Nail Pain
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Try one of these related symptoms.
Nail pain
Ingrown nail
Toe nail pain
Infected toenail
Pain under thumb nail without injury
Nail discoloration
Black nails
Random pain under fingernail
Infected fingernail
Fungal nail infection
Fingernail hurts when I press on it
Sore fingernails
About the Symptom
It describes any painful sensation over the nail, which may be pressing,sharp, burning or dull. Nail pain (i.e., onychalgia) can be acute or chronic; it can be intermittent or constant, and can have many causes, including nail growths, nail deformities, inflammatory or infectious diseases, and external or traumatic factors.
When to See a Doctor
Seek professional care if you experience any of the following symptoms
- Fever
- Repeated fever above 38 ℃
- Swelling of the affected area
Possible Causes
Generally, Nail pain can be related to:
- Paronychia
Inflammation of the skin around the nails, commonly caused by bacterial or fungal infections that enter through broken skin (e.g., from hangnails or nail-biting).
- Subungual Exostosis
Subungual exostosis is a benign bony outgrowth that occurs under the nail of a toe or finger tip. It often happens after trauma or infection in the area and is most common in children and adolescents.
- Ingrown Toenail
A condition where the corner of a toenail curves and grows into the skin, causing pain and swelling. Risk factors include obesity, small-sized shoes, and cutting the nails incorrectly.
- Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
- Mycosis Fungoides / Sézary Syndrome
- Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFM)
- Psoriatic Arthritis
- Scleroderma
- Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
- Tuberous Sclerosis
Doctor's Diagnostic Questions
Your doctor may ask these questions to check for this symptom:
- Are you experiencing pain in your nails?
- When did you first notice the pain in your nails?
- Have you had a painful nail before?
- How has the pain in your nail changed since it started?
Reviewed By:
Sarita Nori, MD (Dermatology)
Dr. Sarita Nori was drawn to dermatology because of the intersection of science and medicine that is at the heart of dermatology. She feels this is what really allows her to help her patients. “There is a lot of problem-solving in dermatology and I like that,” she explains. “It’s also a profession where you can help people quickly and really make a difference in their lives.” | Some of the typical skin problems that Dr. Nori treats include skin cancers, psoriasis, acne, eczema, rashes, and contact dermatitis. Dr Nori believes in using all possible avenues of treatment, such as biologics, especially in patients with chronic diseases such as eczema and psoriasis. “These medications can work superbly, and they are really life-changing for many patients.” | Dr. Nori feels it’s important for patients to have a good understanding of the disease or condition that is affecting them. “I like to educate my patients on their problem and have them really understand it so they can take the best course of action. Patients always do better when they understand their skin condition, and how to treat it.”
Yukiko Ueda, MD (Dermatology)
Dr. Ueda graduated from the Niigata University School of Medicine and trained at the University of Tokyo Medical School. She is currently a clinical assistant professor at the Department of Dermatology, Jichi Medical University, and holds several posts in the dermatology departments at Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Komagome Hospital, University of Tokyo, and the Medical Center of Japan Red Cross Society.
Content updated on Feb 6, 2025
Following the Medical Content Editorial Policy
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- Pain in the fingernail
- My fingernails hurt
- Fingernail pain
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- Nail problem
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FAQs
Q.
Clubbed Fingers & Nails: What Are They Really Telling You About Your Health?
A.
Clubbed fingers/clubbed nails describe a condition where the fingernails become curved from the front to the back. In essence, they start to look like "clubs".
References:
Martinez-Lavin M. Exploring the cause of the most ancient clinical sign of medicine: finger clubbing. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Jun;36(6):380-5. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2006.11.004. Epub 2007 Feb 5. PMID: 17276498.
Q.
Can a zinc deficiency cause changes in my fingernails, and how can it be corrected?
A.
Yes, a zinc deficiency can lead to changes in your fingernails, such as making them brittle or causing discoloration, and it can be corrected with dietary adjustments or zinc supplements under professional guidance.
References:
Saritha M, Gupta D, Chandrashekar L, Thappa DM, Rajesh NG. Acquired zinc deficiency in an adult female. Indian J Dermatol. 2012 Nov;57(6):492-4. doi: 10.4103/0019-5154.103073. PMID: 23248371; PMCID: PMC3519260.
Al-Khafaji Z, Brito S, Bin BH. Zinc and Zinc Transporters in Dermatology. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Dec 18;23(24):16165. doi: 10.3390/ijms232416165. PMID: 36555806; PMCID: PMC9785331.
Maxfield L, Shukla S, Crane JS. Zinc Deficiency. [Updated 2023 Jun 28]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
How can a yeast fungal infection affect my toenail, and what are the treatment options?
A.
A yeast fungal infection in your toenail can make it thick, discolored, and brittle, and treatment options include topical antifungal creams or nail lacquers and, in more serious cases, oral medications.
References:
Updated 2022 Dec 2]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279547/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279547/
Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Hawke K, Guo L, Kerin G, Bell-Syer SE, Magin P, Bell-Syer SV, van Driel ML. Oral antifungal medication for toenail onychomycosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 14;7(7):CD010031. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010031.pub2. PMID: 28707751; PMCID: PMC6483327.
Yousefian F, Smythe C, Han H, Elewski BE, Nestor M. Treatment Options for Onychomycosis: Efficacy, Side Effects, Adherence, Financial Considerations, and Ethics. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2024 Mar;17(3):24-33. PMID: 38495549; PMCID: PMC10941855.
Q.
How can a yeast fungal infection affect the toe, and how is it treated?
A.
A yeast fungal infection of the toe can cause redness, itching, and scaling, and if it reaches the toenail, it can lead to thickening or discoloration. Treatment typically involves topical antifungal creams, and in more persistent cases, oral medications might be needed.
References:
Crawford F, Hollis S. Topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and nails of the foot. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;2007(3):CD001434. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001434.pub2. PMID: 17636672; PMCID: PMC7073424.
Kreijkamp-Kaspers S, Hawke K, Guo L, Kerin G, Bell-Syer SE, Magin P, Bell-Syer SV, van Driel ML. Oral antifungal medication for toenail onychomycosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jul 14;7(7):CD010031. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010031.pub2. PMID: 28707751; PMCID: PMC6483327.
Nigam PK, Syed HA, Saleh D. Tinea Pedis. [Updated 2023 Oct 29]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
How can an infection near my fingernail be effectively treated?
A.
An infection near your fingernail, known as paronychia, is often treated with proper cleaning, warm soaks, and antibiotic creams, and in more serious cases, a doctor may need to drain it or prescribe oral antibiotics.
References:
Relhan V, Goel K, Bansal S, Garg VK. Management of chronic paronychia. Indian J Dermatol. 2014 Jan;59(1):15-20. doi: 10.4103/0019-5154.123482. PMID: 24470654; PMCID: PMC3884921.
