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Try one of these related symptoms.
My body is jerking
Twitching
Fever seizures (with fever of >100.4°F / 38°C)
Seizures without fever
The first seizure
Repetitive seizures
Seizure with fainting
Seizures when I wake up
I have a seizure that is not symmetric
Recently had a seizure
I am currently having convulsions lasting less than 5 minutes
Experienced a seizure lasting longer than usual but lasting less than 10 minutes
About the Symptom
A seizure or "seizure attack" happens when normal connections in the brain are interrupted. Seizures have different appearances and can include confusion, staring spells, or jerking motions of the arms and legs.
When to See a Doctor
Seek professional care if you experience any of the following symptoms
- Seizure
Possible Causes
Generally, Seizure can be related to:
- MELAS Syndrome
MELAS is a rare genetic disorder that starts in childhood and mainly affects the nervous system and muscles. The disorder is transmitted through the affected person's mother. Typical MELAS symptoms include weak muscles, sudden ("stroke-like") neurological symptoms such as paralysis of the right or left side of the body, blindness, or numbness, in addition to seizures and migraine-like headaches. People who have MELAS are also typically short in size, and have difficulty hearing.
- Benign Infantile Spasm Associated with Mild Gastroenteritis
Benign infantile spasm associated with mild gastroenteritis or Benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (CwG) are benign seizures that occur in infants and children aged between 6 months and 3 years and are associated with acute (viral) gastroenteritis. The pathogens found in the stool of CwG patients are mostly rotavirus or norovirus, which can result in mild dehydration. Short-lasting seizures (≤ 5 minutes) occur in clusters within 24 hours, without provoking features such as fever, abnormal laboratory findings in the blood (e.g., hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, or hypocalcemia), or abnormal results in the cerebrospinal fluid (e.g., central nervous system infection).
- Fatty Acid Metabolism Disorder
Fatty acid metabolism disorders are genetic disorders that result from the body's inability to produce or use an enzyme or protein needed to oxidize fatty acids. This leaves the body unable to produce energy in the liver and muscles from fatty acid sources when all the glucose in the body has been used up.
- Breath Holding Spells
Related Serious Diseases
Sometimes, Seizure may be related to these serious diseases:
- Eclampsia
This is a serious condition with an unknown origin that may start as a combination of symptoms and blood work abnormalities that ends in seizures due to uncontrolled high blood pressure after 20 weeks of pregnancy (and sometimes postpartum). It can lead to severe organ damage and death of both mother and baby if not treated emergently.
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES)
- Febrile Seizure
- Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis (CVT)
- Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders
- Encephalitis / Encephalopathy
Doctor's Diagnostic Questions
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this symptom:
- Have you experienced any seizures?
- When did you first have a seizure?
- How often do you have a seizure?
- Did you have a seizure in the past week?
- Did you have a one-sided seizure?
Reviewed By:
Bret Mobley, MD, MS (Neuropathology)
Dr. Mobley graduated from the University of Michigan Medical School, completing a masters degree in neuroscience between his second and third years of medical school. He trained as a resident in pathology at Stanford University Hospital before joining the faculty of Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville Tennessee in 2010. He was promoted to Associate Professor in 2018 and to Neuropathology Division Director in 2020.
Shohei Harase, MD (Neurology)
Dr. Harase spent his junior and senior high school years in Finland and the U.S. After graduating from the University of Washington (Bachelor of Science, Molecular and Cellular Biology), he worked for Apple Japan Inc. before entering the University of the Ryukyus School of Medicine. He completed his residency at Okinawa Prefectural Chubu Hospital, where he received the Best Resident Award in 2016 and 2017. In 2021, he joined the Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine at the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, specializing in hyperacute stroke.
Yoshinori Abe, MD (Internal Medicine)
Dr. Abe graduated from The University of Tokyo School of Medicine in 2015. He completed his residency at the Tokyo Metropolitan Health and Longevity Medical Center. He co-founded Ubie, Inc. in May 2017, where he currently serves as CEO & product owner at Ubie. Since December 2019, he has been a member of the Special Committee for Activation of Research in Emergency AI of the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine. | | Dr. Abe has been elected in the 2020 Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia Healthcare & Science category.
Content updated on Feb 6, 2025
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
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- Had epileptic seizures
- Blacked out and cannot remember what happened during the seizure
- Convulsions occurred with fever of 100.4°F / 38°C or more
- There was a convulsion that the whole body was jerking
- Alcohol withdrawal with seizures or fits within 2 days
- Child went limp or had a seizure after a crying spell
- Face turned white like a sheet during the seizure
- Epilepsy flares up when I wake up in the morning
- Seizures keep coming back in less than 24 hours
- More than 1 episode of seizures within 24 hours
- There were convulsions only on the right side
- Convulsions happened for the first time
- Convulsions occur over and over again
- Seizure lasting more than 10 minutes
- Breakthrough fits in the past week
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FAQs
Q.
A seizure can be a sign of which underlying health problems?
A.
Seizures can be caused by drinking too much alcohol, brain problems e.g. trauma, structural central nervous system issues, or simply from lack of oxygen, e.g. from asthma.
References:
Hillbom M, Pieninkeroinen I, & Leone M. (2003). Seizures in alcohol-dependent patients: epidemiology, .... CNS drugs, 14594442.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14594442/
Hanine I, Benallel K, Benjelloun R, & Kadiri M. (2024). Seizures, Psychosis, and Cerebral Vascular Malformation. Case reports in psychiatry, 38288394.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38288394/
Keene DL, Melmed CA, Andermann F, & Baxter DW. (1981). Anoxic tonic seizures due to asthma. The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques, 7296429.
Q.
Are fever-induced seizures common in adults?
A.
Fever-induced seizures are rare in adults and are more commonly seen in children.
References:
Berginer VM, Tiberin P, Hirsch M, & Berginer J. (1988). Febrile convulsions in an adult as presenting symptom of .... Epilepsy research, 3197687.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3197687/
Wachtel TJ, Steele GH, & Day JA. (1987). Natural history of fever following seizure. Archives of internal medicine, 3592881.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3592881/
Mizu D, Matsuoka Y, Huh JY, Kamitani Y, Fujiwara S, & Ariyoshi K. (2022). The necessity of lumbar puncture in adult emergency .... The American journal of emergency medicine, 35679654.
Q.
Can a seizure occur while fainting?
A.
Yes, a seizure-like event can happen during fainting, known as convulsive syncope.
References:
Kelly DM, & Costello DJ. (2017). Can syncope cause convulsive seizures in adults?. Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society, 28667576.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28667576/
Brenner RP. (1997). Electroencephalography in syncope. Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society, 9244159.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9244159/
Lin JT, Ziegler DK, Lai CW, & Bayer W. (1982). Convulsive syncope in blood donors. Annals of neurology, 7103429.
Q.
Can absence seizures occur without a diagnosis of epilepsy?
A.
Absence seizures are usually linked to epilepsy, but sometimes they can occur without an epilepsy diagnosis.
References:
Trinka E. (2005). Absences in adult seizure disorders. Acta neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum, 16359428.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16359428/
Kim S, Degrauw T, Berg AT, & Koh S. (2022). Staring Spells: How to Distinguish Epileptic Seizures from .... Journal of child neurology, 35746887.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35746887/
North KN, Ouvrier RA, & Nugent M. (1990). Pseudoseizures caused by hyperventilation resembling .... Journal of child neurology, 2123220.
Q.
Can babies have seizures without a fever, and what might cause this?
A.
Yes, babies can have seizures without a fever, caused by various conditions like epilepsy, brain injury, infections, or metabolic problems.
