Period Cramps
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Try one of these related symptoms.
Period pain
Dysmenorrhea
Cramping pain in lower abdomen
Heavy period
Ovulation pain is terrible
About the Symptom
Period cramps also known as menstrual cramps are a normal part of the regular menstrual cycle. Most women will have some pain and discomfort related to period bleeding that will resolve on its own in a few days. Heavier bleeding or severe pain that causes disturbance in day to day activities and missing school or work would be considered abnormal.
When to See a Doctor
Seek professional care if you experience any of the following symptoms
- Intermenstrual bleeding
- Abnormal menstruation
- Menstrual abnormality (duration or volume)
- Low back pain
- Pelvic pain
- Lower abdominal pain
- Abdominal pain
Possible Causes
Generally, Period cramps can be related to:
- Functional Dysmenorrhea
Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for pain with menstruation. For most women this is mild and tolerable, but for some it can be severe and cause interference in living their life and doing normal activities. Primary or functional dysmenorrhea means the common menstrual cramps/pain that recur with each cycle and is not due to other diseases. This pain is from the natural cramping of the uterus as it sheds it lining, and typically gets better after the first few days. Secondary dysmenorrhea is due to some problem within the reproductive system. Functional dysmenorrhea is usually diagnosed only after other investigations (e.g. ultrasound) do not find any abnormalities responsible for the pain.
- Endometriosis
A condition where endometrial cells (cells that line the womb) grow outside the uterus, typically near the ovaries or fallopian tubes. It is a common cause of pelvic pain, that can worsen with menstruation. The exact cause is unclear but there are several possible explanations, including the backward flow of menstrual blood into the abdominal cavity, immune system disorders, or transformation of normal abdominal cells. It is typically seen in reproductive aged women, and most often diagnosed in their 30's and 40's. It can cause infertility in some patients due to scarring of the fallopian tubes.
- Adenomyosis
Adenomyosis is a condition of the uterus (womb) that can occur in women. It occurs when cells of the uterine lining (endometrium) migrate or grow into the muscle layer (myometrium). This can cause the uterus to enlarge, and make menstruation more painful and heavier than normal. While it is not dangerous on its own, it can be very uncomfortable for patients and can affect their enjoyment of life. The heavy bleeding can also make patients anemic and affect their medical health. The exact cause is not known but uterine adenomyosis is more common in women who are in their 30's and 40's and have had children.
- Migraine
- Cesarean Scar Syndrome
- Miscarriage
- Tension Headache
- Uterine Fibroids
- Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
- Anemia
Doctor's Diagnostic Questions
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this symptom:
- Are you experiencing menstrual cramps?
- When did you first start experiencing menstrual cramps?
- How frequently do you experience severe menstrual cramps?
- How would you describe the severity of your menstrual cramps or discomfort?
- How are your menstrual cramps now?
Reviewed By:
Ravi P. Chokshi, MD (Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN), Critical Care)
Current Maternal Fetal Medicine Fellow with Dual board certification in Obstetrics & Gynecology and Critical Care Medicine. | 5+ years experience managing a general Ob/Gyn practice and working in the Intensive Care Unit. | Previously Physician Lead of a large single specialty practice with 8 Physicians and 10+ Advanced practitioners. | Member of the Society of Maternal Fetal Medicine Patient education committee. | Frequent Medscape Consult contributor.
Seiji Kanazawa, MD, PHD (Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBGYN))
Dr. Kanazawa graduated from the Niigata University Faculty of Medicine and received his Ph.D. from the Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine. He is working on the front line of the General Perinatal Center, including the Tokyo Tama General Medical Center and the National Center for Research in Fertility Medicine, where he provides maternal and fetal care and undertakes clinical research. At Ubie, Dr. Kanazawa has been designing the Ubie AI Symptom Checker and has taken on the role of general obstetrics and gynecology consultation at FMC Tokyo Clinic by providing fetal ultrasound and prenatal consultation.
Content updated on Feb 6, 2025
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
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FAQs
Q.
Are period cramps similar to contractions?
A.
Period cramps and contractions during pregnancy are both caused by the uterus tightening, but they happen for different reasons and can feel different. Always reach out to a healthcare provider if cramps are severe, worsening, or if you have any concerns during pregnancy.