Wollina U, Nenoff P, Haroske G, Haenssle HA. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Nail Disorders. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2016 Jul 25;113(29-30):509-18. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2016.0509. PMID: 27545710; PMCID: PMC5527843.
Dulski A, Edwards CW. Paronychia. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
How can I identify and treat a fungal infection in my nails?
A.
Fungal nail infections may show up as thick, discolored, or crumbling nails. Treatment can include antifungal creams or nail lacquers, and sometimes oral medication, depending on how bad the infection is.
References:
Updated 2022 Dec 2]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279546/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279546/
Queller JN, Bhatia N. The Dermatologist's Approach to Onychomycosis. J Fungi (Basel). 2015 Aug 19;1(2):173-184. doi: 10.3390/jof1020173. PMID: 29376907; PMCID: PMC5753109.
Falotico JM, Lipner SR. Updated Perspectives on the Diagnosis and Management of Onychomycosis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2022 Sep 15;15:1933-1957. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S362635. PMID: 36133401; PMCID: PMC9484770.
Q.
How can I relieve toenail pain caused by wearing tight shoes?
A.
Toenail pain from tight shoes can be eased by giving your toes some relief from pressure and treating any inflammation or irritation. Adjusting footwear and using supportive remedies are key steps in relieving discomfort.
References:
Mayeaux EJ Jr, Carter C, Murphy TE. Ingrown Toenail Management. Am Fam Physician. 2019 Aug 1;100(3):158-164. PMID: 31361106.
Updated 2024 Jul 29]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513138/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513138/
Francavilla V, Secolo G, D'Armetta M, Toscano R, Campo A, Catanzaro V, Manno M, Secolo I, Messina G. Onychocryptosis: a retrospective study of clinical aspects, inflammation treatment and pain management using Ozoile as a hydrogel and cream formulation. Eur J Transl Myol. 2024 Jun 26;34(2):12487. doi: 10.4081/ejtm.2024.12487. PMID: 38934121; PMCID: PMC11264223.
Q.
How can I tell if my ingrown toenail is infected, and what should I do about it?
A.
An ingrown toenail might be infected if you notice redness, swelling, pain, warmth, or pus. It’s important to clean the area, use proper care, and seek medical help if the infection worsens.
References:
Updated 2024 Jul 29]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513138/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513138/
Ogur R, Tekbas OF, Hasde M. Practice tips. Managing infected ingrown toenails: longitudinal band method. Can Fam Physician. 2005 Feb;51(2):207-8. PMID: 15751563; PMCID: PMC1472971.
Karaca N, Dereli T. Treatment of ingrown toenail with proximolateral matrix partial excision and matrix phenolization. Ann Fam Med. 2012 Nov-Dec;10(6):556-9. doi: 10.1370/afm.1406. Erratum in: Ann Fam Med. 2013 Jan-Feb;11(1):4. PMID: 23149533; PMCID: PMC3495930.
Q.
How can I treat an infected ingrown fingernail at home?
A.
At home, you can care for an infected ingrown fingernail by soaking it in warm, soapy water, gently cleaning it, and using over-the-counter antibiotic cream, but if the infection worsens, seeing a doctor is important.
References:
Ogur R, Tekbas OF, Hasde M. Practice tips. Managing infected ingrown toenails: longitudinal band method. Can Fam Physician. 2005 Feb;51(2):207-8. PMID: 15751563; PMCID: PMC1472971.
Gera SK, PG Zaini DKH, Wang S, Abdul Rahaman SHB, Chia RF, Lim KBL. Ingrowing toenails in children and adolescents: is nail avulsion superior to nonoperative treatment? Singapore Med J. 2019 Feb;60(2):94-96. doi: 10.11622/smedj.2018106. PMID: 30843080; PMCID: PMC6395834.
Mukhtar M. An Innovative Treatment for Grade 1 Stage of Ingrown Fingernail. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2021 Jun 21;12(5):778-779. doi: 10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_763_20. PMID: 34667776; PMCID: PMC8456247.
Q.
How can I treat an ingrown nail on my finger at home?
A.
For an ingrown finger nail, you can start with gentle home care like warm soaks, careful nail trimming, and keeping the area clean. However, if the pain or swelling gets worse, it's important to see a doctor.
References:
Haneke E. Controversies in the treatment of ingrown nails. Dermatol Res Pract. 2012;2012:783924. doi: 10.1155/2012/783924. Epub 2012 May 20. PMID: 22675345; PMCID: PMC3362847.
Unal E, Yuksekdag S. A fast and effective solution for ingrown toenail: Creation of a 2-mm space between tissue and nail by sutureless lateral longitudinal excision. Arch Dermatol Res. 2021 Nov;313(9):799-803. doi: 10.1007/s00403-020-02177-9. Epub 2021 Jan 12. PMID: 33433721; PMCID: PMC8443495.
Gupta S, Mukhtar M. Ingrown Finger Nail-A Lesser Known Entity. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2023 Apr-Jun;16(2):152-153. doi: 10.4103/JCAS.JCAS_125_22. PMID: 37554686; PMCID: PMC10405550.
Q.
How do I know if my fingernail is infected, and what are the treatment options?
A.
You might have an infected fingernail if it is red, swollen, painful, or producing pus, and treatment options vary from home care like warm soaks and creams to prescription medications for more severe infections.
References:
Updated 2022 Dec 2]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279546
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279546
Dulski A, Edwards CW. Paronychia. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Lee DK, Lipner SR. Optimal diagnosis and management of common nail disorders. Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):694-712. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2044511. PMID: 35238267; PMCID: PMC8896184.
Q.
How does a warm soak help with an ingrown toenail, and how should it be done?
A.
A warm soak helps by softening both the skin and nail, which reduces pain and swelling and makes it easier to gently manage an ingrown toenail. It is done by soaking your toe in warm water for about 15 minutes a few times a day.
References:
Subotnick SI. How I Manage Ingrown Toenails. Phys Sportsmed. 1983 Dec;11(12):65-8. doi: 10.1080/00913847.1983.11708704. PMID: 27409375.
Updated 2024 Jul 29]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513139/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513139/
Heidelbaugh JJ, Lee H. Management of the ingrown toenail. Am Fam Physician. 2009 Feb 15;79(4):303-8. PMID: 19235497.
Q.
How is a fungal fingernail infection diagnosed and treated?
A.
Fungal nail infections are diagnosed by looking closely at the nail and doing tests on nail scrapings. They are usually treated with creams or pills that fight the fungus.
References:
Elewski BE. Onychomycosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998 Jul;11(3):415-29. doi: 10.1128/CMR.11.3.415. PMID: 9665975; PMCID: PMC88888.