References:
Chen CY, Chang YJ, & Wu HP. (2010). New-onset seizures in pediatric emergency. Pediatrics and neonatology, 20417461.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20417461/
Bui TT, Delgado CA, & Simon HK. (2002). first-time seizures in children under six months of age .... The American journal of emergency medicine, 12369024.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12369024/
García-Howard M, Herranz-Aguirre M, Moreno-Galarraga L, Urretavizcaya-Martínez M, Alegría-Echauri J, Gorría-Redondo N, et al. (2020). Case Report: Benign Infantile Seizures Temporally .... Frontiers in pediatrics, 32850563.
Q.
Can febrile seizures occur without a fever?
A.
Febrile seizures are seizures that occur with a fever, so they do not occur without one.
References:
Smith DK, Sadler KP, & Benedum M. (2019). Febrile Seizures: Risks, Evaluation, and Prognosis. American family physician, 30932454.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30932454/
Patterson JL, Carapetian SA, Hageman JR, & Kelley KR. (2013). Febrile seizures. Pediatric annals, 24295158.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24295158/
Cerisola A, Chaibún E, Rosas M, & Cibils L. (2018). [Febrile seizures: questions and answers]. Medicina, 30199360.
Q.
Can seizures occur without a diagnosis of epilepsy?
A.
Yes, seizures can happen without having epilepsy. A single seizure doesn’t always mean someone has epilepsy.
References:
Krumholz A. (1999). Nonepileptic seizures: diagnosis and management. Neurology, 10496237.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10496237/
Rawlings GH, Novakova B, Beail N, & Reuber M. (2021). What do we know about non-epileptic seizures in adults .... Seizure, 34332255.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34332255/
Hingray C, Biberon J, El-Hage W, & de Toffol B. (2016). Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES). Revue neurologique, 27117433.
Q.
Can seizures occur without visible convulsions?
A.
Yes, some seizures happen without obvious convulsions and may involve subtle symptoms like staring spells, brief confusion, or unusual sensations.
References:
Wang X, Yang F, Chen B, & Jiang W. (2022). Non-convulsive seizures and non-convulsive status .... Acta neurologica Scandinavica, 36285875.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36285875/
Chang AK, & Shinnar S. (2011). Nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Emergency medicine clinics of North America, 21109103.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21109103/
Wyllie E, Rothner AD, & Lüders H. (1989). Partial seizures in children: clinical features, medical .... Pediatric clinics of North America, 2494638.
Q.
Does having a seizure mean I have epilepsy?
A.
Having a seizure does not automatically mean you have epilepsy. Epilepsy is usually diagnosed after two or more unprovoked seizures.
References:
Manole AM, Sirbu CA, Mititelu MR, Vasiliu O, Lorusso L, Sirbu OM, & Ionita Radu F. (2023). State of the Art and Challenges in Epilepsy-A Narrative .... Journal of personalized medicine, 37109008.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37109008/
Hauser WA, & Beghi E. (2008). First seizure definitions and worldwide incidence .... Epilepsia, 18184148.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18184148/
Vergara López S, Ramos-Jiménez C, Adrián de la Cruz Reyes L, Kevin Galindo Ruiz A, Armando Baigts Arriola L, Manuel Moncayo Olivares J, et al. (2021). Epilepsy diagnosis based on one unprovoked seizure and .... Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 34740089.
Q.
How can I differentiate between a seizure and fainting in dogs?
A.
To tell if a dog is having a seizure or just fainting, look at how they act before, during, and after the event. Seizures often have warning signs and a recovery phase, while fainting usually occurs suddenly and the dog recovers quickly.
References:
Brown SW, & Goldstein LH. (2011). Can Seizure-Alert Dogs predict seizures?. Epilepsy research, 22050976.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22050976/
Sheldon R. (2015). How to Differentiate Syncope from Seizure. Cardiology clinics, 26115824.
Q.
How can I recognize if my dog is having a seizure?
A.
Signs of a seizure in dogs include sudden collapse, uncontrolled jerking movements, drooling, loss of consciousness, and unusual behaviors like staring or confusion.
References:
Podell M. (1996). Seizures in dogs. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 8813750.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8813750/
Erlen A, Potschka H, Volk HA, Sauter-Louis C, & O'Neill DG. (2020). Seizures in dogs under primary veterinary care in the .... Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 33128852.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33128852/
Munguia GG, Brooks AC, Thomovsky SA, Thomovsky EJ, Rincon A, & Johnson PA. (2024). Emergency Approach to Acute Seizures in Dogs and Cats. Veterinary sciences, 38922024.
Q.
How can I stop my eye from twitching?
A.
Eye twitching usually resolves on its own but can be reduced by managing stress, getting enough rest, limiting caffeine, and reducing eye strain.
References:
Gunes IB. (2024). Association Between Eyelid Twitching and Digital Screen .... Cureus, 39282492.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39282492/
Lee SY, & Lai SC. (2017). Clinical and Electrophysiological Analysis of Chronic .... Acta neurologica Taiwanica, 30315563.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30315563/
Moshirfar M, Somani SN, Shmunes KM, & Ronquillo YC. (2020). Will Tonic Water Stop My Eyelid Twitching?. Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.), 32184555.
Q.
How can I tell the difference between a seizure and fainting?
A.
Seizures and fainting can look similar but have different causes and signs; seizures often involve jerking movements and confusion, while fainting usually causes brief loss of consciousness with quick recovery.
References:
Sheldon R. (2015). How to Differentiate Syncope from Seizure. Cardiology clinics, 26115824.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26115824/
McKeon A, Vaughan C, & Delanty N. (2006). Seizure versus syncope. The Lancet. Neurology, 16426993.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16426993/
Sheldon R, Rose S, Ritchie D, Connolly SJ, Koshman ML, Lee MA, et al. (2002). Historical criteria that distinguish syncope from seizures. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 12103268.
Q.
How common are febrile seizures in children?
A.
Febrile seizures are relatively common in young children, affecting about 2 to 5% of children between 6 months and 5 years old.
References:
Corsello A, Marangoni MB, Macchi M, Cozzi L, Agostoni C, Milani GP, & Dilena R. (2024). Febrile Seizures: A Systematic Review of Different Guidelines. Pediatric neurology, 38653182.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38653182/
Sawires R, Buttery J, & Fahey M. (2021). A Review of Febrile Seizures: Recent Advances in .... Frontiers in pediatrics, 35096712.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35096712/
Patterson JL, Carapetian SA, Hageman JR, & Kelley KR. (2013). Febrile seizures. Pediatric annals, 24295158.
Q.
How common are seizures after undergoing surgery?
A.
Seizures after surgery are relatively uncommon but can occur due to factors like anesthesia effects, infections, or underlying medical conditions.
References:
Hunter GR, & Young GB. (2011). Seizures after cardiac surgery. Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia, 21036061.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21036061/
Goldstone AB, Bronster DJ, Anyanwu AC, Goldstein MA, Filsoufi F, Adams DH, & Chikwe J. (2011). Predictors and outcomes of seizures after cardiac surgery. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 21256303.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21256303/
Kvam DA, Loftus CM, Copeland B, & Quest DO. (1983). Seizures during the immediate postoperative period. Neurosurgery, 6828220.
Q.
How dangerous are seizures caused by fever?
A.
Seizures caused by fever, known as febrile seizures, are usually not dangerous and often resolve on their own, but in rare cases, they can be more serious.
References:
Waseem M, Atkuri L, & Laureta E. (2006). A febrile child with seizure and hemiparesis. Pediatric emergency care, 17110863.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17110863/
Fountain NB. (2000). Status epilepticus: risk factors and complications. Epilepsia, 10885737.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10885737/
Fox K, Wells ME, Tennison M, & Vaughn B. (2017). Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome (FIRES). The Neurodiagnostic journal, 28898171.