References:
Rosenwaks Z, & Seegar-Jones G. (1980). Menstrual pain: its origin and pathogenesis. The Journal of reproductive medicine, 7001019.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7001019/
de Ziegler D, Bulletti C, Fanchin R, Epiney M, & Brioschi PA. (2001). Contractility of the nonpregnant uterus: the follicular phase. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 11594539.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11594539/
Lumsden MA, & Baird DT. (1985). Intra-uterine pressure in dysmenorrhea. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 3984694.
Q.
How can back pain associated with periods be managed effectively?
A.
Optionals for managing back pain during periods include over-the-counter medication, acupressure, exercise, and chiropractic care.
References:
Chen HM, Wang HH, Chiu MH, & Hu HM. (2015). Effects of acupressure on menstrual distress and low back .... Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses, 25175554.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25175554/
Armour M, Ee CC, Naidoo D, Ayati Z, Chalmers KJ, Steel KA, et al. (2019). Exercise for dysmenorrhoea. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 31538328.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31538328/
Liebl NA, & Butler LM. (1990). A chiropractic approach to the treatment of dysmenorrhea. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics, 2137850.
Q.
How is a heavy period medically defined?
A.
A heavy period, medically known as heavy menstrual bleeding, is when a person has very heavy or long-lasting menstrual flow.
References:
James AH. (2016). Heavy menstrual bleeding: work-up and management. Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program, 27913486.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27913486/
Perelló J, Rius Tarruella J, & Calaf J. (2021). Heavy menstrual bleeding and its detection in clinical .... Medicina clinica, 33840528.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33840528/
Borzutzky C, & Jaffray J. (2020). Diagnosis and Management of Heavy Menstrual Bleeding .... JAMA pediatrics, 31886837.
Q.
Is it normal to experience period-like cramps during the third trimester of pregnancy?
A.
Yes, it is common to feel period-like cramps during the third trimester, often due to Braxton Hicks contractions.
References:
Raines DA, & Cooper DB. (2025). Braxton Hicks Contractions. Unknown Journal, 29262073.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29262073/
Hertz G, Fast A, Feinsilver SH, Albertario CL, Schulman H, & Fein AM. (1992). Sleep in normal late pregnancy. Sleep, 1621025.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1621025/
Duan YF, Wang J, Jiang S, Bi Y, Pang XH, Yin SA, & Yang ZY. (2018). [Prevalence of calf muscle cramps and influencing factors .... Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine], 29334702.
Q.
What are the health implications of experiencing heavy period bleeding?
A.
Heavy period bleeding can lower quality of life and cause health issues like iron deficiency, anemia, and tiredness.
References:
Karlsson TS, Marions LB, & Edlund MG. (2014). Heavy menstrual bleeding significantly affects quality of life. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 24266506.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24266506/
Munro MG. (2023). Heavy menstrual bleeding, iron deficiency, and .... International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 37538011.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37538011/
Nelson AL, & Ritchie JJ. (2015). Severe anemia from heavy menstrual bleeding requires .... American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 25935784.
Q.
What are the most effective medicines for treating period cramps?
A.
Naproxen and ibuprofen are effective medicines for treating period cramps by reducing menstrual prostaglandins. Another over-the-counter option is acetaminophen or paracetamol, which can also help relieve pain.
References:
Daniels SE, Paredes-Diaz A, An R, Centofanti R, & Tajaddini A. (2019). a double-blind, randomized, single-dose, crossover study. Current medical research and opinion, 31397597.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31397597/
Chan WY, Fuchs F, & Powell AM. (1983). Effects of naproxen sodium on menstrual prostaglandins .... Obstetrics and gynecology, 6571974.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6571974/
Christelle K, Norhayati MN, & Jaafar SH. (2022). Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding .... The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 36017945.
Q.
What are the most effective treatments for dysmenorrhea?
A.
The most effective treatments for dysmenorrhea include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and hormonal therapies like birth control pills, which help reduce pain and regulate menstrual cycles.
References:
French L. (2008). Dysmenorrhea in adolescents: diagnosis and treatment. Paediatric drugs, 18162003.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18162003/
Kirsch E, Rahman S, Kerolus K, Hasan R, Kowalska DB, Desai A, & Bergese SD. (2024). Dysmenorrhea, a Narrative Review of Therapeutic Options. Journal of pain research, 39161419.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39161419/
Itani R, Soubra L, Karout S, Rahme D, Karout L, & Khojah HMJ. (2022). Primary Dysmenorrhea: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and .... Korean journal of family medicine, 35320895.