Lim SS, Ohn J, Mun JH. Diagnosis of Onychomycosis: From Conventional Techniques and Dermoscopy to Artificial Intelligence. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021 Apr 15;8:637216. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.637216. PMID: 33937282; PMCID: PMC8081953.
Falotico JM, Lipner SR. Updated Perspectives on the Diagnosis and Management of Onychomycosis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2022 Sep 15;15:1933-1957. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S362635. PMID: 36133401; PMCID: PMC9484770.
Q.
How is ingrown toenail removal performed, and what should I expect during recovery?
A.
Ingrown toenail removal is a minor surgical procedure where the problematic part of the nail, and sometimes a bit of the tissue around it, is removed under local anesthesia. After the procedure, you can expect some soreness and should focus on careful wound care until your toe heals.
References:
Zuber TJ. Ingrown toenail removal. Am Fam Physician. 2002 Jun 15;65(12):2547-52, 2554. PMID: 12086244.
Chabchoub I, Litaiem N. Ingrown Toenails. [Updated 2022 Sep 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet]
Exley V, Jones K, O'Carroll G, Watson J, Backhouse M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of surgical treatments for ingrown toenails part II: healing time, post-operative complications, pain, and participant satisfaction. J Foot Ankle Res. 2023 Sep 6;16(1):55. doi: 10.1186/s13047-023-00655-7. PMID: 37674170; PMCID: PMC10481456.
Q.
How should I treat an infected fingernail cuticle at home?
A.
For a mild infected cuticle, home care treatments include gentle warm soaks and using over-the-counter antiseptic creams, but if the infection worsens, you should see a doctor.
References:
Relhan V, Goel K, Bansal S, Garg VK. Management of chronic paronychia. Indian J Dermatol. 2014 Jan;59(1):15-20. doi: 10.4103/0019-5154.123482. PMID: 24470654; PMCID: PMC3884921.
Wollina U, Nenoff P, Haroske G, Haenssle HA. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Nail Disorders. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2016 Jul 25;113(29-30):509-18. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2016.0509. PMID: 27545710; PMCID: PMC5527843.
Dulski A, Edwards CW. Paronychia. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
How should I treat an infection next to my fingernail?
A.
Treat an infection next to your fingernail by keeping the area clean with warm soaks and applying antibiotic cream, and if the infection worsens, see a doctor for possible drainage or oral antibiotics.
References:
Nenoff P, Paasch U, Handrick W. Infektionen an Finger- und Zehennägeln durch Pilze und Bakterien [Infections of finger and toe nails due to fungi and bacteria]. Hautarzt. 2014 Apr;65(4):337-48. German. doi: 10.1007/s00105-013-2704-0. PMID: 24718510.
Dulski A, Edwards CW. Paronychia. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Macneal P, Milroy C. Paronychia Drainage. 2023 Jun 5. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. PMID: 32644572.
Q.
Is it normal to experience pain two weeks after toenail removal, and what should I do?
A.
It is common to have some discomfort two weeks after toenail removal as your toe is still healing, but if the pain gets worse or is very severe, you should check in with your doctor.
References:
Akdeniz H, Ozer K, Dikmen A, Kocer U. Common surgery, uncommon complication. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2015 Oct 31;5(4):1-3. doi: 10.5826/dpc.0504a01. PMID: 26693080; PMCID: PMC4667592.
Bernardshaw SV, Dolva Sagedal LH, Michelet KM, Brudvik C. Postoperative treatment after partial nail ablation of ingrown toenails - does it matter what we recommend? A blinded randomised study. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2019 Jun;37(2):165-173. doi: 10.1080/02813432.2019.1608041. Epub 2019 May 3. PMID: 31050312; PMCID: PMC6566789.
Exley V, Jones K, O'Carroll G, Watson J, Backhouse M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of surgical treatments for ingrown toenails part II: healing time, post-operative complications, pain, and participant satisfaction. J Foot Ankle Res. 2023 Sep 6;16(1):55. doi: 10.1186/s13047-023-00655-7. PMID: 37674170; PMCID: PMC10481456.
Q.
What are some effective methods for relieving toenail pain?
A.
Effective methods for relieving toenail pain from ingrown nails or pressure include soaking, gentle splinting, pain relievers, proper nail trimming, and wearing loose shoes.
References:
Nazari S. A simple and practical method in treatment of ingrown nails: splinting by flexible tube. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2006 Nov;20(10):1302-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2006.01793.x. PMID: 17062049.
Rounding C, Bloomfield S. Surgical treatments for ingrowing toenails. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Apr 18;(2):CD001541. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001541.pub2. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Apr 18;(4):CD001541. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001541.pub3. PMID: 15846620.
Updated 2024 Jul 29]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513139/
Q.
What are the common causes of nail pain, and how can it be managed?
A.
Nail pain often comes from injuries, infections, or chronic nail disorders, and it can usually be managed with proper care and treatment.
References:
Abdullah L, Abbas O. Common nail changes and disorders in older people: Diagnosis and management. Can Fam Physician. 2011 Feb;57(2):173-81. PMID: 21321168; PMCID: PMC3038811.
Wollina U, Nenoff P, Haroske G, Haenssle HA. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Nail Disorders. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2016 Jul 25;113(29-30):509-18. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2016.0509. PMID: 27545710; PMCID: PMC5527843.
Lee DK, Lipner SR. Optimal diagnosis and management of common nail disorders. Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):694-712. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2044511. PMID: 35238267; PMCID: PMC8896184.
Q.
What are the common causes of pain under fingernails
A.
Pain under the fingernails can come from injuries, infections, or inflammatory conditions that affect the nail or its surrounding tissues.
References:
Fonia A, Richert B. Onychalgia Causes and Mechanisms: The "GIFTED KID" and the "FOMITE". Skin Appendage Disord. 2020 Mar;6(2):77-87. doi: 10.1159/000504347. Epub 2019 Dec 18. PMID: 32258050; PMCID: PMC7109409.
Olvera-Rodríguez V, Gatica-Torres M, Carrillo-Córdova DM, Barrera-Godínez A, Domínguez-Cherit J. Painful nails: A practical approach to the diagnosis and management of painful nail conditions. Int J Dermatol. 2021 Nov;60(11):1318-1333. doi: 10.1111/ijd.15496. Epub 2021 Mar 15. PMID: 33720408.
Dulski A, Edwards CW. Paronychia. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What are the common causes of toenail pain, and how can it be relieved?
A.
Toenail pain often occurs because of ingrown toenails, nail infections, or injuries. Relieving the pain involves proper nail care, home remedies like warm soaks, and sometimes professional treatment.
References:
Mayeaux EJ Jr, Carter C, Murphy TE. Ingrown Toenail Management. Am Fam Physician. 2019 Aug 1;100(3):158-164. PMID: 31361106.