Q.
How does a history of seizures affect my health?
A.
Having a history of seizures can affect your health in different ways, but many people can manage their condition and lead normal lives.
References:
Beghi E, Giussani G, & Sander JW. (2015). The natural history and prognosis of epilepsy. Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape, 26234761.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26234761/
Kwan P, & Sander JW. (2004). The natural history of epilepsy: an epidemiological view. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 15377680.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15377680/
Juul-Jensen P, & Foldspang A. (1983). Natural history of epileptic seizures. Epilepsia, 6406213.
Q.
How is an absence seizure different from other types of seizures?
A.
An absence seizure causes brief episodes of staring or “blanking out” without convulsions, making it different from seizures with shaking or loss of consciousness.
References:
Porter RJ. (1993). The absence epilepsies. Epilepsia, 8500432.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8500432/
Panayiotopoulos CP. (2001). Treatment of typical absence seizures and related epileptic .... Paediatric drugs, 11393330.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11393330/
Snead OC 3rd. (1995). Basic mechanisms of generalized absence seizures. Annals of neurology, 7847856.
Q.
How is an epileptic seizure diagnosed?
A.
Epileptic seizures are diagnosed through medical history, physical exams, and tests like EEG and brain imaging to identify abnormal brain activity and possible causes.
References:
Anwar H, Khan QU, Nadeem N, Pervaiz I, Ali M, & Cheema FF. (2020). Epileptic seizures. Discoveries (Craiova, Romania), 32577498.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32577498/
Beghi E, De Maria G, Gobbi G, & Veneselli E. (2006). Diagnosis and treatment of the first epileptic seizure. Epilepsia, 17239098.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17239098/
Devinsky O, Gazzola D, & LaFrance WC Jr. (2011). Differentiating between nonepileptic and epileptic seizures. Nature reviews. Neurology, 21386814.
Q.
How many febrile seizures are considered too many for a child?
A.
While febrile seizures are common and usually harmless, having multiple or frequent seizures may warrant closer medical evaluation.
References:
Berg AT. (1993). Are febrile seizures provoked by a rapid rise in temperature?. American journal of diseases of children (1960), 8213683.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8213683/
Koyama R, & Matsuki N. (2010). mechanisms and consequences of febrile seizures .... Journal of pharmacological sciences, 20424387.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20424387/
Hugen CA, Oudesluys-Murphy AM, & Hop WC. (1995). Serum sodium levels and probability of recurrent febrile .... European journal of pediatrics, 7641776.
Q.
How should fever with seizures be managed in children?
A.
When a child has a fever and a seizure, it is usually not serious but should be checked by a doctor. Parents can help by keeping the child safe during the seizure and calling for medical help if needed.
References:
Smith DK, Sadler KP, & Benedum M. (2019). Febrile Seizures: Risks, Evaluation, and Prognosis. American family physician, 30932454.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30932454/
Rosman NP. (2003). Evaluation of the child who convulses with fever. Paediatric drugs, 12837118.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12837118/
Corsello A, Marangoni MB, Macchi M, Cozzi L, Agostoni C, Milani GP, & Dilena R. (2024). Febrile Seizures: A Systematic Review of Different Guidelines. Pediatric neurology, 38653182.
Q.
If I had a seizure once, am I likely to have another?
A.
If you've had one seizure, there's a chance you may have another, but it depends on various factors like the cause of the first seizure and your overall health.
References:
Berg AT. (2008). Risk of recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure. Epilepsia, 18184149.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18184149/
Camfield PR, & Camfield CS. (2014). What happens to children with epilepsy when they become .... Pediatric neurology, 24830766.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24830766/
Tai PC, & Gross DW. (2004). Exacerbation of pre-existing epilepsy by mild head injury. The Canadian journal of neurological sciences. Le journal canadien des sciences neurologiques, 15376487.
Q.
Is having two febrile seizures in 24 hours a cause for concern?
A.
Having two febrile seizures in 24 hours is usually not a cause for concern, but it's important to monitor the child and consult a doctor for further evaluation.
References:
Grill MF, & Ng YT. (2013). more than one febrile seizure within 24 hours is usually okay. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 23624109.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23624109/
Smith DK, Sadler KP, & Benedum M. (2019). Febrile Seizures: Risks, Evaluation, and Prognosis. American family physician, 30932454.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30932454/
Kim JS, Woo H, Kim WS, & Sung WY. (2024). Clinical Profile and Predictors of Recurrent Simple Febrile .... Pediatric neurology, 38677048.
Q.
Is it common to have a seizure after fainting?
A.
It is not very common to have a seizure after fainting, but it can happen, especially in certain situations.
References:
Kelly DM, & Costello DJ. (2017). Can syncope cause convulsive seizures in adults?. Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society, 28667576.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28667576/
Lai CW, & Ziegler DK. (1983). Repeated Self-Induced Syncope and Subsequent Seizures .... Archives of neurology, 6639412.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6639412/
Lin JT, Ziegler DK, Lai CW, & Bayer W. (1982). Convulsive syncope in blood donors. Annals of neurology, 7103429.
Q.
Is it normal for a 9-year-old to have a febrile seizure?
A.
It is less common for a 9-year-old to have a febrile seizure, as these typically occur in younger children. Most febrile seizures occur between 6 months and 5 years of age.
References:
Ogino M, Kashiwagi M, Tanabe T, Oba C, Nomura S, Shimakawa S, et al. (2020). Clinical findings in patients with febrile seizure after 5 years .... Brain & development, 32201092.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32201092/
VanDerhoef KF, Bergmann K, Kaila R, Shanley R, & Louie JP. (2024). A Retrospective Report on Simple Febrile Seizure .... Clinical pediatrics, 37497942.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37497942/
Gencpinar P, Yavuz H, Bozkurt Ö, Haspolat Ş, & Duman Ö. (2017). The risk of subsequent epilepsy in children with febrile .... Seizure, 29127859.
Q.
Is it possible for seizures to cause a fever?
A.
Yes, seizures can sometimes cause a fever, although this is not very common. This can happen after certain types of seizures, like complex partial seizures.
References:
Wachtel TJ, Steele GH, & Day JA. (1987). Natural history of fever following seizure. Archives of internal medicine, 3592881.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3592881/
Rossetti AO, Tosi C, Despland PA, & Staedler C. (2007). Post-ictal fever: a rare symptom of partial seizures. European journal of neurology, 17437623.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17437623/
Semel JD. (1987). Complex partial status epilepticus presenting as fever .... Archives of internal medicine, 3632165.
Q.
Is it possible for seizures to occur without being noticed?
A.
Yes, seizures can happen without being noticed, especially if they are mild or occur during sleep.
References:
Kerling F, Mueller S, Pauli E, & Stefan H. (2006). When do patients forget their seizures? An electroclinical .... Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 16824803.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16824803/
Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité DG, & Vermeiren R. (2005). relevance for aircrew and air traffic controllers. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 15652731.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15652731/
Beniczky S, Conradsen I, & Wolf P. (2018). Detection of convulsive seizures using surface .... Epilepsia, 29873829.
Q.
Is it possible for seizures to wake you from sleep?
A.
Yes, seizures can wake you up from sleep. This is often seen in certain types of epilepsy where seizures occur during sleep or when waking up.