Q.
What are the potential causes of heavy bleeding during a period?
A.
Heavy bleeding during a period can be caused by various factors, including hormonal imbalances, uterine problems, or blood disorders. It's important for a healthcare provider to identify the cause so that the bleeding can be managed effectively.
References:
James AH. (2016). Heavy menstrual bleeding: work-up and management. Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program, 27913486.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27913486/
Luiro K, & Holopainen E. (2022). Heavy Menstrual Bleeding in Adolescent: Normal or a Sign .... Seminars in reproductive medicine, 34734398.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34734398/
Rajpurkar M, O'Brien SH, Haamid FW, Cooper DL, Gunawardena S, & Chitlur M. (2016). Heavy Menstrual Bleeding as a Common Presenting .... Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology, 26876967.
Q.
What are the symptoms and treatment options for primary dysmenorrhea?
A.
Primary dysmenorrhea is painful menstrual cramps that happen without any other medical issue. Common treatments include over-the-counter pain relief (such as ibuprofen), heat therapy, and lifestyle changes like exercise.
References:
Coco AS. (1999). Primary dysmenorrhea. American family physician, 10465224.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10465224/
Ferries-Rowe E, Corey E, & Archer JS. (2020). Primary Dysmenorrhea: Diagnosis and Therapy. Obstetrics and gynecology, 33030880.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33030880/
Itani R, Soubra L, Karout S, Rahme D, Karout L, & Khojah HMJ. (2022). Primary Dysmenorrhea: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and .... Korean journal of family medicine, 35320895.
Q.
What causes period-like cramps during pregnancy?
A.
Period-like cramps during pregnancy can be a sign of preterm labor. Another possible cause is Braxton Hicks contractions, which are a normal part of pregnancy. It's important to pay attention to these symptoms and consult a healthcare provider as soon as possible. A healthcare provider can determine the cause of these symptoms and the best course of action.
References:
Iams JD, Stilson R, Johnson FF, Williams RA, & Rice R. (1990). Symptoms that precede preterm labor and .... American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2137968.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2137968/
Katz M, Goodyear K, & Creasy RK. (1990). Early signs and symptoms of preterm labor. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2140235.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2140235/
Ertmann RK, Nicolaisdottir DR, Kragstrup J, Overbeck G, Kriegbaum M, & Siersma V. (2023). The predictive value of common symptoms in early .... Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 36300886.
Q.
What criteria define a period as being heavy?
A.
A heavy period, medically known as heavy menstrual bleeding, is when a person has very heavy menstrual flow or menstrual flow lasting longer than 7 days.
References:
Davies J, & Kadir RA. (2017). Heavy menstrual bleeding: An update on management. Thrombosis research, 28262240.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28262240/
Warner PE, Critchley HO, Lumsden MA, Campbell-Brown M, Douglas A, & Murray GD. (2004). Menorrhagia I: measured blood loss, clinical features, and .... American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 15167821.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15167821/
Janssen CA, Scholten PC, & Heintz AP. (1998). Reconsidering menorrhagia in gynecological practice. Is a .... European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 9605452.
Q.
What distinguishes secondary dysmenorrhea from primary dysmenorrhea?
A.
Primary dysmenorrhea is common menstrual pain without an underlying condition, while secondary dysmenorrhea is pain due to a medical issue like endometriosis.
References:
(2018). Dysmenorrhea and Endometriosis in the Adolescent. Obstetrics and gynecology, 30461694.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30461694/
McKenna KA, & Fogleman CD. (2021). Dysmenorrhea. American family physician, 34383437.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34383437/
Harada T. (2013). Dysmenorrhea and endometriosis in young women. Yonago acta medica, 24574576.
Q.
What factors can exacerbate period cramps?
A.
Period cramps can be worsened by factors such as diet, hormonal changes, and lifestyle habits.