Lee DK, Lipner SR. Optimal diagnosis and management of common nail disorders. Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):694-712. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2044511. PMID: 35238267; PMCID: PMC8896184.
Hassan RE, Khan L, Shah SH, Naeem H, Noor N, Iqbal M, Dawood Khan F, Rehman Z, Ahmad W, Tanveer S, Khan AU, Shah SH. Surgical Strategies for Ingrown Toenails: A Comprehensive Review of Techniques, Outcomes, and Advancements. Cureus. 2024 Jan 18;16(1):e52501. doi: 10.7759/cureus.52501. PMID: 38371148; PMCID: PMC10874229.
Q.
What are the common reasons for experiencing pain in my fingernails?
A.
Fingernail pain can be caused by injuries, infections, or underlying conditions that affect your nail health, so it's important to watch out for other changes too.
References:
Singal A, Arora R. Nail as a window of systemic diseases. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2015 Mar-Apr;6(2):67-74. doi: 10.4103/2229-5178.153002. PMID: 25821724; PMCID: PMC4375768.
Olvera-Rodríguez V, Gatica-Torres M, Carrillo-Córdova DM, Barrera-Godínez A, Domínguez-Cherit J. Painful nails: A practical approach to the diagnosis and management of painful nail conditions. Int J Dermatol. 2021 Nov;60(11):1318-1333. doi: 10.1111/ijd.15496. Epub 2021 Mar 15. PMID: 33720408.
Lee DK, Lipner SR. Optimal diagnosis and management of common nail disorders. Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):694-712. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2044511. PMID: 35238267; PMCID: PMC8896184.
Q.
What are the common symptoms of an ingrown toenail?
A.
Ingrown toenails usually cause pain along the nail edges, along with redness and swelling, sometimes with pus or warmth if there is an infection.
References:
Updated 2024 Jul 29]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513138/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513138/
Khunger N, Kandhari R. Ingrown toenails. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2012 May-Jun;78(3):279-89. doi: 10.4103/0378-6323.95442. PMID: 22565427.
Geizhals S, Lipner SR. Review of onychocryptosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. Dermatol Online J. 2019 Sep 15;25(9):13030/qt9985w2n0. PMID: 31738836.
Q.
What are the different treatments available for ingrown toenails, and how do they compare?
A.
There are several treatments for ingrown toenails, ranging from home care and conservative approaches to chemical and surgical procedures, each with different benefits and risks.
References:
Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Ingrown toenail: Learn More – Ingrown toenail treatment. [Updated 2024 Jul 29]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513139/
Eekhof JA, Van Wijk B, Knuistingh Neven A, van der Wouden JC. Interventions for ingrowing toenails. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Apr 18;2012(4):CD001541. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001541.pub3. PMID: 22513901; PMCID: PMC11663506.
Mayeaux EJ Jr, Carter C, Murphy TE. Ingrown Toenail Management. Am Fam Physician. 2019 Aug 1;100(3):158-164. PMID: 31361106.
Q.
What are the most effective treatments for a fungal nail infection?
A.
The best treatments for fungal nail infections often include oral antifungal medications which work by reaching the fungus from inside the nail, and topical treatments like creams or lacquers, sometimes combined with device-based therapies.
References:
Crawford F, Hollis S. Topical treatments for fungal infections of the skin and nails of the foot. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;2007(3):CD001434. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001434.pub2. PMID: 17636672; PMCID: PMC7073424.
Foley K, Gupta AK, Versteeg S, Mays R, Villanueva E, John D. Topical and device-based treatments for fungal infections of the toenails. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jan 16;1(1):CD012093. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012093.pub2. PMID: 31978269; PMCID: PMC6984586.
Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Nail fungus: Learn More – Nail fungus: Polish, cream or tablets? [Updated 2022 Dec 2]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279546/
Q.
What are the recommended treatments for an infected fingernail?
A.
Treating an infected fingernail usually starts with good hygiene, warm soaks, and topical antibiotic creams, and more severe cases may require oral antibiotics or even drainage by a doctor.
References:
Relhan V, Goel K, Bansal S, Garg VK. Management of chronic paronychia. Indian J Dermatol. 2014 Jan;59(1):15-20. doi: 10.4103/0019-5154.123482. PMID: 24470654; PMCID: PMC3884921.
Wollina U, Nenoff P, Haroske G, Haenssle HA. The Diagnosis and Treatment of Nail Disorders. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2016 Jul 25;113(29-30):509-18. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2016.0509. PMID: 27545710; PMCID: PMC5527843.
Updated 2022 Dec 2]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279546/
Q.
What are the safe treatment options for fungal nail infections in children?
A.
For children with fungal nail infections, safe treatments usually start with topical antifungal medications applied directly to the nail. In some cases where the infection is more severe, a doctor may consider oral antifungal medicines under careful supervision.
References:
Feldstein S, Totri C, Friedlander SF. Antifungal therapy for onychomycosis in children. Clin Dermatol. 2015 May-Jun;33(3):333-9. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.12.010. Epub 2014 Dec 8. PMID: 25889135.
Eichenfield LF, Friedlander SF. Pediatric Onychomycosis: The Emerging Role of Topical Therapy. J Drugs Dermatol. 2017 Feb 1;16(2):105-109. PMID: 28300851.
Hay R. Therapy of Skin, Hair and Nail Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel). 2018 Aug 20;4(3):99. doi: 10.3390/jof4030099. PMID: 30127244; PMCID: PMC6162762.
Q.
What are the signs of a fungal infection under my fingernail, and how is it treated?
A.
Signs of a fungal infection under your fingernail include changes in color, thickness, or texture such as yellowing, discoloration, or a brittle, crumbling nail. Treatment often starts with topical antifungal medications and may include oral drugs if the infection is advanced.
References:
Updated 2022 Dec 2]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279546/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279546/
Kyriakou A, Zagalioti SC, Trakatelli MG, Fotiadou C, Apalla Z, Lazaridou E, Patsatsi A. Fungal Infections and Nail Psoriasis: An Update. J Fungi (Basel). 2022 Feb 3;8(2):154. doi: 10.3390/jof8020154. PMID: 35205908; PMCID: PMC8878282.
Bodman MA, Syed HA, Krishnamurthy K. Onychomycosis. [Updated 2024 Jan 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What are the signs of an infected toenail, and how is it treated?
A.
An infected toenail may present as redness, swelling, pain, warmth, and sometimes with pus or foul odor, while a fungal toenail infection can change the nail’s color and thickness. Treatment involves keeping the area clean, using topical or oral medications, and seeking professional care if the infection worsens.
References:
Ogur R, Tekbas OF, Hasde M. Practice tips. Managing infected ingrown toenails: longitudinal band method. Can Fam Physician. 2005 Feb;51(2):207-8. PMID: 15751563; PMCID: PMC1472971.