References:
Janz D. (2000). Epilepsy with grand mal on awakening and sleep-waking .... Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 10996562.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10996562/
Lawn ND, Pang EW, Lee J, & Dunne JW. (2023). First seizure from sleep: Clinical features and prognosis. Epilepsia, 37422912.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37422912/
Zucconi M, Oldani A, Ferini-Strambi L, Bizzozero D, & Smirne S. (1997). Nocturnal paroxysmal arousals with motor behaviors .... Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society, 9458058.
Q.
Is it possible to have a seizure without losing consciousness?
A.
Yes, some seizures occur without loss of consciousness, especially focal seizures that affect only part of the brain.
References:
Lebrun Y. (1994). Ictal verbal behaviour: a review. Seizure, 7519109.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7519109/
Cohen-Gadol AA, DiLuna ML, & Spencer DD. (2004). Partial epilepsy presenting as episodic dyspnea: a specific .... Journal of neurosurgery, 15035297.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15035297/
Beaumanoir A, Mira L, & van Lierde A. (1996). Epilepsy or Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Choreoathetosis?. Brain & development, 8733907.
Q.
Should I be concerned if my child has two febrile seizures in 12 hours?
A.
Having two febrile seizures in 12 hours can be concerning and should be evaluated by a healthcare professional. While febrile seizures are common, multiple seizures in a short time frame may need further medical attention.
References:
Leung AK, Hon KL, & Leung TN. (2018). Febrile seizures: an overview. Drugs in context, 30038660.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30038660/
Maytal J, & Shinnar S. (1990). Febrile status epilepticus. Pediatrics, 2216628.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2216628/
Jeong JH, Lee JH, Kim K, Jo YH, Rhee JE, Kwak YH, et al. (2014). Rate of and risk factors for early recurrence in patients with .... Pediatric emergency care, 25062294.
Q.
What are common causes of frequent seizures?
A.
Frequent seizures can be caused by many reasons including infections and neurological problems. It may even be the first occurrence of a seizure in adults.
References:
Singhi P. (2011). Infectious causes of seizures and epilepsy in the .... Developmental medicine and child neurology, 21518343.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21518343/
Brinar V, Bozicević D, Zurak N, Gubarev N, & Djaković V. (1991). Epileptic seizures as a symptom of various neurological .... Neurologia croatica : glasilo Udruzenja neurologa Jugoslavije = official journal of Yugoslav Neurological Association, 1883923.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1883923/
Carpio A, Salgado C, DiCapua D, Fleury A, Suastegui R, Giagante B, et al. (2024). Causes and prognosis of adults experiencing a first seizure .... Epilepsia open, 38366910.
Q.
What are common triggers for seizures during sleep?
A.
Seizures during sleep can be triggered by factors like sleep deprivation, stress, certain medications, and disrupted sleep patterns.
References:
Husain AM, & Sinha SR. (2011). Nocturnal epilepsy in adults. Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society, 21399518.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21399518/
Carreño M, & Fernández S. (2016). Sleep-Related Epilepsy. Current treatment options in neurology, 27059342.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27059342/
Kothare SV, & Kaleyias J. (2010). Sleep and epilepsy in children and adolescents. Sleep medicine, 20620102.
Q.
What are common triggers that might provoke a seizure?
A.
Common triggers for seizures include stress, certain visual stimuli, and environmental factors. Identifying these triggers can help in managing seizures effectively.
References:
Reddy DS, Thompson W, & Calderara G. (2022). Does Stress Trigger Seizures? Evidence from .... Current topics in behavioral neurosciences, 33547597.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33547597/
Ge A, Gutierrez EG, Wook Lee S, Shah S, Carmenate Y, Collard M, et al. (2022). Seizure triggers identified postictally using a smart watch .... Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 34942507.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34942507/
Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité DG. (2012). Provoked and reflex seizures: surprising or common?. Epilepsia, 22946728.
Q.
What are possible causes for my body to randomly jerk?
A.
Random body jerks may be caused by hypnic jerks, which are common and usually occur as you fall asleep.
References:
Chiaro G, Calandra-Buonaura G, Sambati L, Cecere A, Ferri C, Caletti MT, et al. (2016). Hypnic jerks are an underestimated sleep motor .... Sleep medicine, 28007358.
Q.
What are the characteristics of a tonic seizure?
A.
Tonic seizures are marked by sudden muscle stiffening, often affecting the arms, legs, or entire body, and usually last less than 20 seconds.
References:
Werhahn KJ, Noachtar S, Arnold S, Pfänder M, Henkel A, Winkler PA, & Lüders HO. (2000). Tonic seizures: their significance for lateralization and .... Epilepsia, 10999554.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10999554/
Trivisano M, Pavia GC, Ferretti A, Fusco L, Vigevano F, & Specchio N. (2019). Generalized tonic seizures with autonomic signs are the .... Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 31174070.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31174070/
Sitthinamsuwan B, Usui N, Tottori T, Terada K, Kondo A, Matsuda K, et al. (2016). Seizures with tonic posturing: Semiologic difference .... Epilepsia, 26660199.
Q.
What are the common causes of a first seizure in teenagers?
A.
A first seizure in teenagers can be caused by epilepsy, head injury, infections, high fever, sleep deprivation, or drug and alcohol use.
References:
Kim JS, Woo H, Lee JH, & Kim WS. (2024). Adolescent-Onset Epilepsy: Clinical Features and .... Neuropediatrics, 37995745.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37995745/
Wheless JW, & Kim HL. (2002). Adolescent seizures and epilepsy syndromes. Epilepsia, 12060005.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12060005/
Genton P, Thomas P, Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité DG, Medina MT, & Salas-Puig J. (2013). Clinical aspects of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 23756488.
Q.
What are the common symptoms of a seizure?
A.
Common symptoms of a seizure include sudden changes in behavior, muscle jerking, loss of consciousness, and sensory disturbances. Symptoms can vary depending on the type of seizure.
References:
Lüders H, Acharya J, Baumgartner C, Benbadis S, Bleasel A, Burgess R, et al. (1998). Semiological seizure classification. Epilepsia, 9738682.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9738682/
Gavvala JR, & Schuele SU. (2016). New-Onset Seizure in Adults and Adolescents: A Review. JAMA, 28027373.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28027373/
Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, Higurashi N, Hirsch E, Jansen FE, et al. (2017). Operational classification of seizure types by the .... Epilepsia, 28276060.
Q.
What are the common treatments for repetitive seizures?
A.
Common treatments for repetitive seizures include medications like benzodiazepines, which can be given in different ways such as by mouth or through the nose.
References:
Cereghino JJ. (2007). Identification and treatment of acute repetitive seizures in .... Current treatment options in neurology, 17580005.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17580005/
Almohaish S, Sandler M, & Brophy GM. (2021). Acute Control of Repetitive Seizures and Status Epilepticus .... Journal of clinical medicine, 33920722.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33920722/
McKee HR, & Abou-Khalil B. (2015). Outpatient pharmacotherapy and modes of administration .... CNS drugs, 25583219.
Q.
What are the different types of seizures?
A.
Seizures are generally classified into two main types—focal and generalized—with several subtypes that affect the body and brain differently.
References:
Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, Higurashi N, Hirsch E, Jansen FE, et al. (2017). Operational classification of seizure types by the .... Epilepsia, 28276060.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28276060/
Fisher RS, Cross JH, D'Souza C, French JA, Haut SR, Higurashi N, et al. (2017). Instruction manual for the ILAE 2017 operational .... Epilepsia, 28276064.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28276064/
Pack AM. (2019). Epilepsy Overview and Revised Classification of Seizures .... Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.), 30921011.
Q.
What are the main causes of seizures?
A.
Seizures can be caused by various factors including epilepsy, head injuries, infections, high fever, low blood sugar, stroke, or certain medications and substances.