References:
Rosenwaks Z, & Seegar-Jones G. (1980). Menstrual pain: its origin and pathogenesis. The Journal of reproductive medicine, 7001019.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7001019/
Nagata C, Hirokawa K, Shimizu N, & Shimizu H. (2005). Associations of menstrual pain with intakes of soy, fat and .... European journal of clinical nutrition, 15340367.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15340367/
Harlow SD, & Park M. (1996). A longitudinal study of risk factors for the occurrence, .... British journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 8917003.
Q.
What might cause heavy periods with clots in women over 40?
A.
Heavy periods with clots in women over 40 can be due to various causes, including hormonal changes, fibroids, or other medical conditions.
References:
Brenner PF. (1996). Differential diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 8828559.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8828559/
Blum M, & Blum G. (1992). The possible relationship between menorrhagia and occult .... Advances in contraception : the official journal of the Society for the Advancement of Contraception, 1290333.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1290333/
Kadir RA, Sabin CA, Pollard D, Lee CA, & Economides DL. (1998). Quality of life during menstruation in patients with inherited .... Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia, 10028306.
Q.
What natural remedies are effective against period cramps?
A.
Natural remedies like a heating pad, exercise, eating a balanced diet, and staying hydrated can help period cramps. Cinnamon, fennel, and ginger supplements may also help reduce period cramps, but more research on these natural supplements is needed.
References:
Proctor ML, & Murphy PA. (2001). Herbal and dietary therapies for primary and secondary .... The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 11687013.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687013/
Xu Y, Yang Q, & Wang X. (2020). Efficacy of herbal medicine (cinnamon/fennel/ginger) for .... The Journal of international medical research, 32603204.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32603204/
Chen YC, Chiang YF, Lin YJ, Huang KC, Chen HY, Hamdy NM, et al. (2023). A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized .... Nutrients, 37447156.
Q.
What should be done if someone experiences an extremely heavy period?
A.
If someone has a very heavy period, they should see a doctor to find out why it's happening and get treatment. Treatment can vary based on the cause. Some options might include medications to reduce bleeding or procedures to address any underlying issues.
References:
James AH. (2016). Heavy menstrual bleeding: work-up and management. Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program, 27913486.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27913486/
Munro MG. (2023). Heavy menstrual bleeding, iron deficiency, and .... International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 37538011.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37538011/
Arvidsson B, Ekenved G, Rybo G, & Sölvell L. (1981). Iron prophylaxis in menorrhagia. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 7246080.
Q.
What should you do if period cramps feel similar to labor pains?
A.
If period cramps feel like labor pains, it might be due to the intensity and nature of menstrual pain. Consider seeking medical advice if the pain is severe or unusual.
References:
Melzack R, & Bélanger E. (1989). correlations with menstrual pain and acute low-back pain .... Pain, 2521931.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2521931/
Rosenwaks Z, & Seegar-Jones G. (1980). Menstrual pain: its origin and pathogenesis. The Journal of reproductive medicine, 7001019.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7001019/
Iams JD, Stilson R, Johnson FF, Williams RA, & Rice R. (1990). Symptoms that precede preterm labor and .... American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 2137968.
Q.
When should someone seek medical advice for unbearable period pain?
A.
Seek medical advice for unbearable period pain if it disrupts daily activities or if over-the-counter treatments don't help.
References:
Eryilmaz G, & Ozdemir F. (2009). Evaluation of menstrual pain management approaches by .... Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses, 19264282.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19264282/
Schoep ME, Nieboer TE, van der Zanden M, Braat DDM, & Nap AW. (2019). The impact of menstrual symptoms on everyday life. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 30885768.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30885768/
Cortes H, Hernández-Parra H, Bernal-Chávez SA, Caballero-Florán IH, Aguilar-Vázquez R, Del Prado-Audelo ML, et al. (2023). Current Status of the Therapeutic Approach for .... Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France), 37300689.
Q.
Which drinks are known to help alleviate period cramps?
A.
Increasing water intake may help reduce period cramps in some young women. Some herbal and dietary supplements (like rose tea) may also help some individuals, but more research on these supplements is needed.