Ferrari J. Fungal toenail infections. BMJ Clin Evid. 2011 Aug 16;2011:1715. PMID: 21846413; PMCID: PMC3275109.
Bodman MA, Syed HA, Krishnamurthy K. Onychomycosis. [Updated 2024 Jan 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What are the symptoms of a fungal nail infection, and how is it treated?
A.
A fungal nail infection often makes your nail look yellow, brown, or white, and it might become thick and brittle. Treatment can be special creams, medicated nail polish, or sometimes tablets taken by mouth.
References:
Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Nail fungus: Learn More – Nail fungus: Polish, cream or tablets? [Updated 2022 Dec 2]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279546/
Ferrari J. Fungal toenail infections. BMJ Clin Evid. 2011 Aug 16;2011:1715. PMID: 21846413; PMCID: PMC3275109.
Falotico JM, Lipner SR. Updated Perspectives on the Diagnosis and Management of Onychomycosis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2022 Sep 15;15:1933-1957. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S362635. PMID: 36133401; PMCID: PMC9484770.
Q.
What are the treatment options for toenail discoloration?
A.
Toenail discoloration can be treated in several ways, especially if it is caused by a fungal infection. Options include topical treatments, oral medications, and sometimes device-based therapies or nail care procedures.
References:
Finch JJ, Warshaw EM. Toenail onychomycosis: current and future treatment options. Dermatol Ther. 2007 Jan-Feb;20(1):31-46. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2007.00109.x. PMID: 17403258.
Falotico JM, Lipner SR. Updated Perspectives on the Diagnosis and Management of Onychomycosis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2022 Sep 15;15:1933-1957. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S362635. PMID: 36133401; PMCID: PMC9484770.
Yousefian F, Smythe C, Han H, Elewski BE, Nestor M. Treatment Options for Onychomycosis: Efficacy, Side Effects, Adherence, Financial Considerations, and Ethics. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2024 Mar;17(3):24-33. PMID: 38495549; PMCID: PMC10941855.
Q.
What can cause nail discoloration, and when should I be concerned?
A.
Nail discoloration can happen for many reasons, e.g. from an injury, fungal infection, or even medications. You should be concerned if the discoloration is changing, spreading, or comes with other symptoms like pain or swelling.
References:
Abdullah L, Abbas O. Common nail changes and disorders in older people: Diagnosis and management. Can Fam Physician. 2011 Feb;57(2):173-81. PMID: 21321168; PMCID: PMC3038811.
Iorizzo M, Starace M, Pasch MC. Leukonychia: What Can White Nails Tell Us? Am J Clin Dermatol. 2022 Mar;23(2):177-193. doi: 10.1007/s40257-022-00671-6. Epub 2022 Feb 2. PMID: 35112320; PMCID: PMC8809498.
Bellet JS. Nail discoloration in pediatric skin of color patients. Pediatr Dermatol. 2021 Nov;38 Suppl 2:37-41. doi: 10.1111/pde.14659. Epub 2021 Jul 15. PMID: 34263476.
Q.
What can cause random pain under my fingernail without any injury?
A.
Random pain under your fingernail without a clear injury might be due to a mild nail infection or subtle age-related changes that make your nail more sensitive.
References:
Abdullah L, Abbas O. Common nail changes and disorders in older people: Diagnosis and management. Can Fam Physician. 2011 Feb;57(2):173-81. PMID: 21321168; PMCID: PMC3038811.
Olvera-Rodríguez V, Gatica-Torres M, Carrillo-Córdova DM, Barrera-Godínez A, Domínguez-Cherit J. Painful nails: A practical approach to the diagnosis and management of painful nail conditions. Int J Dermatol. 2021 Nov;60(11):1318-1333. doi: 10.1111/ijd.15496. Epub 2021 Mar 15. PMID: 33720408.
Dulski A, Edwards CW. Paronychia. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What can cause throbbing pain under my fingernail if there's no injury?
A.
One possible cause of throbbing pain under your fingernail without an injury is a glomus tumor, which is a small, benign growth that can cause intense pain.
References:
Bordianu A, Zamfirescu D. The hidden cause of chronic finger pain: Glomus Tumor - A Case Report. J Med Life. 2019 Jan-Mar;12(1):30-33. doi: 10.25122/jml-2018-0060. PMID: 31123522; PMCID: PMC6527404.
Olvera-Rodríguez V, Gatica-Torres M, Carrillo-Córdova DM, Barrera-Godínez A, Domínguez-Cherit J. Painful nails: A practical approach to the diagnosis and management of painful nail conditions. Int J Dermatol. 2021 Nov;60(11):1318-1333. doi: 10.1111/ijd.15496. Epub 2021 Mar 15. PMID: 33720408.
Gollins CE, de Berker D. Nails in systemic disease. Clin Med (Lond). 2021 May;21(3):166-169. doi: 10.7861/clinmed.2021-0243. PMID: 34001565; PMCID: PMC8140692.
Q.
What causes an ingrown nail, and how can it be prevented?
A.
Ingrown nails may happen from cutting nails improperly, wearing tight shoes, or through minor injuries. You can help prevent them by trimming nails straight across and choosing well-fitting, comfortable shoes.
References:
Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Overview: Ingrown toenail. [Updated 2024 Jul 29].Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513138/
Mayeaux EJ Jr, Carter C, Murphy TE. Ingrown Toenail Management. Am Fam Physician. 2019 Aug 1;100(3):158-164. PMID: 31361106.
Chabchoub I, Litaiem N. Ingrown Toenails. [Updated 2022 Sep 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What causes diffuse nail discoloration, and how can it be treated?
A.
Diffuse nail discoloration means the whole nail changes color. This can be caused by fungal infections, inflammation around the nail, or pigment changes. As always, treatment depends on the underlying cause.
References:
Singal A, Bisherwal K. Melanonychia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2020 Jan 13;11(1):1-11. doi: 10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_167_19. PMID: 32055501; PMCID: PMC7001389.
Dulski A, Edwards CW. Paronychia. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Bodman MA, Syed HA, Krishnamurthy K. Onychomycosis. [Updated 2024 Jan 9]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What causes discoloration of the nail bed, and how can it be treated?
A.
Discoloration of the nail bed can be a result of medications (for example, minocycline), fungal infections, or pigment changes. Treatment depends on the cause and may involve stopping a medication, using antifungal creams, or simply monitoring if it is a harmless pigment change.
References:
Abdullah L, Abbas O. Common nail changes and disorders in older people: Diagnosis and management. Can Fam Physician. 2011 Feb;57(2):173-81. PMID: 21321168; PMCID: PMC3038811.
Tavares J, Leung WW. Discoloration of nail beds and skin from minocycline. CMAJ. 2011 Feb 8;183(2):224. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.091498. Epub 2010 Nov 22. PMID: 21098068; PMCID: PMC3033929.