References:
Delanty N, Vaughan CJ, & French JA. (1998). Medical causes of seizures. Lancet (London, England), 9717943.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9717943/
O'Brien D. (1998). Toxic and metabolic causes of seizures. Clinical techniques in small animal practice, 9775506.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9775506/
Ettinger AB. (1994). Structural causes of epilepsy. Tumors, cysts, stroke, and .... Neurologic clinics, 8183212.
Q.
What are the possible causes of eye twitching?
A.
Eye twitching is usually harmless and can be caused by stress, fatigue, eye strain, caffeine, or dryness, but sometimes it may indicate underlying health issues.
References:
Gunes IB. (2024). Association Between Eyelid Twitching and Digital Screen .... Cureus, 39282492.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39282492/
Lee SY, & Lai SC. (2017). Clinical and Electrophysiological Analysis of Chronic .... Acta neurologica Taiwanica, 30315563.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30315563/
Khalkhali M. (2016). Topiramate-Induced Persistent Eyelid Myokymia. Case reports in psychiatry, 27293943.
Q.
What are the risks if a seizure lasts too long?
A.
If a seizure lasts too long, it can be dangerous and may lead to brain damage or other health problems.
References:
Shinnar S, Berg AT, Moshe SL, & Shinnar R. (2001). How long do new-onset seizures in children last?. Annals of neurology, 11357957.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11357957/
Appleton RE, Rainford NE, Gamble C, Messahel S, Humphreys A, Hickey H, et al. (2020). Levetiracetam as an alternative to phenytoin for second- .... Health technology assessment (Winchester, England), 33190679.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33190679/
Derex L, Rheims S, & Peter-Derex L. (2021). Seizures and epilepsy after intracerebral hemorrhage. Journal of neurology, 33569652.
Q.
What are the signs of a focal seizure?
A.
Focal seizures cause symptoms in one part of the body or one area of the brain and can include muscle twitching, unusual sensations, or changes in awareness.
References:
Ghulaxe Y, Joshi A, Chavada J, Huse S, Kalbande B, & Sarda PP. (2023). Understanding Focal Seizures in Adults: A Comprehensive .... Cureus, 38046728.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38046728/
Nascimento FA, Friedman D, Peters JM, Bensalem-Owen MK, Cendes F, Rampp S, et al. (2023). Focal epilepsies: Update on diagnosis and classification. Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape, 36938903.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36938903/
Chowdhury FA, Silva R, Whatley B, & Walker MC. (2021). Localisation in focal epilepsy: a practical guide. Practical neurology, 34404748.
Q.
What are the stages of a tonic clonic seizure?
A.
A tonic clonic seizure typically has three stages: the tonic phase (stiffening), the clonic phase (jerking), and the postictal phase (recovery).
References:
Theodore WH, Porter RJ, Albert P, Kelley K, Bromfield E, Devinsky O, & Sato S. (1994). The secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Neurology, 8058138.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8058138/
Bell WL, Walczak TS, Shin C, & Radtke RA. (1997). Painful generalised clonic and tonic-clonic seizures with .... Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 9416819.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9416819/
Niaz FE, Abou-Khalil B, & Fakhoury T. (1999). The generalized tonic-clonic seizure in partial versus .... Epilepsia, 10565598.
Q.
What are the symptoms of a clonic seizure?
A.
Clonic seizures cause rhythmic, jerking muscle movements—usually in the arms, legs, or face—and may include loss of awareness or consciousness.
References:
Fotedar N, Acar A, Hakami S, Praditukrit K, Morris A, Dela Vega M, et al. (2024). Semiology and Neurophysiology of Clonic Seizures. Neurology. Clinical practice, 38585439.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38585439/
Theodore WH, Porter RJ, Albert P, Kelley K, Bromfield E, Devinsky O, & Sato S. (1994). The secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Neurology, 8058138.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8058138/
Bell WL, Walczak TS, Shin C, & Radtke RA. (1997). Painful generalised clonic and tonic-clonic seizures with .... Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, 9416819.
Q.
What are the three basic principles of first aid for seizures?
A.
The three basic principles of seizure first aid, called the "3 Ss," are Stay calm, Stay safe, and Stay with the person until help arrives.
References:
Pavitt S, Carley A, Porter B, & Knowles JK. (2021). A Standardized Protocol to Improve Acute Seizure .... Hospital Pediatrics, 8006203.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8006203/
Kateb HM, Babateen O, AlHabuobi HB, Aljohani SA, ALjayyar MW, Khayat TI, & Badawi AS. (2023). Preparedness of Citizens in Al-Madinah City to Deliver .... Cureus, 10739462.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10739462/
Pek JH. (2017). Guidelines for Bystander First Aid 2016 - PMC. Singapore Medical Journal, 5523093.
Q.
What are the treatment options for repeated seizures in adults?
A.
Treatment for repeated seizures in adults includes medications like antiepileptic drugs and benzodiazepines. It's important to work with a healthcare provider to find the best option.
References:
Cereghino JJ. (2007). Identification and treatment of acute repetitive seizures in .... Current treatment options in neurology, 17580005.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17580005/
Vossler DG. (2025). First Seizures, Acute Repetitive Seizures, and Status .... Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.), 39899098.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39899098/
Liu G, Slater N, & Perkins A. (2017). Epilepsy: Treatment Options. American family physician, 28762701.
Q.
What are the treatment options for seizure disorders?
A.
Seizure disorders are usually treated with anti-seizure medications, but options may also include lifestyle changes, surgery, nerve stimulation, or dietary therapy depending on the type and severity.
References:
Mizrahi EM. (1994). Seizure disorders in children. Current opinion in pediatrics, 7849808.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7849808/
Schachter SC. (2009). Seizure disorders. The Medical clinics of North America, 19272512.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19272512/
Smith KM, Budhram A, Geis C, McKeon A, Steriade C, Stredny CM, et al. (2024). Autoimmune-associated seizure disorders. Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape, 38818801.
Q.
What are the warning signs that a seizure is about to occur?
A.
Some people experience warning signs—called auras—before a seizure, which can include odd sensations, emotions, or physical symptoms.
References:
Hughes J, Devinsky O, Feldmann E, & Bromfield E. (1993). Premonitory symptoms in epilepsy. Seizure, 8162384.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8162384/
Pinikahana J, & Dono J. (2009). Age and gender differences in initial symptoms .... Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 19716344.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19716344/
Caprara ALF, Tharwat Ali H, Elrefaey A, Elejla SA, & Rissardo JP. (2023). Somatosensory Auras in Epilepsy: A Narrative Review .... Medicines (Basel, Switzerland), 37623813.
Q.
What blood tests are recommended after a first seizure?
A.
After a first seizure, doctors often recommend blood tests to check for infections, metabolic imbalances, and other possible causes.
References:
Krumholz A, Wiebe S, Gronseth G, Shinnar S, Levisohn P, Ting T, et al. (2007). evaluating an apparent unprovoked first seizure in adults .... Neurology, 18025394.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18025394/
Sutton F, Barca D, Komoltsev I, Craiu D, Guekht A, von Oertzen T, & Cock HR. (2020). Testing blood and CSF in people with epilepsy: a practical .... Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape, 32782232.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32782232/
Jin SJ, Lee T, Moon HE, Park ES, Lee SH, Roh YI, et al. (2023). Classification Model for Epileptic Seizure Using Simple .... Journal of clinical medicine, 37373723.
Q.
What can be done to manage recurrent febrile seizures in children?
A.
To manage recurrent febrile seizures in children, it is important to monitor fever and use medications like antipyretics to help prevent seizures.