References:
Tseng YF, Chen CH, & Yang YH. (2005). Rose tea for relief of primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Journal of midwifery & women's health, 16154059.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16154059/
Torkan B, Mousavi M, Dehghani S, Hajipour L, Sadeghi N, Ziaei Rad M, & Montazeri A. (2021). The role of water intake in the severity of pain and .... BMC women's health, 33509179.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33509179/
Aker MN, Gönenç İM, Çalişici D, Bulut M, Alwazeer D, & LeBaron TW. (2024). The effect of hydrogen-rich water consumption on .... BMC women's health, 38532373.
Q.
Which medicines are most commonly prescribed for period cramps?
A.
Common medicines for period cramps include medications like ibuprofen or naproxen. Hormonal treatments, like birth control pills, are also effective and commonly prescribed by healthcare providers.
References:
Proctor ML, & Murphy PA. (2001). Herbal and dietary therapies for primary and secondary .... The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 11687013.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687013/
Daniels SE, Paredes-Diaz A, An R, Centofanti R, & Tajaddini A. (2019). a double-blind, randomized, single-dose, crossover study. Current medical research and opinion, 31397597.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31397597/
Christelle K, Norhayati MN, & Jaafar SH. (2022). Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding .... The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 36017945.
Q.
Why might someone experience period cramps without having a period?
A.
Cramps without a period can be due to various health conditions, including conditions involving the female reproductive organs, bowels, or bladder. In some cases, cramps without a period can be normal ovulation pain. Always reach out to a healthcare provider for personalized medical advice if your cramps are severe, worsening, or if you have any other concerns.
References:
Mann G, Shirin S, Bann S, Yong PJ, Kalidasan D, Goshtasebi A, & Prior JC. (2024). Menstrual Cramps in Anovulatory versus Normally .... Journal of pain research, 39005755.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39005755/
Walker EA, Katon WJ, Neraas K, Jemelka RP, & Massoth D. (1992). Dissociation in women with chronic pelvic pain. The American journal of psychiatry, 1554041.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1554041/
Estibeiro V, Juntunen A, Bond JC, & Harlow BL. (2022). Menstrual Cycle Characteristics and Vulvodynia. Journal of women's health (2002), 35041490.
Q.
At what age do individuals typically start experiencing period pain?
A.
Period pain usually starts when girls begin having their menstrual cycles, which can be as early as their teenage years.
References:
Grandi G, Ferrari S, Xholli A, Cannoletta M, Palma F, Romani C, et al. (2012). Prevalence of menstrual pain in young women: what is .... Journal of pain research, 22792003.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22792003/
Eryilmaz G, & Ozdemir F. (2009). Evaluation of menstrual pain management approaches by .... Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses, 19264282.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19264282/
Hirata M, Kumabe K, & Inoue Y. (2002). [Relationship between the frequency of menstrual pain and .... [Nihon koshu eisei zasshi] Japanese journal of public health, 12138714.
Q.
How can lifestyle changes help reduce period cramps?
A.
Exercising and doing yoga can help reduce period cramps by improving physical fitness and relieving pain.
References:
Armour M, Ee CC, Naidoo D, Ayati Z, Chalmers KJ, Steel KA, et al. (2019). Exercise for dysmenorrhoea. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 31538328.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31538328/
Daley AJ. (2008). Exercise and primary dysmenorrhoea : a comprehensive .... Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 18620466.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18620466/
Yonglitthipagon P, Muansiangsai S, Wongkhumngern W, Donpunha W, Chanavirut R, Siritaratiwat W, et al. (2017). Effect of yoga on the menstrual pain, physical fitness, and .... Journal of bodywork and movement therapies, 29037637.
Q.
How can you differentiate between period cramps and early pregnancy cramps?
A.
Period cramps and early pregnancy cramps can feel similar, but they often differ in timing and accompanying symptoms. An at-home pregnancy test can also help distinguish between them.
References:
Ertmann RK, Nicolaisdottir DR, Kragstrup J, Overbeck G, Kriegbaum M, & Siersma V. (2023). The predictive value of common symptoms in early .... Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 36300886.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36300886/
Melzack R, & Bélanger E. (1989). correlations with menstrual pain and acute low-back pain .... Pain, 2521931.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2521931/
Hellström B, & Anderberg UM. (2003). Pain perception across the menstrual cycle phases in .... Perceptual and motor skills, 12705527.
Q.
How common are period cramps among menstruating individuals?
A.
Period cramps, also known as dysmenorrhea, are very common among menstruating individuals, affecting a significant number of them.