Singal A, Bisherwal K. Melanonychia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2020 Jan 13;11(1):1-11. doi: 10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_167_19. PMID: 32055501; PMCID: PMC7001389.
Q.
What causes toenail fungus, and who is most at risk?
A.
Toenail fungus is caused by organisms that grow in warm, moist areas and can affect people who are older, athletes, or have health problems like diabetes.
References:
Ghannoum M, Isham N. Fungal nail infections (onychomycosis): a never-ending story? PLoS Pathog. 2014 Jun 5;10(6):e1004105. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004105. PMID: 24901242; PMCID: PMC4047123.
Elewski BE, Tosti A. Risk Factors and Comorbidities for Onychomycosis: Implications for Treatment with Topical Therapy. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2015 Nov;8(11):38-42. PMID: 26705439; PMCID: PMC4689496.
Albucker SJ, Falotico JM, Choo ZN, Matushansky JT, Lipner SR. Risk Factors and Treatment Trends for Onychomycosis: A Case-Control Study of Onychomycosis Patients in the All of Us Research Program. J Fungi (Basel). 2023 Jun 29;9(7):712. doi: 10.3390/jof9070712. PMID: 37504701; PMCID: PMC10381528.
Q.
What could be causing my nail beds to be sore, and how can I alleviate the discomfort?
A.
Sore nail beds can happen because of injury, pressure, or infection. Taking care of your nails with gentle soaking, proper trimming, and protection can help ease the pain.
References:
Abdullah L, Abbas O. Common nail changes and disorders in older people: Diagnosis and management. Can Fam Physician. 2011 Feb;57(2):173-81. PMID: 21321168; PMCID: PMC3038811.
Bharathi RR, Bajantri B. Nail bed injuries and deformities of nail. Indian J Plast Surg. 2011 May;44(2):197-202. doi: 10.4103/0970-0358.85340. PMID: 22022029; PMCID: PMC3193631.
Olvera-Rodríguez V, Gatica-Torres M, Carrillo-Córdova DM, Barrera-Godínez A, Domínguez-Cherit J. Painful nails: A practical approach to the diagnosis and management of painful nail conditions. Int J Dermatol. 2021 Nov;60(11):1318-1333. doi: 10.1111/ijd.15496. Epub 2021 Mar 15. PMID: 33720408.
Q.
What could be the cause of sudden sharp pain under my fingernail?
A.
Sudden sharp pain under your fingernail is often caused by a hidden injury, e.g. a slight bump, that creates blood pooling under the nail, or sometimes by an infection.
References:
Fonia A, Richert B. Onychalgia Causes and Mechanisms: The "GIFTED KID" and the "FOMITE". Skin Appendage Disord. 2020 Mar;6(2):77-87. doi: 10.1159/000504347. Epub 2019 Dec 18. PMID: 32258050; PMCID: PMC7109409.
Olvera-Rodríguez V, Gatica-Torres M, Carrillo-Córdova DM, Barrera-Godínez A, Domínguez-Cherit J. Painful nails: A practical approach to the diagnosis and management of painful nail conditions. Int J Dermatol. 2021 Nov;60(11):1318-1333. doi: 10.1111/ijd.15496. Epub 2021 Mar 15. PMID: 33720408.
Dulski A, Edwards CW. Paronychia. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What could be the reasons for persistent toenail pain?
A.
Persistent toenail pain can be caused by an infection, an ingrown toenail, trauma, or nail changes related to age.
References:
Abdullah L, Abbas O. Common nail changes and disorders in older people: Diagnosis and management. Can Fam Physician. 2011 Feb;57(2):173-81. PMID: 21321168; PMCID: PMC3038811.
Chabchoub I, Litaiem N. Ingrown Toenails. [Updated 2022 Sep 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Dulski A, Edwards CW. Paronychia. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What could brown discoloration in my nails indicate about my health?
A.
Brown nails can be caused by certain medications, habits, or changes in the pigment of your nail. It is important to check with a doctor to understand exactly why this change happened.
References:
Tavares J, Leung WW. Discoloration of nail beds and skin from minocycline. CMAJ. 2011 Feb 8;183(2):224. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.091498. Epub 2010 Nov 22. PMID: 21098068; PMCID: PMC3033929.
Kim JA, Kim M, Cho BK, Park HJ. Multiple habit-induced nail problems including diffuse brownish chromonychia. Ann Dermatol. 2014 Dec;26(6):793-5. doi: 10.5021/ad.2014.26.6.793. Epub 2014 Nov 26. PMID: 25473250; PMCID: PMC4252695.
Singal A, Bisherwal K. Melanonychia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2020 Jan 13;11(1):1-11. doi: 10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_167_19. PMID: 32055501; PMCID: PMC7001389.
Q.
What could cause discoloration of my fingernails, and when should I see a doctor?
A.
Fingernail discoloration can be caused by fungal infections, certain medications, or even extra pigment, and you should see a doctor if the changes are new, worsening, or associated with other symptoms.
References:
Abdullah L, Abbas O. Common nail changes and disorders in older people: Diagnosis and management. Can Fam Physician. 2011 Feb;57(2):173-81. PMID: 21321168; PMCID: PMC3038811.
Singal A, Bisherwal K. Melanonychia: Etiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2020 Jan 13;11(1):1-11. doi: 10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_167_19. PMID: 32055501; PMCID: PMC7001389.
Weinberg LS, Arreola A, Mervak JE. Gray-blue discoloration of the proximal nail beds. JAAD Case Rep. 2023 Apr 25;35:126-128. doi: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2023.04.004. PMID: 37223112; PMCID: PMC10201201.
Q.
What could cause my nail to randomly hurt, and how can I prevent it?
A.
Random nail pain can occur from small injuries to the nail bed or from infections like paronychia. Treatment entails taking care of your nails and protecting them from repeated trauma.
References:
Bharathi RR, Bajantri B. Nail bed injuries and deformities of nail. Indian J Plast Surg. 2011 May;44(2):197-202. doi: 10.4103/0970-0358.85340. PMID: 22022029; PMCID: PMC3193631.
Olvera-Rodríguez V, Gatica-Torres M, Carrillo-Córdova DM, Barrera-Godínez A, Domínguez-Cherit J. Painful nails: A practical approach to the diagnosis and management of painful nail conditions. Int J Dermatol. 2021 Nov;60(11):1318-1333. doi: 10.1111/ijd.15496. Epub 2021 Mar 15. PMID: 33720408.
Dulski A, Edwards CW. Paronychia. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What could cause pain around my fingernails, and how can it be treated?
A.
Pain around your fingernails can be caused by injuries (like a subungual hematoma) or infections (such as paronychia), and treatment may involve warm soaks, topical medications, or drainage if needed.
