occur after a stroke and how can it be rehabilitated?
A.
Muscle weakness after a stroke happens because the brain can't control muscles well anymore, and it can be improved with exercises and therapy.
References:
Gray V, Rice CL, & Garland SJ. (2012). Factors that influence muscle weakness following stroke .... Physiotherapy Canada. Physiotherapie Canada, 23997398.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23997398/
Rabelo M, Nunes GS, da Costa Amante NM, de Noronha M, & Fachin-Martins E. (2016). Reliability of muscle strength assessment in chronic post- .... Topics in stroke rehabilitation, 26243549.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26243549/
Ramsay JW, Barrance PJ, Buchanan TS, & Higginson JS. (2011). Paretic muscle atrophy and non-contractile tissue content .... Journal of biomechanics, 21945568.
Q.
Why might I experience hallucinations when waking up?
A.
Hallucinations when waking up might happen because of sleep paralysis or out-of-body experiences, which can occur during sleep transitions.
References:
McNally RJ, & Clancy SA. (2005). Sleep paralysis, sexual abuse, and space alien abduction. Transcultural psychiatry, 15881271.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15881271/
Herrero NL, Gallo FT, Gasca-Rolín M, Gleiser PM, & Forcato C. (2023). Spontaneous and induced out-of-body experiences during .... Journal of sleep research, 36053735.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36053735/
Bogan R, Thorpy MJ, Berkowitz S, & Gudeman J. (2025). How once-nightly sodium oxybate is processed in the body .... Journal of comparative effectiveness research, 40151979.
Q.
Can stress lead to or worsen narcolepsy?
A.
Yes, stress can be a cause of or even worsen narcolepsy
References:
BaHammam, Ahmed S., Kholoud Alnakshabandi, and Seithikuruppu R. Pandi-Perumal. "Neuropsychiatric correlates of narcolepsy." Current Psychiatry Reports 22 (2020): 1-11.
Broughton WA, Broughton RJ. Psychosocial impact of narcolepsy. Sleep. 1994 Dec;17(8 Suppl):S45-9. doi: 10.1093/sleep/17.suppl_8.s45. PMID: 7701199.
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https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMra1500587Hanin C, Arnulf I, Maranci JB, Lecendreux M, Levinson DF, Cohen D, Laurent-Levinson C. Narcolepsy and psychosis: A systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2021 Jul;144(1):28-41. doi: 10.1111/acps.13300. Epub 2021 May 5. PMID: 33779983; PMCID: PMC8360149.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acps.13300