References:
Ní Chéileachair F, McGuire BE, & Durand H. (2022). Coping with dysmenorrhea: a qualitative analysis of period .... BMC women's health, 36199106.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36199106/
Oladosu FA, Tu FF, Farhan S, Garrison EF, Steiner ND, Roth GE, & Hellman KM. (2018). Abdominal skeletal muscle activity precedes spontaneous .... American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 29733841.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29733841/
Daley AJ. (2008). Exercise and primary dysmenorrhoea : a comprehensive .... Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 18620466.
Q.
How would you describe the sensation of period cramps?
A.
Period cramps often feel like a dull or throbbing pain in the lower belly, similar to muscle spasms or a heavy, aching sensation.
References:
Hightower M. (1997). Effects of exercise participation on menstrual pain and .... Women & health, 9525266.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9525266/
Oladosu FA, Tu FF, Farhan S, Garrison EF, Steiner ND, Roth GE, & Hellman KM. (2018). Abdominal skeletal muscle activity precedes spontaneous .... American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 29733841.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29733841/
Teperi J, & Rimpelä M. (1989). Menstrual pain, health and behaviour in girls - PubMed. Social science & medicine (1982), 2787534.
Q.
What are effective techniques to relieve period cramps?
A.
To relieve period cramps, using heat therapy, over-the-counter pain relief, and trying certain herbal or dietary methods can be effective.
References:
Proctor ML, & Murphy PA. (2001). Herbal and dietary therapies for primary and secondary .... The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 11687013.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687013/
Daniels SE, Paredes-Diaz A, An R, Centofanti R, & Tajaddini A. (2019). a double-blind, randomized, single-dose, crossover study. Current medical research and opinion, 31397597.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31397597/
zakrzewska JM. (2013). Differential diagnosis of facial pain and guidelines for .... British journal of anaesthesia, 23794651.
Q.
What are some immediate home remedies to stop period pain?
A.
For immediate relief from period pain, over-the-counter medications like ibuprofen, acetaminophen, or paracetamol can be effective. Using heat therapy can be effective. Herbal and dietary therapies might also help, though more research is needed.
References:
Proctor ML, & Murphy PA. (2001). Herbal and dietary therapies for primary and secondary .... The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 11687013.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687013/
Livshits A, Machtinger R, David LB, Spira M, Moshe-Zahav A, & Seidman DS. (2009). Ibuprofen and paracetamol for pain relief during medical .... Fertility and sterility, 18359021.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18359021/
Wald A. (1999). Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Current treatment options in gastroenterology, 11096567.
Q.
What are the potential causes of heavy periods?
A.
Heavy periods can be caused by hormonal imbalances, bleeding disorders, or structural problems in the uterus.
References:
James AH. (2016). Heavy menstrual bleeding: work-up and management. Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program, 27913486.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27913486/
Luiro K, & Holopainen E. (2022). Heavy Menstrual Bleeding in Adolescent: Normal or a Sign .... Seminars in reproductive medicine, 34734398.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34734398/
Djambas Khayat C, Gouider E, von Mackensen S, & Abdul Kadir R. (2020). Heavy menstrual bleeding in women with inherited .... Haemophilia : the official journal of the World Federation of Hemophilia, 32356352.
Q.
What are the underlying causes of period cramps?
A.
Period cramps are mainly caused by substances called prostaglandins, which make the uterus contract. These contractions can cause pain and discomfort during menstruation.
References:
Rosenwaks Z, & Seegar-Jones G. (1980). Menstrual pain: its origin and pathogenesis. The Journal of reproductive medicine, 7001019.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7001019/
Deligeoroglou E. (2000). Dysmenorrhea. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 10818411.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10818411/
Friederich MA. (1983). Dysmenorrhea. Women & health, 6685410.
Q.
What can be done to quickly alleviate period cramps while in bed?
A.
To quickly ease period cramps while in bed, you can try using medications like ibuprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen, or paracetamol. Heat therapy, drinking more water, and herbal and dietary options might also help some people.