References:
Berg AT, Shinnar S, Hauser WA, & Leventhal JM. (1990). Predictors of recurrent febrile seizures: a metaanalytic review. The Journal of pediatrics, 2137875.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2137875/
Smith DK, Sadler KP, & Benedum M. (2019). Febrile Seizures: Risks, Evaluation, and Prognosis. American family physician, 30932454.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30932454/
Hashimoto R, Suto M, Tsuji M, Sasaki H, Takehara K, Ishiguro A, & Kubota M. (2021). Use of antipyretics for preventing febrile seizure recurrence .... European journal of pediatrics, 33125519.
Q.
What causes repeated seizures in dogs?
A.
Repeated seizures in dogs can be caused by idiopathic epilepsy, which means the cause is unknown, or by genetic factors, especially in certain breeds.
References:
Thomas WB. (2000). Idiopathic epilepsy in dogs. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 10680215.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10680215/
Gilbert SE, Cardy TJ, Bertram S, & Taylor-Brown F. (2021). Diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid analysis in dogs .... Australian veterinary journal, 32893907.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32893907/
Oberbauer AM, Grossman DI, Irion DN, Schaffer AL, Eggleston ML, & Famula TR. (2003). The genetics of epilepsy in the Belgian tervuren and .... The Journal of heredity, 12692163.
Q.
What causes seizures to occur after waking up?
A.
Seizures after waking up can be caused by changes in sleep patterns, like sleep deprivation, and are often linked to specific types of epilepsy.
References:
Janz D. (2000). Epilepsy with grand mal on awakening and sleep-waking .... Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 10996562.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10996562/
Awad AM, & Lüders HO. (2010). Hypnopompic seizures. Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape, 21030341.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21030341/
Güleç B, Yasgüçlükal MA, Elmalı AD, Yalçınkaya C, & Demirbilek AV. (2023). The effect of sleep deprivation and short sleep on epilepsy .... Neurophysiologie clinique = Clinical neurophysiology, 36822149.
Q.
What causes seizures to occur upon waking up?
A.
Seizures upon waking up can be linked to changes in brain activity during sleep and waking, and certain types of epilepsy are more common during these times.
References:
Janz D. (2000). Epilepsy with grand mal on awakening and sleep-waking .... Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 10996562.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10996562/
Schmitt B. (2015). Sleep and epilepsy syndromes. Neuropediatrics, 25965811.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25965811/
Méndez M, & Radtke RA. (2001). Interactions between sleep and epilepsy. Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society, 11435803.
Q.
What causes seizures to occur when falling asleep?
A.
Seizures that occur when falling asleep can be linked to changes in brain activity during this time, which may trigger seizures in people with certain types of epilepsy.
References:
Carreño M, & Fernández S. (2016). Sleep-Related Epilepsy. Current treatment options in neurology, 27059342.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27059342/
Herman ST, Walczak TS, & Bazil CW. (2001). Distribution of partial seizures during the sleep--wake cycle. Neurology, 11402100.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11402100/
Feijoo M, & Bilbao J. (1992). Seizures of sleep onset: clinical and therapeutical aspects. Clinical neuropharmacology, 1576598.
Q.
What conditions can cause seizure-like symptoms without being a seizure?
A.
Some medical conditions can mimic seizures but are not true seizures, including fainting, migraines, sleep disorders, and psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES).
References:
Auxéméry Y, Hubsch C, & Fidelle G. (2011). [Psychogenic non epileptic seizures: a review]. L'Encephale, 21482234.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21482234/
Devinsky O, Gazzola D, & LaFrance WC Jr. (2011). Differentiating between nonepileptic and epileptic seizures. Nature reviews. Neurology, 21386814.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21386814/
Marcolini E, & Tolchin B. (2021). Functional Seizures. Emergency medicine clinics of North America, 33218653.
Q.
What could be causing my body to twitch involuntarily?
A.
Involuntary body twitches can be caused by certain medications, stress, or a lack of vitamin B12. Sometimes, correcting a vitamin B12 deficiency can also lead to these movements.
References:
Baizabal-Carvallo JF, & Morgan JC. (2022). Drug-induced tremor, clinical features, diagnostic approach .... Journal of the neurological sciences, 35220110.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35220110/
Celik M, Barkut IK, Oncel C, & Forta H. (2003). Involuntary movements associated with vitamin B12 .... Parkinsonism & related disorders, 14499210.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14499210/
Zanus C, Alberini E, Costa P, Colonna F, Zennaro F, & Carrozzi M. (2012). Involuntary movements after correction of vitamin B12 .... Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape, 22591802.
Q.
What differentiates a pseudo seizure from an epileptic seizure?
A.
Pseudo seizures (also called psychogenic non-epileptic seizures or PNES) resemble epileptic seizures in appearance but are not caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
References:
McCutcheon IE. (2022). Seizures and pseudoseizures: The great divide. Progress in brain research, 35667799.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35667799/
Herskovitz M. (2017). Stereotypy of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 28427022.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28427022/
Cardeña E, Pick S, & Litwin R. (2020). A mixed-methods, content analysis study. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 32388401.
Q.
What does a fever following a seizure indicate?
A.
A fever after a seizure can occur, but it is not very common. It may be related to the type of seizure or other factors.
References:
Wachtel TJ, Steele GH, & Day JA. (1987). Natural history of fever following seizure. Archives of internal medicine, 3592881.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3592881/
Rossetti AO, Tosi C, Despland PA, & Staedler C. (2007). Post-ictal fever: a rare symptom of partial seizures. European journal of neurology, 17437623.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17437623/
Muayqil TA, Aljafen BN, Alsalem MF, Alzahrani FS, Barry MA, & Alanazy MH. (2022). Early postictal temperature changes in patients presenting .... Epilepsy research, 35272211.
Q.
What does a low body temperature after a seizure indicate?
A.
A low body temperature after a seizure may be linked to how the body controls temperature during and after seizures, but more research is needed to fully understand this connection.
References:
Pollandt S, & Bleck TP. (2018). Thermoregulation in epilepsy. Handbook of clinical neurology, 30459037.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30459037/
Atkins CM, Truettner JS, Lotocki G, Sanchez-Molano J, Kang Y, Alonso OF, et al. (2010). Post-traumatic seizure susceptibility is attenuated by .... The European journal of neuroscience, 21044182.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21044182/
Liu Z, Gatt A, Mikati M, & Holmes GL. (1993). Effect of temperature on kainic acid-induced seizures. Brain research, 8298996.
Q.
What does a seizure feel like from a patient's perspective?
A.
A seizure can feel different depending on the type, ranging from unusual sensations or confusion to loss of awareness or control over the body.
References:
Greyson B, Fountain NB, Derr LL, & Broshek DK. (2014). Out-of-body experiences associated with seizures. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 24592228.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24592228/
Wolf P. (2020). Margiad Evans (1909-1958): A writer's epileptic .... Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 31785485.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31785485/
Jeschke S, Charisius M, Lange S, Bertsche T, Makiello P, Neininger MP, & Bertsche A. (2024). How do children with focal epilepsies perceive the moment .... Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 38306740.
Q.
What does it mean if my dog is walking in circles after a seizure?
A.
If your dog is walking in circles after a seizure, it may be experiencing confusion or disorientation, which can be common after seizures in animals.
References:
Packer RM, McGreevy PD, Salvin HE, Valenzuela MJ, Chaplin CM, & Volk HA. (2018). Cognitive dysfunction in naturally occurring canine .... PLoS ONE, 5805257.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5805257/
Hobbs SL, Law TH, Volk HA, Younis C, Casey RA, & Packer RM. (2020). Impact of canine epilepsy on judgement and attention biases. Scientific Reports, 7576193.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7576193/
Trevisan C, Mkupasi EM, Ngowi HA, Forkman B, & Johansen MV. (2016). Severe seizures in pigs naturally infected with Taenia .... Veterinary Parasitology, 4819911.