References:
Gupta AK, Fleckman P, Baran R. Ciclopirox nail lacquer topical solution 8% in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 Oct;43(4 Suppl):S70-80. doi: 10.1067/mjd.2000.109071. PMID: 11051136.
Pingel C, McDowell C. Subungual Hematoma Drainage. [Updated 2023 Jul 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Dulski A, Edwards CW. Paronychia. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What could cause pain on the side of my nail, and how can I address it?
A.
Pain on the side of your nail can come from an ingrown nail or an infection in the skin beside the nail. Nail care including using warm soaks can help ease the pain.
References:
Olvera-Rodríguez V, Gatica-Torres M, Carrillo-Córdova DM, Barrera-Godínez A, Domínguez-Cherit J. Painful nails: A practical approach to the diagnosis and management of painful nail conditions. Int J Dermatol. 2021 Nov;60(11):1318-1333. doi: 10.1111/ijd.15496. Epub 2021 Mar 15. PMID: 33720408.
Lee DK, Lipner SR. Optimal diagnosis and management of common nail disorders. Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):694-712. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2044511. PMID: 35238267; PMCID: PMC8896184.
Pingel C, McDowell C. Subungual Hematoma Drainage. [Updated 2023 Jul 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What could cause pain under my thumb nail, and how should it be addressed?
A.
Pain under your thumbnail is often caused by trauma, like a small injury that leads to a buildup of blood (subungual hematoma), but in some cases, it could be from a growth such as a glomus tumor. Treatment varies from home care for minor injuries to a doctor’s intervention if it’s persistent or very painful.
References:
Rao R V M S, Raja DA. Three cases of subungual glomus tumours of the fingers - a case series. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014 Oct;8(10):ND05-6. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/8977.4939. Epub 2014 Oct 20. PMID: 25478395; PMCID: PMC4253213.
Olvera-Rodríguez V, Gatica-Torres M, Carrillo-Córdova DM, Barrera-Godínez A, Domínguez-Cherit J. Painful nails: A practical approach to the diagnosis and management of painful nail conditions. Int J Dermatol. 2021 Nov;60(11):1318-1333. doi: 10.1111/ijd.15496. Epub 2021 Mar 15. PMID: 33720408.
Pingel C, McDowell C. Subungual Hematoma Drainage. [Updated 2023 Jul 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What could cause sudden pain under my fingernail, and how should I address it?
A.
Sudden pain under a fingernail is often due to a hidden injury that leads to a small blood collection, called a subungual hematoma, or it may come from an infection around the nail. Monitoring the area and treating the pain at home is often sufficient, but if the pain worsens or other symptoms appear, a doctor should be consulted.
References:
Lee DK, Lipner SR. Optimal diagnosis and management of common nail disorders. Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):694-712. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2044511. PMID: 35238267; PMCID: PMC8896184.
Dulski A, Edwards CW. Paronychia. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Pingel C, McDowell C. Subungual Hematoma Drainage. [Updated 2023 Jul 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What could it mean if the area under my fingernail hurts?
A.
Pain under your fingernail can mean that something is wrong beneath the nail, such as a small injury that has caused blood to pool (subungual hematoma) or, less commonly, a small benign growth like a glomus tumor. It's important to pay attention to the pain and get it checked if it does not get better.
References:
Rao R V M S, Raja DA. Three cases of subungual glomus tumours of the fingers - a case series. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014 Oct;8(10):ND05-6. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2014/8977.4939. Epub 2014 Oct 20. PMID: 25478395; PMCID: PMC4253213.
Dulski A, Edwards CW. Paronychia. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Pingel C, McDowell C. Subungual Hematoma Drainage. [Updated 2023 Jul 25]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What does an ingrown toenail typically look like?
A.
An ingrown toenail usually shows a curved nail edge that digs into the skin, causing redness, swelling, and pain. Sometimes the area may appear infected with pus and feel warm if it worsens.
References:
Updated 2024 Jul 29]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513138/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513138/
Khunger N, Kandhari R. Ingrown toenails. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2012 May-Jun;78(3):279-89. doi: 10.4103/0378-6323.95442. PMID: 22565427.
Chabchoub I, Litaiem N. Ingrown Toenails. [Updated 2022 Sep 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What does the presence of pus in an ingrown toenail indicate, and how should it be addressed?
A.
Pus in an ingrown toenail means there is an infection. It should be managed carefully with cleaning, soaking, and sometimes treatments like antibiotics or professional drainage if needed.
References:
Updated 2024 Jul 29]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513139/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513139/
Barreiros H, Matos D, Goulão J, Serrano P, João A, Brandão FM. Using 80% trichloroacetic acid in the treatment of ingrown toenails. An Bras Dermatol. 2013 Nov-Dec;88(6):889-93. doi: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20132296. PMID: 24474095; PMCID: PMC3900337.
Macneal P, Milroy C. Paronychia Drainage. 2023 Jun 5. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan–. PMID: 32644572.
Q.
What home remedies are effective for treating an infected fingernail?
A.
Some home remedies might help with an infected fingernail, but they often work best when used along with good hygiene and sometimes doctor advice if the infection worsens.
References:
Halteh P, Scher RK, Lipner SR. Over-the-counter and natural remedies for onychomycosis: do they really work? Cutis. 2016 Nov;98(5):E16-E25. PMID: 28040821.
Hay R. Therapy of Skin, Hair and Nail Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel). 2018 Aug 20;4(3):99. doi: 10.3390/jof4030099. PMID: 30127244; PMCID: PMC6162762.
Nickles MA, Lio PA, Mervak JE. Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Onychomycosis: A Systematic Review of the Clinical Evidence. Skin Appendage Disord. 2022 Jul;8(4):269-279. doi: 10.1159/000521703. Epub 2022 Feb 9. PMID: 35983465; PMCID: PMC9274952.
Q.
What might be the reasons for having sore fingernails, and how can it be treated?
A.
Sore fingernails can be caused by trauma, dryness or brittleness, and sometimes infection. Proper nail care, gentle moisturizing, and avoiding harsh chemicals can help ease the discomfort.
References:
Chessa MA, Iorizzo M, Richert B, López-Estebaranz JL, Rigopoulos D, Tosti A, Gupta AK, Di Chiacchio N, Di Chiacchio NG, Rubin AI, Baran R, Lipner SR, Daniel R, Chiheb S, Grover C, Starace M, Piraccini BM. Pathogenesis, Clinical Signs and Treatment Recommendations in Brittle Nails: A Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2020 Feb;10(1):15-27. doi: 10.1007/s13555-019-00338-x. Epub 2019 Nov 20. Erratum in: Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2020 Feb;10(1):231-232. doi: 10.1007/s13555-019-00348-9. PMID: 31749091; PMCID: PMC6994568.