References:
Proctor ML, & Murphy PA. (2001). Herbal and dietary therapies for primary and secondary .... The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 11687013.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687013/
Taghipour Z, Bahmanzadeh M, & Rahimi R. (2023). The Effects of Clove and Its Constituents on Reproductive .... Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.), 37040058.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37040058/
Torkan B, Mousavi M, Dehghani S, Hajipour L, Sadeghi N, Ziaei Rad M, & Montazeri A. (2021). The role of water intake in the severity of pain and .... BMC women's health, 33509179.
Q.
What could cause a sharp pain in the lower left abdomen for females?
A.
Sharp pain in the lower left abdomen for females can be caused by various conditions, including digestive issues, infections, or problems with reproductive organs.
References:
Hollerweger A, Macheiner P, & Gritzmann N. (2003). Acute left lower quadrant abdominal pain. Ultraschall in der Medizin (Stuttgart, Germany : 1980), 12599037.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12599037/
Yew KS, George MK, & Allred HB. (2023). Acute Abdominal Pain in Adults: Evaluation and Diagnosis. American family physician, 37327158.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37327158/
Bodmer NA, & Thakrar KH. (2015). Evaluating the Patient with Left Lower Quadrant Abdominal .... Radiologic clinics of North America, 26526432.
Q.
What is dysmenorrhea?
A.
Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for painful menstrual periods, which can cause cramping in the lower abdomen.
References:
Deligeoroglou E. (2000). Dysmenorrhea. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 10818411.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10818411/
Kirsch E, Rahman S, Kerolus K, Hasan R, Kowalska DB, Desai A, & Bergese SD. (2024). Dysmenorrhea, a Narrative Review of Therapeutic Options. Journal of pain research, 39161419.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39161419/
Dawood MY. (1985). Dysmenorrhea. The Journal of reproductive medicine, 3158737.
Q.
What medications or supplements are recommended for period cramps?
A.
Ibuprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen, or paracetamol can help period cramps. Some herbal and dietary supplements may help too, but more research on these supplements is needed.
References:
Proctor ML, & Murphy PA. (2001). Herbal and dietary therapies for primary and secondary .... The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 11687013.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687013/
Daniels SE, Paredes-Diaz A, An R, Centofanti R, & Tajaddini A. (2019). a double-blind, randomized, single-dose, crossover study. Current medical research and opinion, 31397597.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31397597/
Chan WY, Fuchs F, & Powell AM. (1983). Effects of naproxen sodium on menstrual prostaglandins .... Obstetrics and gynecology, 6571974.
Q.
What over-the-counter medications provide relief from period pain?
A.
Over-the-counter medications like ibuprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen, or paracetamol can provide relief from period pain. These medications work by reducing inflammation and/or blocking pain signals.
References:
Daniels SE, Paredes-Diaz A, An R, Centofanti R, & Tajaddini A. (2019). a double-blind, randomized, single-dose, crossover study. Current medical research and opinion, 31397597.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31397597/
Proctor ML, & Murphy PA. (2001). Herbal and dietary therapies for primary and secondary .... The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 11687013.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687013/
Chan WY, Fuchs F, & Powell AM. (1983). Effects of naproxen sodium on menstrual prostaglandins .... Obstetrics and gynecology, 6571974.
Q.
What strategies can be used to relieve severe period cramps?
A.
To relieve severe period cramps, you can try using medications like ibuprofen, naproxen, acetaminophen, or paracetamol. Heat therapy and herbal and dietary options might also help some people. These strategies can help reduce the pain and discomfort associated with menstrual cramps.
References:
Proctor ML, & Murphy PA. (2001). Herbal and dietary therapies for primary and secondary .... The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 11687013.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687013/
Chan WY, Fuchs F, & Powell AM. (1983). Effects of naproxen sodium on menstrual prostaglandins .... Obstetrics and gynecology, 6571974.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6571974/
Daniels SE, Paredes-Diaz A, An R, Centofanti R, & Tajaddini A. (2019). a double-blind, randomized, single-dose, crossover study. Current medical research and opinion, 31397597.
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ACOG Patient FAQ
https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/dysmenorrhea-painful-periodsDysmenorrhea and Endometriosis in the Adolescent
https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2018/12/dysmenorrhea-and-endometriosis-in-the-adolescentNagy H, Khan MAB. Dysmenorrhea. [Updated 2022 Jul 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560834/French L. Dysmenorrhea. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Jan 15;71(2):285-91. PMID: 15686299.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15686299/