Q.
What does left eye twitching mean for females?
A.
Left eye twitching in females is usually harmless and often related to stress, fatigue, or eye strain.
References:
Tan EK, & Jankovic J. (1999). Bilateral hemifacial spasm: a report of five cases and .... Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society, 10091632.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10091632/
Kakouri A, Chen Y, & McCulley TJ. (2025). Isolated Hemifacial Spasm as the Presenting Sign .... Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery, 39660646.
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Sharma PS, Sattur AP, Patil PB, Nandimath KR, Guttal KS, & Burde K. (2018). Hemifacial spasm secondary to vascular loop compression. Oral radiology, 30484026.
Q.
What happens during an atonic seizure?
A.
During an atonic seizure, the muscles suddenly lose strength and tone, causing the person to go limp or collapse briefly.
References:
Kovac S, & Diehl B. (2012). Atonic phenomena in focal seizures: nomenclature, clinical .... Seizure, 22789404.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22789404/
Scholly J, Bartolomei F, Valenti-Hirsch MP, Boulay C, De Saint Martin A, Timofeev A, et al. (2017). Atonic seizures in children with surgically remediable .... Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape, 28832003.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28832003/
So NK. (1995). Atonic phenomena and partial seizures. A reappraisal. Advances in neurology, 8848976.
Q.
What is the medical definition of a seizure?
A.
A seizure is a sudden, uncontrolled burst of electrical activity in the brain that causes temporary changes in movement, behavior, sensation, or awareness.
References:
Fisher RS, van Emde Boas W, Blume W, Elger C, Genton P, Lee P, & Engel J Jr. (2005). Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by .... Epilepsia, 15816939.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15816939/
Falco-Walter JJ, Scheffer IE, & Fisher RS. (2018). The new definition and classification of seizures and epilepsy. Epilepsy research, 29197668.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29197668/
Fisher RS, & Bonner AM. (2018). The Revised Definition and Classification of Epilepsy for .... The Neurodiagnostic journal, 29562876.
Q.
What is the relationship between seizures and vasovagal syncope?
A.
Seizures and vasovagal syncope can sometimes be related because a fainting episode may trigger a seizure, and both can look similar. It's important to understand their differences and connections.
References:
Bergey GK, Krumholz A, & Fleming CP. (1997). Complex partial seizure provocation by vasovagal syncope. Epilepsia, 9024193.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9024193/
Xu Z, Bower S, & Seneviratne U. (2014). Severe cardioinhibitory vasovagal syncope in sleep and .... Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape, 24556476.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24556476/
Britton JW, & Benarroch E. (2006). Seizures and syncope: anatomic basis and diagnostic .... Clinical autonomic research : official journal of the Clinical Autonomic Research Society, 16477491.
Q.
What might cause seizures in someone with no prior history?
A.
Seizures in someone with no prior history can be caused by various factors, including late-onset epilepsy, absence status epilepsy, or status epilepticus.
References:
Thomas P. (1999). [Absence status epilepsy]. Revue neurologique, 10637922.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10637922/
Dam AM, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A, Svarre-Olsen U, & Dam M. (1985). Late-onset epilepsy: etiologies, types of seizure, and value .... Epilepsia, 4006882.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4006882/
Nair PP, Kalita J, & Misra UK. (2011). Status epilepticus: why, what, and how. Journal of postgraduate medicine, 21941070.
Q.
What precautions should be taken to manage seizures safely?
A.
To manage seizures safely, it’s important to take medication as prescribed, avoid triggers, create a safe environment, and have an emergency plan.
References:
Clore ET. (2010). Seizure precautions for pediatric bedside nurses. Pediatric nursing, 20860258.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20860258/
Shafer PO, Buelow JM, Noe K, Shinnar R, Dewar S, Levisohn PM, et al. (2012). A consensus-based approach to patient safety in epilepsy .... Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 22999858.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22999858/
Herman ST. (2004). Single Unprovoked Seizures. Current treatment options in neurology, 15043807.
Q.
What sensations might one experience when waking up from a seizure?
A.
When waking up from a seizure, a person may feel confused, tired, or have a headache. They may also experience nausea or see things that aren't there.
References:
Janz D. (2000). Epilepsy with grand mal on awakening and sleep-waking .... Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 10996562.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10996562/
Kasper BS, Kasper EM, Pauli E, & Stefan H. (2010). Phenomenology of hallucinations, illusions, and delusions .... Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 20483670.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20483670/
Sekimoto M, Kato M, Kaneko Y, & Onuma T. (2007). Ictal nausea with vomiting as the major symptom of simple .... Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 18054131.
Q.
What should be done if there are recurring seizures with no identifiable cause?
A.
If someone has seizures that keep coming back and doctors can't find a cause, it's important to talk to a healthcare provider to manage and understand the condition better. Sometimes, even if the cause isn't clear, there are ways to help control the seizures.
References:
Berg AT. (2008). Risk of recurrence after a first unprovoked seizure. Epilepsia, 18184149.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18184149/
Khan RB, Morris EB, Pui CH, Hudson MM, Zhou Y, Cheng C, et al. (2014). Long-term outcome and risk factors for uncontrolled .... Journal of child neurology, 23666043.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23666043/
Thomas WB. (2000). Idiopathic epilepsy in dogs. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 10680215.
Q.
What should I do after experiencing my first seizure?
A.
After your first seizure, it’s important to see a healthcare provider promptly for evaluation, follow safety precautions, and avoid activities that could be dangerous.
References:
Abdennadher M, Saxena A, & Pavlova MK. (2021). Evaluation and Management of First-Time Seizure in Adults. Seminars in neurology, 34619775.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34619775/
Bergey GK. (2016). Management of a First Seizure. Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.), 26844729.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26844729/
Jagoda A, & Gupta K. (2011). The emergency department evaluation of the adult patient .... Emergency medicine clinics of North America, 21109101.
Q.
What should I do if I had a seizure while reading?
A.
If you had a seizure while reading, it may be related to a condition called reading epilepsy. It's important to talk to a doctor for further evaluation and guidance.
References:
Yalçin AD, & Forta H. (1998). Primary reading epilepsy. Seizure, 9733410.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9733410/
Koutroumanidis M, Koepp MJ, Richardson MP, Camfield C, Agathonikou A, Ried S, et al. (1998). The variants of reading epilepsy. A clinical and video-EEG .... Brain : a journal of neurology, 9712004.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9712004/
Wolf P, Mayer T, & Reker M. (1998). Reading epilepsy: report of five new cases and further .... Seizure, 9733401.
Q.
What should I do if I have a seizure for the first time during pregnancy?
A.
If you have a seizure for the first time during pregnancy, seek immediate medical care to ensure your safety and the well-being of the pregnancy.
References:
Beach RL, & Kaplan PW. (2008). Seizures in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. International review of neurobiology, 18929087.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18929087/
Li W, Hao N, Xiao Y, & Zhou D. (2019). Clinical characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of new .... Medicine, 31277117.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31277117/
Stephen LJ, & Brodie MJ. (2008). Management of a first seizure. Special problems: adults .... Epilepsia, 18184155.
Q.
What should I do if my dog has a seizure for the first time?
A.
If your dog has a seizure for the first time, stay calm, keep your dog safe, note the seizure details, and contact your veterinarian promptly for evaluation.