Olvera-Rodríguez V, Gatica-Torres M, Carrillo-Córdova DM, Barrera-Godínez A, Domínguez-Cherit J. Painful nails: A practical approach to the diagnosis and management of painful nail conditions. Int J Dermatol. 2021 Nov;60(11):1318-1333. doi: 10.1111/ijd.15496. Epub 2021 Mar 15. PMID: 33720408.
Lee DK, Lipner SR. Optimal diagnosis and management of common nail disorders. Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):694-712. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2044511. PMID: 35238267; PMCID: PMC8896184.
Q.
What might cause pain under my fingernail for no apparent reason?
A.
Pain under your fingernail can happen from small injuries, infections, or pressure on the nail. A doctor’s checkup is advised if the pain does not go away.
References:
Fonia A, Richert B. Onychalgia Causes and Mechanisms: The "GIFTED KID" and the "FOMITE". Skin Appendage Disord. 2020 Mar;6(2):77-87. doi: 10.1159/000504347. Epub 2019 Dec 18. PMID: 32258050; PMCID: PMC7109409.
Olvera-Rodríguez V, Gatica-Torres M, Carrillo-Córdova DM, Barrera-Godínez A, Domínguez-Cherit J. Painful nails: A practical approach to the diagnosis and management of painful nail conditions. Int J Dermatol. 2021 Nov;60(11):1318-1333. doi: 10.1111/ijd.15496. Epub 2021 Mar 15. PMID: 33720408.
Dulski A, Edwards CW. Paronychia. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What might cause pain under my thumb nail even if there's no visible injury?
A.
Pain under your thumbnail without a visible injury can be caused by subtle nail bed problems, like retronychia or a hidden small injury, that aren’t obvious from the outside.
References:
Bharathi RR, Bajantri B. Nail bed injuries and deformities of nail. Indian J Plast Surg. 2011 May;44(2):197-202. doi: 10.4103/0970-0358.85340. PMID: 22022029; PMCID: PMC3193631.
Mello CDBF, Souza MDRE, Noriega LF, Chiacchio ND. Retronychia. An Bras Dermatol. 2018 Sep-Oct;93(5):707-711. doi: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20187908. PMID: 30156621; PMCID: PMC6106670.
Fonia A, Richert B. Onychalgia Causes and Mechanisms: The "GIFTED KID" and the "FOMITE". Skin Appendage Disord. 2020 Mar;6(2):77-87. doi: 10.1159/000504347. Epub 2019 Dec 18. PMID: 32258050; PMCID: PMC7109409.
Q.
What steps should I take if I have an infected cuticle on my hand?
A.
If you have an infected cuticle, start by taking steps at home to clean and care for the area, but if it worsens, see a doctor.
References:
Clark DC. Common acute hand infections. Am Fam Physician. 2003 Dec 1;68(11):2167-76. PMID: 14677662.
Dulski A, Edwards CW. Paronychia. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Moran TE, Freilich AM. Hand Infection. [Updated 2023 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
What tools are available to help manage or treat an ingrown toenail at home?
A.
There are different tools you can use at home such as nail clippers, nail files, polyethylene nail braces, antibiotic creams, and bandages to manage an ingrown toenail.
References:
Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Ingrown toenail: Learn More – Ingrown toenail treatment. [Updated 2024 Jul 29]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513139/
Mayeaux EJ Jr, Carter C, Murphy TE. Ingrown Toenail Management. Am Fam Physician. 2019 Aug 1;100(3):158-164. PMID: 31361106.
Márquez-Reina S, Palomo-Toucedo I, Reina-Bueno M, Castillo-López JM, Ortega JR, Calvo-Lobo C, López-López D, Domínguez-Maldonado G. Polyethylene Nail Brace for Ingrown Toenails Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Oct 23;17(21):7741. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17217741. PMID: 33113886; PMCID: PMC7660184.
Q.
When is surgery recommended for an ingrown toenail, and is it painful?
A.
Surgery is recommended for ingrown toenails when home care and non-surgical treatments haven’t helped, and while the procedure is done with local anesthesia, there may be some discomfort during recovery.
References:
Updated 2024 Jul 29]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513139/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513139/
Mitchell S, Jackson CR, Wilson-Storey D. Surgical treatment of ingrown toenails in children: what is best practice? Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2011 Mar;93(2):99-102. doi: 10.1308/003588411X12851639107674. Epub 2010 Nov 12. PMID: 21073822; PMCID: PMC3293299.
Hassan RE, Khan L, Shah SH, Naeem H, Noor N, Iqbal M, Dawood Khan F, Rehman Z, Ahmad W, Tanveer S, Khan AU, Shah SH. Surgical Strategies for Ingrown Toenails: A Comprehensive Review of Techniques, Outcomes, and Advancements. Cureus. 2024 Jan 18;16(1):e52501. doi: 10.7759/cureus.52501. PMID: 38371148; PMCID: PMC10874229.
Q.
When should I see a doctor for an ingrown toenail?
A.
See a doctor for an ingrown toenail if home care does not improve your symptoms, especially when you see signs of infection like increased redness, swelling, or pus, or if the pain becomes severe.
References:
Updated 2024 Jul 29]. Available from: [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513138
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513138
Gera SK, PG Zaini DKH, Wang S, Abdul Rahaman SHB, Chia RF, Lim KBL. Ingrowing toenails in children and adolescents: is nail avulsion superior to nonoperative treatment? Singapore Med J. 2019 Feb;60(2):94-96. doi: 10.11622/smedj.2018106. PMID: 30843080; PMCID: PMC6395834.
Chabchoub I, Litaiem N. Ingrown Toenails. [Updated 2022 Sep 18]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
Q.
Why does my fingernail hurt when I apply pressure to it?
A.
Fingernail pain when you press on it can be due to an injury, infection, or even a joint condition affecting the nail.
References:
Cutolo M, Cimmino MA, Accardo S. Nail involvement in osteoarthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 1990 Jun;9(2):242-5. doi: 10.1007/BF02031977. PMID: 2390855.
Olvera-Rodríguez V, Gatica-Torres M, Carrillo-Córdova DM, Barrera-Godínez A, Domínguez-Cherit J. Painful nails: A practical approach to the diagnosis and management of painful nail conditions. Int J Dermatol. 2021 Nov;60(11):1318-1333. doi: 10.1111/ijd.15496. Epub 2021 Mar 15. PMID: 33720408.
Dulski A, Edwards CW. Paronychia. [Updated 2023 Aug 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet].
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Olvera-Rodríguez V, Gatica-Torres M, Carrillo-Córdova DM, Barrera-Godínez A, Domínguez-Cherit J. Painful nails: A practical approach to the diagnosis and management of painful nail conditions. Int J Dermatol. 2021 Nov;60(11):1318-1333. doi: 10.1111/ijd.15496. Epub 2021 Mar 15. PMID: 33720408.