References:
Podell M. (1996). Seizures in dogs. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 8813750.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8813750/
Erlen A, Potschka H, Volk HA, Sauter-Louis C, & O'Neill DG. (2020). Seizures in dogs under primary veterinary care in the .... Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 33128852.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33128852/
Munguia GG, Brooks AC, Thomovsky SA, Thomovsky EJ, Rincon A, & Johnson PA. (2024). Emergency Approach to Acute Seizures in Dogs and Cats. Veterinary sciences, 38922024.
Q.
What should I do if someone has a grand mal seizure?
A.
If someone has a grand mal seizure, keep them safe, avoid restraining them, protect their head, and seek emergency medical help if the seizure lasts more than 5 minutes or if it's their first seizure.
References:
Kodankandath TV, Theodore D, & Samanta D. (2025). Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizure. Unknown Journal, 32119383.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32119383/
Korinthenberg R. (1992). [Grand mal epilepsy in childhood]. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde : Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Kinderheilkunde, 1435812.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1435812/
Simonson HC, & Pelberg AL. (1993). Unnecessary emergency transport and care of grand mal .... American journal of medical quality : the official journal of the American College of Medical Quality, 8513251.
Q.
What should I do if someone has a seizure with loss of consciousness?
A.
If someone has a seizure and loses consciousness, make sure they are safe by moving objects away and turning them on their side to help with breathing. Stay with them until they are fully awake.
References:
Blumenfeld H, & Taylor J. (2003). Why do seizures cause loss of consciousness?. The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry, 14580115.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14580115/
Cavanna AE, & Monaco F. (2009). Brain mechanisms of altered conscious states during .... Nature reviews. Neurology, 19488084.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19488084/
Blumenfeld H. (2012). Impaired consciousness in epilepsy. The Lancet. Neurology, 22898735.
Q.
What should I do immediately after having a seizure?
A.
After a seizure, it's important to stay calm, rest, and ensure you are safe. If it was your first seizure, seek medical advice promptly.
References:
Sohn HS, Kim SK, & Lee SY. (2016). Inflammatory markers associated with seizures. Epileptic disorders : international epilepsy journal with videotape, 26806580.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26806580/
Llauradó A, Santamarina E, Fonseca E, Olivé M, Requena M, Sueiras M, et al. (2020). How soon should urgent EEG be performed following a first .... Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 32694039.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32694039/
Lennard S, Henley W, McLean B, Allard J, Parrett M, Jadav M, et al. (2022). characteristics and factors of repeat adult attendees. Journal of neurology, 35152336.
Q.
What should I monitor after my dog just had a seizure?
A.
After your dog has a seizure, watch for changes in behavior, coordination, and alertness. Ensure a safe environment and consult a vet for further guidance.
References:
Podell M. (1996). Seizures in dogs. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small animal practice, 8813750.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8813750/
Nass RD, Sassen R, Elger CE, & Surges R. (2017). The role of postictal laboratory blood analyses in .... Seizure, 28288363.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28288363/
Mullins RA, Escribano Carrera A, Anderson DM, Billet JP, Brissot H, Broome C, et al. (2022). Postattenuation neurologic signs after surgical attenuation .... Veterinary surgery : VS, 34585759.
Q.
What steps should I take if someone has a seizure?
A.
If someone has a seizure, stay calm, keep them safe, protect their head, and call for medical help if the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes or if it's their first seizure.
References:
Nicholl JS. (1999). Prehospital management of the seizure patient. Emergency medical services, 10537415.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10537415/
Rossi KC, Baumgartner AJ, Goldenholz SR, & Goldenholz DM. (2020). Recognizing and refuting the myth of tongue swallowing .... Seizure, 33080482.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33080482/
DeToledo JC, & Lowe MR. (2001). Seizures, lateral decubitus, aspiration, and shoulder .... Neurology, 11235662.
Q.
What treatment options are available for acute repetitive seizures?
A.
Acute repetitive seizures, also called seizure clusters, are treated with fast-acting medications like benzodiazepines to quickly stop seizures and prevent progression to status epilepticus.
References:
Cereghino JJ. (2007). Identification and treatment of acute repetitive seizures in .... Current treatment options in neurology, 17580005.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17580005/
McKee HR, & Abou-Khalil B. (2015). Outpatient pharmacotherapy and modes of administration .... CNS drugs, 25583219.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25583219/
Almohaish S, Sandler M, & Brophy GM. (2021). Acute Control of Repetitive Seizures and Status Epilepticus .... Journal of clinical medicine, 33920722.
Q.
What triggers a myoclonic seizure?
A.
Myoclonic seizures are sudden, brief jerks of muscles that can be triggered by factors like sleep deprivation, stress, flashing lights, or certain medications.
References:
Dreifuss FE. (1989). Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy: characteristics of a primary .... Epilepsia, 2506006.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2506006/
Mantoan L, & Walker M. (2011). Treatment options in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Current treatment options in neurology, 21494841.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21494841/
Lagorio I, Zara F, Striano S, & Striano P. (2019). Familial adult myoclonic epilepsy: A new expansion .... Seizure, 30928698.
Q.
Why are seizures more likely to occur in the morning?
A.
Seizures can happen more often in the morning due to changes in sleep and waking cycles, especially in types like juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.
References:
Janz D. (2000). Epilepsy with grand mal on awakening and sleep-waking .... Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, 10996562.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10996562/
Genton P, Thomas P, Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenité DG, Medina MT, & Salas-Puig J. (2013). Clinical aspects of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsy & behavior : E&B, 23756488.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23756488/
Matsuoka H. (1989). A clinical and electroencephalographic study of juvenile .... Seishin shinkeigaku zasshi = Psychiatria et neurologia Japonica, 2510209.
Q.
Why do fevers sometimes lead to seizures in children?
A.
Fevers can sometimes cause seizures in children because their brains are still developing, and a rapid rise in temperature can trigger abnormal electrical activity.
References:
Berg AT. (1993). Are febrile seizures provoked by a rapid rise in temperature?. American journal of diseases of children (1960), 8213683.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8213683/
Bender RA, Dubé C, & Baram TZ. (2004). Febrile seizures and mechanisms of epileptogenesis. Advances in experimental medicine and biology, 15250596.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15250596/
Gupta A. (2016). Febrile Seizures. Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.), 26844730.
Q.
Why does my body jerk when I fall asleep?
A.
When you fall asleep, your body might jerk because of something called hypnic jerks. These are common and usually not a problem.
References:
Chiaro G, Calandra-Buonaura G, Sambati L, Cecere A, Ferri C, Caletti MT, et al. (2016). Hypnic jerks are an underestimated sleep motor .... Sleep medicine, 28007358.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28007358/
Torio M, Sanefuji M, & Hara T. (2013). [A one-year-old male infant with sleep-associated febrile .... No to hattatsu = Brain and development, 23951945.
Q.
Why might someone pass out after experiencing a seizure?
A.
Someone may pass out after a seizure due to a lack of oxygen to the brain, which can lead to a temporary loss of consciousness, similar to fainting. A seizure can also affect the heart, causing it to beat very slowly or even stop for a short time.
References:
Duplyakov D, Golovina G, Lyukshina N, Surkova E, Elger CE, & Surges R. (2014). Syncope, seizure-induced bradycardia and asystole. Seizure, 24680552.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24680552/
Koutrolou-Sotiropoulou P, Singh A, Leeman-Markowski M, & Rashba EJ. (2016). Syncope, seizure or both?. Acute cardiac care, 27869560.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27869560/
Lai CW, & Ziegler DK. (1983). Repeated Self-Induced Syncope and Subsequent Seizures .... Archives of neurology, 6639412.
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